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Writing for International Writing for International PublicationsPublications
Christine Piggee, Ph.D.Christine Piggee, Ph.D.Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research
SocietySociety
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“ “Writing a Scientific Paper” by Margaret Foster; Writing a Scientific Paper” by Margaret Foster; www.aaas.org/international/eca/presentrus/mfsci/sld001.htm.www.aaas.org/international/eca/presentrus/mfsci/sld001.htm.
Writing and Presenting Scientific PapersWriting and Presenting Scientific Papers; Birgitta Malmfors, ; Birgitta Malmfors, Phil Phil
Garnsworthy and Michael Grossman; Nottingham University Garnsworthy and Michael Grossman; Nottingham University Press,Press,
Nottingham, 2000.Nottingham, 2000.
““Guidelines for Scientific and Technical Publishing” by Celia M. Guidelines for Scientific and Technical Publishing” by Celia M. Elliott, JuneElliott, June
2001; 2001; http://www.physics.uiuc.edu/People/Staff/Celia/Publishing/.http://www.physics.uiuc.edu/People/Staff/Celia/Publishing/.
References Cited References Cited
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Part 2 – The Structural Part 2 – The Structural Elements of a Elements of a Manuscript*Manuscript*
TITLETITLE should be < or = 15 wordsshould be < or = 15 words avoid abbreviationsavoid abbreviations key words should be at beginningkey words should be at beginning sometimes need shorter “running sometimes need shorter “running
title” for journal page headingstitle” for journal page headings
*adapted from Foster*adapted from Foster
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Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
TITLE TITLE (cont.)(cont.)
two different types of titlestwo different types of titles
o topic - tells about experiments but not resultstopic - tells about experiments but not results
o full story - tells about the research, the results full story - tells about the research, the results and the conclusionsand the conclusions
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EXERCISEEXERCISE
Your small group has 10 minutes to create both a Your small group has 10 minutes to create both a “topic” title and a “full-story” title for the “topic” title and a “full-story” title for the following:following:
The authors are performing a series of studies on the effects The authors are performing a series of studies on the effects of various drugs on learning. In this study, rats were given of various drugs on learning. In this study, rats were given various doses of alcohol. The rates were then trained to various doses of alcohol. The rates were then trained to solve one of a series of mazes of increasing complexity. It solve one of a series of mazes of increasing complexity. It was observed that the more complex the maze, the lower the was observed that the more complex the maze, the lower the dose of alcohol needed to impair learning. They also dose of alcohol needed to impair learning. They also observed that the older rats were more sensitive to the observed that the older rats were more sensitive to the effects of complexity than were younger rats.effects of complexity than were younger rats.
Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
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Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
ABSTRACT*ABSTRACT* second best chance to explain and ‘sell’ second best chance to explain and ‘sell’
your paper to the readeryour paper to the reader do not cite references or figuresdo not cite references or figures < or = < or = 250 words250 words include include objectiveobjective, , approachapproach, , main main
resultsresults and and conclusionsconclusions give a list of key words at the end of the give a list of key words at the end of the
abstractabstract
*adapted from Malmfors, Garnsworthy and Grossman*adapted from Malmfors, Garnsworthy and Grossman
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Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
EXERCISEEXERCISE
In your small groups, choose one In your small groups, choose one person to explain their research person to explain their research results and the group will write results and the group will write together an abstract for these together an abstract for these results. Then the groups will trade results. Then the groups will trade results and critique another group’s results and critique another group’s titles.titles.
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
background informationbackground information
topic of studytopic of study
importance of topicimportance of topic
Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
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MATERIALS AND METHODSMATERIALS AND METHODS
details for the reader to details for the reader to evaluateevaluate and and reproducereproduce your results your results
cite references for previously cite references for previously published methodspublished methods
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MATERIALS AND METHODS MATERIALS AND METHODS (cont.)(cont.)
do not include results in this do not include results in this sectionsection
can present different samples, can present different samples, solutions, etc. more clearly in a solutions, etc. more clearly in a tabletable
Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
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RESULTSRESULTS
presented in accurate, clear and presented in accurate, clear and logical waylogical way
numerical data is best viewed in numerical data is best viewed in tables or graphstables or graphs
o bar graphs - discrete measurementbar graphs - discrete measuremento line graphs - changes or trendsline graphs - changes or trends
Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
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RESULTS RESULTS (cont.)(cont.)
only certain negative results only certain negative results
keep your data for at least 2-3 keep your data for at least 2-3 years years
Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
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DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION
observations and their observations and their relationshipsrelationships
exceptions/limitationsexceptions/limitations
relations to previous workrelations to previous work
Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
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DISCUSSION DISCUSSION (cont.)(cont.)
theoretical or practical theoretical or practical implicationsimplications
summary and conclusionssummary and conclusions
Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
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DISCUSSION DISCUSSION (cont.)(cont.)
start with specific start with specific observations/implications and move to observations/implications and move to generalgeneral
do not over-generalize, and avoid do not over-generalize, and avoid speculation speculation
Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• thank or give credit to people who thank or give credit to people who helped but did not qualify for helped but did not qualify for authorshipauthorship
technical assistancetechnical assistance
advice in research or manuscriptadvice in research or manuscript
Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (cont.) (cont.)
gifts of materialsgifts of materials
assistance in preparing assistance in preparing manuscriptmanuscript
thank the institutions that funded thank the institutions that funded the workthe work
Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
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REFERENCESREFERENCES
follow the journal’s required follow the journal’s required format for referencesformat for references
the references cited section is not the references cited section is not the same thing as a bibliographythe same thing as a bibliography
o references cited - this references cited - this manuscriptmanuscripto bibliography - this bibliography - this topictopic
Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
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TABLES AND FIGURESTABLES AND FIGURES
printed separately, one per pageprinted separately, one per page
caption caption
present data set either in tables/figures present data set either in tables/figures or in the textor in the text
minimal number of digitsminimal number of digits
Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
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TABLES AND FIGURESTABLES AND FIGURES
only include tables and figures which only include tables and figures which are referenced in the textare referenced in the text
label your axes and include units of label your axes and include units of measurementmeasurement
do not use color unless completely do not use color unless completely necessarynecessary
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TABLES AND FIGURESTABLES AND FIGURES
make the symbols and letters make the symbols and letters large enough*large enough*
o letters >= 18 pt. letters >= 18 pt. o lines >= 2 pt.lines >= 2 pt.o symbols >= 16 pt.symbols >= 16 pt.
*from Elliott*from Elliott
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TITLE PAGETITLE PAGE
manuscript titlemanuscript title authorsauthors affiliated institutions of the authorsaffiliated institutions of the authors ““submitted to submitted to Journal NameJournal Name”” datedate contact information for the contact information for the
corresponding authorcorresponding author
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COVER LETTERCOVER LETTER
summarize the main point of the summarize the main point of the manuscriptmanuscript
why they should be interestedwhy they should be interested list possible reviewerslist possible reviewers those you do not want to be those you do not want to be
reviewersreviewers
Structural Elements of a Structural Elements of a ManuscriptManuscript
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