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World War OneOr, the “Great War”
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Reasons for War
Militarism – building up of military
Alliances – creating partnerships
with other countries
Imperialism – controlling and
gaining new colonies
Nationalism – having a strong
national pride in your country
Alliances
Countries had developed alliances, both secret and public
Three emperors’ league (1873)
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia
Dual Alliance (1879)
Germany, Austria-Hungary
Triple Alliance ((1882)
Germany, Austria, Italy
Reinsurance Treaty (1887)
Germany, Russia
Triple Entente
Britain, France, Russiahttp://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/f3471bc169448a8ab452c90fa3b092baa78adeaa.gif
Crisis in the Balkans
Several groups wanted
independence from the Turks.
Balkans was a powder keg of
resistance and control
On June, 28th, 1914, Archduke
Francis Ferdinand was assassinated
in Sarajevo by a Bosnian
revolutionary named Gavrilo
Princip
Bosnian assassinated an Austrian
Germany supports Austria
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content/uploads/2011/08/Frans-Ferdinand-1.jpg
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570x414.jpg
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“I am a South Slav nationalist. My aim is the union of all Yugoslavs, under
whatever political regime, an their liberation from Austria by terrorism.”
Gavrilo Princip, at his trial
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horizontal-large-gallery.jpg
Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum
on July 23rd
Explanation and apology
Serbian investigation of the
assassination
http://onetuberadio.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/AustrianWarning.jpg
Complications
Austria declares war on Serbia on
July 28, 1914.
July 30th, Russia mobilizes troops
to help Serbia
Germany warns then declares war
on Russia on Aug 1st, 1914
Germany declares war on France
when they will not guarantee
neutrality
November 5th, 1914, France and
Britain declare war on Turkey
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http://www.johndclare.net/images/Alliances.GIF
Who is fighting?
Central Powers
Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm II)
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Allied Powers
Russia (Czar Nicholas II)
Serbia
France (Georges Clemenceau)
Britain (David Lloyd George)
Japan
Italy (1915)
United States (1917) (Woodrow
Wilson)
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“The lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our
lifetime.”
-Sir Edward Grey
German War plan
Germany had to figure out how to
fight two fronts (France [western]
and Russia [Eastern])
German general creates the
Schlieffen plan
Because Russia would take longer to
mobilize, they would focus on taking
France quickly
Surround and take France in 6 weeks
Had to go through Belgium (neutral)
to get to France
Demanded to go through Belgium but
were refused
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8d/Alfred_von_Schlieffen_1906.jpg
http://alphahistory.com/worldwar1/schlieffen-plan/
German War plan
Aug 4th, 1914, Belgium is crossed
by the Germans
Broke a 75 year old treaty
“Necessity knows no law”
“We will try to make good the
wrong we have thus committed as
soon as we have reached our
military goals” – German
Chancellor
Because the Germans broke the
neutrality treaty, the British
declare war on Germany
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Battle of the Marne
At Marne River, the Germans are
stopped just outside Paris
Troops were brought from Paris by
taxicab
Positions became relatively fixed
and trench warfare had begun
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Christmas truce 1914
Men from both sides met and:
Exchanged biscuits and cake
Traded supplies
German chocolate for British jam
Took snapshots
Sang carols
Played football (using hats as
goals)
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_Christmas_Truce_1914.jpg
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superjumbo.jpg
Method of War:
Trenches
“Filth and rubbish everywhere, graves built into the defenses…water and muck on all sides.”
-Winston Churchill 1915
4 main trenches:
Frontline trench
Support trench (men and equipment)
Reserve trench (men and equipment)
Communication trenches (connecting)
Soldiers were rotated between the trenches
No Man’s Land – the desolate land between the two trenches
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Method of War:
Trenches
Trenches often had water/mud in them
Concerns of the trenches include:
Skin-eroding syndrome
Trench foot
Rotting human flesh
Lice (97% of front soldiers)
Clothes in naphthalene solution to kill lice and possible eggs
“delousing” each other by picking off lice
Enemy snipers
Shelling
Trench raids
Rats
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ng/220px-Trench_construction_diagram_1914.png
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Trench life
Trenches become a “grave for the
living”
Trenches were named for
hometown streets
Trench life:
“stand-to” during the dawn attack
time
Clean weapons
Repair trenches
Write letters
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identified_soldier_Cas_de_pieds_des_tranch%C3%A9es_(soldat_non_identifi%C3%A9).jpg/300px-
Case_of_trench_feet_suffered_by_unidentified_soldier_Cas_de_pieds_des_tranch%C3%A9es_(soldat_no
n_identifi%C3%A9).jpg
“I can still see the bewilderment and
fear on the men’s faces as we went over
the top.”
Harry Patch, British
Over the Top
Whistle blast signal to go over the
top
Cross No Man’s Land under fire
Might have a pack weighing as
much as 60 lbs
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No Man’s Land
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field.jpg/660px-No-man's-land-flanders-field.jpg
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https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/44/65944-004-21B96141.jpgA British soldier inside a trench on the Western Front
during World War I, 1914
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“I did see a great deal of that long-drawn-out front, and of the men who,
ill armed, ill supplied, were holding it against an enemy who, even if his
anxiety to fight was not greater than the Russians, was infinitely better
equipped. I came back to Petrograd full of admiration for the Russian
soldiers who were holding the front without enough weapons to go
around.”
