Without data, nothing Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd University of Leeds

Without data, nothing

Adam KilgarriffLexical Computing Ltd

University of Leeds

Generative Lexicon

Account of non-standard uses of words

So: we need a dataset

Gasteiz-Vitoria, 2012

Kilgarriff: Without Data, Nothing 2

Method

Sample of words Sample of corpus instances for each Choose a dictionary Sense-tag Identify mismatches to dict senses For each

Does it fit the GL model?

Resources

Words (random sample) modest disability steering seize sack (v)

sack (n) onion rabbit handbag Corpus instances

between 82 and 718 for each word Total: 2276

Dictionary: HECTOR OUP/Xerox project in corpus lexicography

Tagging

Three professional lexicographers Assign sense to each corpus instance

For this exercise If anything other than 3-way agreement

Re-examine 390 of 2276 cases (17%)

modest

Any two dictionaries divide up space differently HECTOR: 9 CIDE: 3 LDOCE: 4 COBUILD: 5

tagger agreement – less than half Messy but no GL-like casesGasteiz-Vitoria, 2012

Szeged, Jan 2008 Kilgarriff, Global WordNet 7

What is language?

steering 2 senses

Activity: his steering was careless Mechanism: they overhauled the steering

16 re-examined, most underspecified it has the Peugeot’s steering feel

One more complex case After nearly fifty years [as a bus driver] Mr. Hannis

stepped down from behind the steering wheel

Two senses: plant and food 34 cases re-examined

10 bridged divide Plant the sets two inches apart to produce

a good yield of medium-sized onions Others – medicine, decorative feature,

dye, cliché of Frenchness It’s not all frogs legs and strings of onions

in the South of FranceGasteiz-Vitoria, 2012

sack (n)

2 x sack race One metaphor

Santa Claus Ridley pulled another doubtful gift from his sack

Ridley: British politician

sack (v)

And Labour MP, Mr. Bruce George, has called for the firm to be sacked from duty at Prince Andrew’s £5 million home at Sunningwell Park near Windsor

Non-standard because end-employment needs PERSON as direct object.Candidate for GL treatmentGasteiz-Vitoria, 2012

handbag She moved from handbags through

gifts to the flower shop [handbag department in department

store]

Candidate for GL treatment

Results 2276 corpus instances 390 re-examined 41 non-standard uses 2 potentially accounted for by GL

Conclusion GL will never account for a large share of non-

standard word use

What is language?

What is language? In our heads

What is language? In our heads In texts and sound signals

What is language? In our heads In texts and sound signals Both

Methodology Study language in our heads

Introspection Semantic analysis Experiments with human subjects

“rationalist” (Leibniz, Chomsky) Problems: coverage, arbitrariness

Methodology Study text

“empiricist” (Locke, Hume)

Physics: forces, matter Chemistry: chemicals, bonds Language: text, speech

signals

Empiricist linguistics A new way to find out about

language 20 years of rapid ascent

Computers Corpora

bigger and bigger data sets available Language technology tools

lemmatizers, POS-taggers, parsers, machine learning for pattern finding

Preliminaries over

What is a word sense

Preliminaries over

What is a word sense (my PhD in 5 slides)

Preliminaries over

What is a word sense (my PhD in 5 slides) Where do you find them?

Preliminaries over

What is a word sense (my PhD in 5 slides) Where do you find them? Dictionaries!

The lexicographers

They create them Methods

Introspection Other dictionaries Corpus

Atkins, Hanks

What is a word sense (1)

SFIP Sufficiently frequent insufficiently

predictable (a glass of) whisky x (a glass of) tequila

homonymy

analogy polysemy rules

phraseology

A cluster Of instances of use

Operationalised as: corpus lines Clustered by lexicographers

What is a word sense (3) A cluster

Of instances of use Operationalised as: corpus lines

Clustered by lexicographers Makes sense of

Overlapping senses Different dictionaries, different senses Lumping and splitting

Theory

Hanks Norms and exploitations Task of lexicographer

Record the norms Speakers may always exploit norms to

say something new

Boring question Homonymy or polysemy

We all know it’s a kline

Interesting question Norm or exploitation

metaphor

see meaning understand Norm

I travelled the path From life towards artDesire the horse Depression the cart Leonard Cohen

ExploitationGasteiz-Vitoria, 2012

How do they do it?

honeymoon

The Sketch Engine

Corpus query tool Used for making dictionaries at

OUP, CUP, Collins, Macmillan, Le Robert, Cornelsen, Elhuyar Foundation

Also Universities Linguistic research Teaching

Linguistics, also languagesGasteiz-Vitoria, 2012

60 languages covered

Individual licences (£4.99/month) University site licences Free trial – self register

Build instant corpora form the web WebBootCaT

Install your corpora Compare corpora

http://www.sketchengine.co.uk

Thank you

homonymy

analogy polysemy rules

phraseology

Without data, nothing Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd University of Leeds

Documents

Exploring Variation in Lexis and Genre in the Sketch Engine Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd.,…

A cascade of corpora: The Cambridge Learner Corpus, English Profile, the Sketch Engine, HOO, DANTE and the Kelly Project Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing

Auckland 2012Kilgarriff: Web Corpora1 Web Corpora Adam Kilgarriff

The Cambridge Learner Corpus, English Profile, the Sketch Engine and the Kelly Project Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd

Photos Leeds College/Leeds Uni

LEXICAL TYPOLOGY - eva.mpg.de · Koch, Lexical typology, 2010-8-24 ... 1.3. Substantialist vs. relational approach ... Lexical typology lexical hierarchies (B.) lexical

1 Corpora, Dictionaries, and points in between in the age of the web Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd Lexicography MasterClass Ltd Universities of

Adam Kilgarriff,* Vit Suchomel^ Lexical Computing Ltd, UK ^NLP Laboratory, Masaryk Univ, Brno, Cz 1

Tomaž Erjavec 1, Adam Kilgarriff 2, Irena Srdanović Erjavec 3 1 Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia 2 Lexical Computing Ltd. and University of Leeds, UK 3

Do we need lexicographers? Prospects for automatic lexicography Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd University of Leeds UK

1 Googleology is bad science Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd Universities of Sussex, Leeds

Getting to know your corpus Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd

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Grammar is to Meaning as the Law if to Good Behaviour Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd Lexicography MasterClass Ltd Universities of Leeds and Sussex

The Sketch Engine as Infrastructure for Large Scale Text Collections for Humanities Research Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd. & Univ of Leeds, UK

Word senses Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd Lexicography MasterClass Ltd Universities of Leeds, Sussex

Making useful wordlists for ELT Topical vocabulary from the WWW Simon Smith & Scott Sommers Ming Chuan University, Taipei Adam Kilgarriff, Lexical Computing

Terminology, translation, and PRESEMT; word frequency lists and KELLY 1 Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd SKEW-2, March 2011Kilgarriff: PRESEMT and

1 Comparable Corpora Within and Across Languages, Word Frequency Lists and the KELLY Project Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd Lexicography MasterClass