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Richard Leigh, M.D. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Young Stroke Survivors. Stroke in the Young. Generally stroke in a less than 40-45 years old Different from pediatric stroke Unique causes that are more common in the young Cervical Artery Dissection Hypercoagulable States - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Young Stroke Survivors
Richard Leigh, M.D.Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Stroke in the Young
Generally stroke in a less than 40-45 years old Different from pediatric stroke
Unique causes that are more common in the young Cervical Artery Dissection Hypercoagulable States Vasospasm
Typical causes that are atypical in the young Hypertension Diabetes Hyperlipidemia
Cryptogenic
Stroke Worldwide
Appears to be trending toward younger populations.
This trend appears to be larger in the hemorrhagic stroke population.
Preferentially affecting lower socioeconomic classes.
Attributable to modifiable risk factors: hypertension, obesity and diabetes.
▪ Krishnamurthi et al., Lancet Global Health 2012
Differential Diagnosis
Hart & Miller, Stroke, 1983
Differential Diagnosis
Hart & Miller, Stroke, 1983
Differential Diagnosis
Hart & Miller, Stroke, 1983
Prognosis
Long-term prognosis for stroke in the young is better than the elderly but higher than the general population Mostly in the first year
after stroke A bad prognosis is
associated with an atherosclerotic risk profile
Varona et al., J Neurol, 2004
Overview – Common Causes
Dissection Cryptogenic with PFO Reversible vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS)
Not vasculitis!
Dissection
Caused by separation of the arterial wall layers resulting in a false lumen. A history of trauma is often but not always elicited.
Can be associated with major, minor or trivial trauma Can be spontaneous or cryptogenic
Typically the dissection occurs at the skull base Can be diagnosed with CTA, angiogram typically not necessary
Often associated with fibromuscular dysplasia Rarer conditions also have an increased incidence▪ Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Type IV▪ Marfans Syndrome
Often associated with headache/neck pain acutely and chronically Responds to migraine therapies
Heparin or ASA are reasonable treatments With heparin only for 3-6 months then switch to ASA
Dissection - Diagnosis
Can be detected with CT angiography and MR angiography
Conventional angiography is the gold standard
Dissection - Diagnosis
Angiography allows for detection of FMD in other vessels
Renal arteries can also be affected
Dissection - Prognosis
Prognosis is good Many dissections are asymptomatic Recurrent stroke after dissection is
rare with treatment Treat with Aspirin or Coumadin
Avoid anticoagulation of intracranial dissections▪ LP r/o SAH prior to a/c
Transition to ASA after 3-6 months Complications
Pseudo aneurysms
Cryptogenic Stroke with PFO
PFO (patent foramen ovale) 20-25% of adults have a PFO Some times associated with an ASA (atrial septal
aneurysm) PFO can serve as a source of paradoxical embolism
Venous clot (DVT) can traverse a right to left shunt and enter the arterial circulation.
Young people are felt to be at higher risk of paradoxical emboli due to heart chamber pressures that favor a right to left shunt.
Cryptogenic Stroke with PFO
There is an increase incidence of PFO and ASA in patients who have had a cryptogenic stroke.
There is no clear evidence that the PFO itself is the cause of the stroke. This has lead to many centers advocating not to close PFOs since they are
not the cause. Instead, underlying causes of venous embolism are evaluated and treated.▪ Hypercoagulable states treated with anticoagulation▪ Removal of triggers: Birth control, smoking
If no cause if found other than PFO, treat with Aspirin▪ Recurrent stroke very rare▪ Data on PFO with ASA conflicting▪ In the setting of recurrent stroke, PFO is closed
Vasculitis (Angiitis)
Primariy CNS Vasculitis? No! its almost never vasculitis Systemic rheumatologic diseases should be ruled out
Vasculitis mimicks Intracranial Athero RCVS reversible vasoconstriction syndrome PRES posterior reversible leukoencephelopathy Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Intravascular lymphoma and other malignancies
Never treat a primary CNS vasculitis without a positive brain biopsy Image guided biopsy is key
RCVS - Reversible Vasoconstriction Syndrome
Frequently misdiagnosed as vasculitis Vasculitis = smoldering
course Presents with
thunderclap HA Initial w/u is often negative Patients re-present with
ICH/SAH Can progress to ischemic
strokes
RCVS - Reversible Vasoconstriction Syndrome
RCVS triggers
Most common trigger at Hopkins:SSRI
Ducros et al., Brain 2007
RCVS - Reversible Vasoconstriction Syndrome
Does not respond to steroids Data suggests patients treated with steroids do worse
Treated by removing the trigger Calcium Channel Blockers Magnesium
MRA should normalize by 3 months Re-introduction of the offending agent can cause
recurrent RCVS Continuum?
RCVS <-> Migraine <-> PRES (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome)
Conclusions
Prognosis is good for young stroke survivors Better recovery Less recurrent stroke▪ Identifying the cause is key
Vascular risk factor associated stroke is on the rise in the young Preventative medicine
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