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Without reference, identify principles about Blood Fluid Warmers with at least 70
percent accuracy.
Purpose◦ Used during various clinical procedures (mainly for
surgeries) to raise the temperature of refrigerated and room temperature blood or IV fluids as they are infused into the patient
Body temperature◦ Normothermia – normal core body temperature◦ When dealing with a medical patient (surgically or
clinically) normothermia is always important If a patient is over or under normal temperature the
body will strive for normothermia This extra effort will take away from the body’s ability to heal Hypothermia is the most frequent concern
Blood Fluid Warmers
◦ Negative effects of hypothermia Cardiac arrhythmias – myocardial infarctions are the
leading cause of unexpected death after otherwise routine surgery
Coagulopathy (prolonged or excessive bleeding) – caused by the body’s decreased release of coagulants
Decreased metabolism of numerous drugs causing slower recovery from anesthesia
Increased surgical recovery times and increased length of hospitalization
Increased risk of infection Raising the temperature of blood or IV fluids before
they are infused into a patient can significantly reduce the occurrence of hypothermia
Blood Fluid Warmers
In addition to hypothermia, infusion of fluid below normal body temperature can induce or aggravate physiologic conditions, such as cerebral perfusion
It is important to note that blood/fluid warmers only help to maintain normothermia They generally do not transfer enough heat to
significantly raise the body temperatureThis means they cannot effectively re-warm patients
who are already hypothermicTo significantly raise the body temperature of a
patient other means, such as hypo/hyperthermia or BairHugger units must be used
Blood Fluid Warmers
Blood Fluid Warmers
Use◦ Blood/fluid warmers are mainly used in surgery,
but may also be used in other areas such as: Emergency department Intensive care unit Some general patient care areas Blood bank
◦ Generally, blood/fluid warmers are setup and operated by either an anesthesiologist or a nurse anesthetist before and during a surgical procedure
Blood Fluid Warmers
◦ The decision to use a blood/fluid warmer and the correct type to use must be made by the clinician and includes the following variables: Patient size and weight Duration of the surgical procedure Rate of infusion or the total volume of
blood/fluid to be infused Temperature of the blood/fluid to be infused Availability of other patient-warming
techniques Clinician preference
Blood Fluid Warmers
Types◦ Blood/fluid warmers are typically categorized by
the method they use to warm blood/IV solutions◦ Most are in-line devices mounted on an IV pole.
They warm the solution bag or infusion device and the patient line and can be used in conjunction with the primary types of infusion devices including Gravity Pressure Pump
Blood Fluid Warmers
◦ The two primary methods of heating blood or IV fluids are water bath and dry heat Water bath
These units utilize a tank of warm water and special tubing
The tubing has an outer sheath in which warmed water from the tank is circulated
Blood or IV fluid passes through an inner tube, which runs between the sheath, and is warmed by the principle of conduction
Warmed blood or IV fluids are infused to the patient
Blood Fluid Warmers
Dry heat plate IV tubing is passed between two warming plates Blood/fluid warming takes place through conduction
between the plates and the fluids Dry heat cassette
Blood or IV fluids pass through a special chamber or cartridge
The cassette/cartridge fits in-between two warming plates
The blood/fluids are warmed through conduction
Blood Fluid Warmers
Advantages/disadvantages of each method◦ Water bath
Provides precise and controlled warming of blood/fluids for a wide range of flow rates
Require special disposable tubing sets Water from tank can be spilled
◦ Dry heat plate Generally only effective for heating blood/fluids
infused at low rates Do not provide rapid heating of blood/fluids Do not require special tubing sets Relatively simple devices
Blood Fluid Warmers
◦ Dry heat cassette Provide rapid and accurate warming of
blood/fluids for a wide range of flow rates Require special tubing/cassette sets
◦ In addition to the above units, there are some high-flow units that can both warm and deliver IV solutions/blood and are capable of warming and infusing fluids at higher rates than conventional blood/fluid warmers Blood/Fluid All units have primary and secondary (backup)
thermostatic or electronic controls to regulate temperature
Blood Fluid Warmers
All units have some type of circuitry that indicates the plate or water-bath temperature; however, the actual blood/solution temperature is not displayed
All units have an alarm circuit that terminate operation when an over-temperature condition occurs (usually slightly above 42°C – the point at which red blood cells are damaged)Visual/audible alarmHeater cutoff
Blood Fluid Warmers
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