Arthur Ransome (British author)
War against Russia
Russians mobilized faster than expected and had several victories
Under General Paul von Hindenburg, the Germans severely hurt the Russians, capturing more than 200,000 prisoners
Eastern front faced hypothermia and frostbite victims in the winter months
Russians are pushed back
Russia had difficulty getting supplies from allies or producing what they needed
Fighting to open a trade route by the Black Sea led to over 100,000 casualties and was abandoned
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http://members.kos.net/sdgagnon/mila.html
Submarine Warfare
Germany declared a blockade
against Britain in 1915
Any ship that came into a certain
area would be destroyed
Wanted to destroy British shipping
and hinder the flow of war supplies
May 7th, 1915, Germany sank the
Lusitania
1,198 people dead (128 Americans)
1916 – Britain was also destroying
German warships and had a
blockade
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Submarine Warfare
“I give Your Majesty my word as an officer that not one American will land on the continent.”
-German chief of naval operations
Feb 1917, unrestricted submarine warfare continues from Germany
Sink almost 3000 ships by year’s end
Unrestricted submarine warfare – the sinking of all ships carrying supplies to the enemy, armed or unarmed
British used Q-ships, or ships that looked like merchant ships and could be changed to look like a neutral nation. Once a U-boat comes in, the Q-ship would open fire.
http://www.american-historama.org/images/ww1-u-boat.jpg
Russian Revolution
Shortages and casualties lead people to violence and strikes
On March 15th, 1917, Czar Nicholas II left the throne
November 1917, the communists came to power in Russia
Vladimir Lenin signed a peace treaty in 1918 with Germany called the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1.3 million square miles given up
50% industry
90% coal mines
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3221/family_nicholas_ii_of_russia_ca._1914.jpg
Weapons of War:
Machine guns
Machine guns caused devastation
and mass casualties on both sides
Lewis machine gun = 450 rounds
per minute
Caused major standoff between
trench sides
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Weapons of War:
Planes
Used to observe enemy troops and
watch movements
Could drop bombs or mount a
machine gun
Fights between pilots were known
as “dog-fights”
Aces – pilots who could shoot down
5 or more enemy airplanes
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bih=638&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9q_Cm_MLSAhXh44MKHXOIC9sQ_AUI
BigB#tbm=isch&q=WWI+planes+dog+fight&*&imgrc=sB5QNgwsaqmHrM:
The Red Baron
German WWI ace
Flew a red Fokker Dr. 1 triplane
Shot down 80 enemy planes
Failed his pilots exam and crash-landed his first flight alone
Formed the “flying circus” containing colorful planes and tent hangers
April 21st, 1918, the Red Baron is wounded and lands behind enemy lines, dying shortly after
Buried by British with full honors
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Weapons of War:
Tanks
1916 – British use the tank
Tanks are hard to move and slow
More than 8000 produced during
the war
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Weapons of War:
Zeppelins
Long airships filled with gas (like a
blimp)
Used to drop bombs in London and
eastern England
http://www.military-history.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Zepp-L31-300x183.jpg
Weapons of War:
Gas
Poisonous gas filled artillery shells
were used
Shifting wind could send gas in the
wrong direction
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Weapons of War:
Submarines
British had warships
Germany had submarines called U-
boats (Unterseeboat)
“On long patrols…crews lived in an
atmosphere of increasing squalor.
The heat was oppressive, the air
stake and foul and reeking of bilge
water [water that collects in a
ships hull], wet oilskins, rubber
boots, sweat, and diesel fumes so
thick that a man’s hair became
pitchy mire.”
http://uboat.net/history/wwi/part5.htm
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Weapons of War:
Artillery
Paris Gun (German gun)
Range of 81 miles
211 mm in diameter
Big Bertha Howitzer
420 mm caliber
Range of 30,500 feet
Force of artillery blasts caused:
sickness
Injury/amputations
Disturbed vision
Diarrhea
Mental breakdown (shell shock)
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Dicke_Bertha.Big_Bertha.jpg
http://www.worldwar1.com/foto/ft060a.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Gun#/media/File:Parisgesch1.JPG
Weapons of War:
Propaganda
How the Civilian May Help in This Crisis
Be cheerful
Write encouragingly to friends at the front
Don’t repeat foolish gossip
Don’t listen to idle rumors
Don’t think you know better than [British Commander] Haig
-Advice in British newspaper
Propaganda “Gott strafe England”
“God punish England!”
Stamped on letters/postcards
Engraved on wedding rings and
cufflinks
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uLcjVGXs3jg/VpRw6uOmpEI/AAAAAAAAGkA/le97fDBj4hQ/s1600/Gott%2BStrafe%2BEngland%2BValkyrie.
jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gott_strafe_England
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Weapons of War:
Flame Throwers
http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/flamethrowers.htm
End of the War
Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated the
throne of Germany
Armistice is called on the 11th
month on the 11th day, at the 11th
hour
November 11th, 1918
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Effects of the War:
“Practically everyone had shell shock, but there were two kinds: one for the privates, and one for the officers. With an officer, at the slightest trembling of the lips, they would be sent to the hospital for a week, and then to England to recover. But privates would get a dose of medicine and be sent back onto the line. That was the difference. You could easily see when a man had shell shock. He was crying, shaking, his face was absolutely a different color. It was all we could do in the trenches to hold him back. Sometimes we’d even sit on him. Because, once he got out of the trenches, he was a dead man. Some couldn’t stand it and walked out. And inevitable they got shot for deserting.”
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