World War II – 1939-1945 Causes 1. Treaty of Versailles – 1919 – punished Germany for World...

World War II – 1939-1945• Causes• 1. Treaty of Versailles – 1919 – punished

Germany for World War I• 2. Great Depression – 1929-1940 – world-wide

economic problems• 3. Nationalism/Militarism• 4. Rise of totalitarianism – government has

complete control • 5. Fascism– one person controls the

government – Dictatorship – government is more important than individuals

Europe

• Italy• 1922 – Benito Mussolini

becomes dictator of Italy – “Il Duce” (the leader)

• Blackshirts• Promised to bring order

and prosperity to Italy• 1935 – invaded Ethiopia• Wanted to create a new

Roman Empire

• Germany• Nazis – National Socialist German

Workers’ Party• 1923 – Adolf Hitler attempts to

overthrow government – he is arrested and jailed – writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

• Aryan – Master Race• 1932 – Hitler elected Chancellor of

Germany - Der Fuhrer( the leader)• Third Reich – set up dictatorship

over Germany• 1. Rebuilt Military • 2. Began massive jobs programs • 3. took back Rhineland - 1936• 4. began discrimination against

Jews• Kristallnacht – night of broken

glass – Nov. 9, 1938• SA – Sturmabteilung –

Brownshirts• Night of the Long Knives - 1934• SS – Schutzstaffel – Hitler’s

bodyguard – eventually were running everything

• Gestapo – secret police

Axis Leaders

Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini

Swastika

Heil Hitler – Nazi salute probably based on old Roman custom

Adolf Hitler as a child

Benito Mussolini arrested for speaking about overthrowing government

Hitler Artwork

Hitler’s motherKlara

Hitler’s father,Alois

BFF’S

Nazi Rally at Nuremberg in 1936

Hitler Parades

The SA

The SS

The Gestapo

Europe

• 1936 – Germany and Italy formed Axis Powers – both desire more living space, resources, and power

• 1938 – Germany takes over Austria

• 1938-39 – Germany takes over Czechoslovakia

• September 1938 – Munich Conference –

• Appeasement – Neville Chamberlain

German Expansion

Munich Conference

Neville Chamberlain - Appeasement

Japan

• Japan needed natural resources, especially oil• 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria in China• By 1937, Japan controls most of Northern China• Franklin Roosevelt cuts off the sale of metals

and oil to Japan to punish them for their aggression

• Japan decides that America is a threat and begins planning an attack

• Emperor Hirohito• Military Dictatorship – General Hideki Tojo• Japan joins Axis Powers in 1940

Japanese Expansion

Hirohito

Admiral Yamamoto

General Hideki Tojo

War Begins• September 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland

– France and England (Allied Powers) declare war on Germany (Phony War)

• Winston Churchill – British Prime Minister • Blitzkrieg - lightning war• April 1940 – Denmark and Norway conquered• May-June 1940 – France conquered – England

is alone• U.S. President–Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945• Lend-Lease Act - 1940 – U.S. loans weapons

and supplies to England• Atlantic Charter – August 1941• December 7, 1941 - Japanese bomb U.S. naval

base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Allied Leaders

Winston Churchill

Arizona Memorial

Mobilizing for War• 1940 – Selective Training and Service Act • 15 million Americans joined military• War Production Board• Women and Minorities – Rosie the Riveter• Tuskegee Airmen• Navajo Codetalkers• Japanese-Americans – Nisei - many faced

internment (imprisonment) in 1942 – over 125,000 lost their possessions and stayed in prison camps until the war is over

• War Bonds

• Victory Gardens

• Rationing

Internment Camps for Japanese Americans

Battles in North Africa and Europe

• Battle of the Atlantic – 1940-44 – America trying to send supplies and troops to England

• Battle of Britain - 1940• Africa – fighting was for control of oil fields and

Suez Canal• El Alamein – November 1942• 1. Bernard Montgomery – British General• 2. Erwin Rommel – German General – Desert • Fox• Dwight Eisenhower – Main American

commander

Bernard Montgomery

Erwin Rommel

European Battles

• Eastern Front• June 22, 1941 - Germany

invades Soviet Union • Sept. 1942-February

1943 – Stalingrad - turning point of the war

• August 1943 – Kursk• Joseph Stalin – Dictator

of Soviet Union - Communism

• Western Front• November 1942, Allies invade

North Africa• September 1943 – Allies

invade Italy• 1942-45 – Allied Bombing of

Germany• June 6, 1944 – D-Day – Allies

invade German-occupied France

• December 1944 – Battle of the Bulge

• Roosevelt dies on April 12, 1945 – Harry Truman becomes President

• Hitler commits suicide on April 30, 1945

• Germany surrenders on May 7, 1945

• VE Day – Victory in Europe – May 8, 1945

Joseph Stalin Dwight D. Eisenhower

Bernard Montgomery George S. Patton

Battle of Stalingrad

D-Day – June 6, 1944

D-Day Maps

D-Day

D-Day

Battle of the Bulge

Battle of the Bulge

Mussolini and Mistress

Eva Braun and Hitler

Harry Truman

Japanese Battles• Philippines – December 1941-May 1942• Chester Nimitz – American naval commander• Douglas Macarthur – American Army commander• Midway – June 1942 – turning point in Pacific• Guadalcanal – August 1942- February 1943• Island-hopping• Battle of Leyte Gulf – October 1944• Iwo Jima – February 1945 – Kamikaze (Divine Wind)• Okinawa – April – June 1945• Manhattan Project• August 6, 1945 – U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima

– “Little Boy”• August 9, 1945 – second bomb dropped on Nagasaki –

“Fat Man”• August 15, 1945 – Japan surrenders• VJ Day – Victory over Japan – September 2, 1945

Douglas Macarthur Chester Nimitz

Iwo Jima

Okinawa

Kamikaze about to hit U.S.S. Missouri

Assembly of first atomic bomb

Atomic Bomb explosions

Cost/Effects of the War• 50 to 60 million dead – maybe as

many as 100 million• Cost between 1 to 2 trillion dollars• Europe and parts of Asia

devastated• Europe divided between a free

West and a Communist East controlled by Soviet Union – Iron Curtain

• United States emerges as a world superpower and leader of the free world – Soviet Union becomes main rival – Cold War

• NATO/Warsaw Pact – nuclear arms race – Soviet Union develops atomic weapons in 1949

• Holocaust – genocide (murder) of Jews in Europe

• 6 million dead – two-thirds of all Jews in Europe – 11 million total

• Death Camps• Nuremberg Trials – Nazi leaders

tried for war crimes in 1945-46 – 12 executed

• International Military Tribunal for the Far East – war crimes trials for Japan – 720 executed

• Creation of United Nations• Creation of Israel• Marshall Plan

German Concentration Camps

Crematorium

Auschwitz

Gas Chamber at Auschwitz

Auschwitz

Oskar Schindler

Herman GoeringHeinrich Himmler

Nazi Leaders

Josef Goebbels

Adolf Eichmann

Josef Mengele

German Tanks

German Tiger Tank

American Sherman Tank

Russian T-34

Flamethrower

German MP-40

MG-42

Kar-98

M-1

BAR

US machine gun

American B-17 bomber

American P-51 Mustang

American P-38 Lightning

German Me-109

German Me-262 – first jet plane

German V-1 buzzbomb

V-2 – first guided missile