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WILLIAM SHAKESPEAR
E
SHAKESPEARE
1
563-1616
S
tratford-on-Avon, England
w
rote 37 plays
a
bout 154 sonnets
s
tarted out as an actor
STAGE CELEBRITYA
ctor for Lord Chamberlain’s Men (London
theater co.)
A
lso was principal playwright for them
1
599 - Lord Ch. Co. built Globe Theater
where most of Sh. Plays were performed
SHAKESPEARE WROTE:
C
omedies
H
istories
T
ragedies
ROMEO AND JULIET
W
ritten about 1595
C
onsidered a tragedy
W
est Side Story (Movie) based on R & J
THE THEATER
P
lays produced for the general public
R
oofless - open air
N
o artificial lighting
C
ourtyard surrounded by 3 levels of galleries
SPECTATORSW
ealthy got benches
“
Groundlings” - poorer people stood and watched
from the courtyard (“pit”)
A
ll but wealthy were uneducated/illiterate
M
uch more interaction than today
STAGING AREASS
tage - platform that extended into the pit
D
ressing & storage rooms in galleries behind & above stage
s
econd-level gallery - upper stage - famous balcony scene in
R & J
T
rap door - ghosts
“
Heavens” - angelic beings
DIFFERENCESN
o scenery
S
ettings - referenced in dialogue
E
laborate costumes
P
lenty of props
F
ast-paced, colorful 2 +hours!
ACTORS
O
nly men and boys
Y
oung boys whose voices had not changed play
women’s roles
W
ould have been considered indecent for a
woman to appear on stage
ELIZABETHAN (QE1) WORDSA
n,and: If
A
non: Soon
A
ye: Yes
B
ut: Except for
E
’en: Even
E
’er: Ever
QE1 WORDS (CONT.)
H
aply: Perhaps
H
appy: Fortunate
H
ence: Away, from her
H
ie: Hurry
M
arry: Indeed
QE1 WORDS (CONT.)
W
hence: Where
W
ilt: Will, will you
W
ithal: In addition to
W
ould: Wish
BLANK VERSE
M
uch of R & J is written in it:• unrhymed verse• iambic (unstressed, stressed)• pentameter( 5 “feet” to a line)• ends up to be 10 syllable lines
PROSEO
rdinary writing that is not poetry, drama, or song•Only characters in the lower social classes speak this way in Shakespeare’s plays•Why do you suppose that is?
PLOT
T
he sequence of events
in a literary work
EXPOSITIONT
he plot usually begins with
this:• Introduces the:•setting•characters•basic situation
INCITING MOMENT
O
ften called “initial incident”• the first bit of action that occurs which begins the plot•Romeo and Juliet “lock eyes” at the party
CONFLICT
T
he struggle that develops•man vs. man•man vs. himself•man vs. society•man vs. nature
CRISIS
T
he point where the
protagonist’s situation will
either get better or worse• Protagonist = good guy• Antagonist = bad guy
CLIMAX
T
he turning point of the story;
everything begins to unravel
from here •Thus begins the falling action
RESOLUTION
T
he end of the
central conflict
DENOUEMENT
The final explanation or outcome of the plot•If this is included in literature, it will occur after the resolution.
TRAGEDY (SHAKESPEAREAN)
Drama where the central character/s suffer disaster/great misfortune
• In many tragedies, downfall results from:• Fate• Character flaw/Fatal flaw• Combination of the two
THEME
C
entral idea of the piece:I
nsight about life which explain the downfall
METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE
C
omparison of unlike things:•Paris standing over the “lifeless body” of Juliet, “Sweet flower, with flowers thy bridal bed I strew…”•“Thou detestable maw…”Gorged with the dearest morsel of the earth…” Romeo
DRAMATIC FOIL
A
character whose purpose is
to show off another character•Benvolio for Tybalt• look for others in R & J
ROUND CHARACTER
S
C
haracters who have
many personality
traits, like real people.
FLAT CHARACTERS
O
ne-dimensional, embodying
only a single trait•Shakespeare often uses them to provide comic relief even in a tragedy
STATIC CHARACTERS
C
haracters within a story who
remain the same. They do not
change. They do not change
their minds, opinions or
character.
DYNAMIC CHARACTER
C
haracters that change
somehow during the course
of the plot. They generally
change for the better.
MONOLOGUE
One person speaking on stage; may be other character on stage too• ex - the Prince of Verona commanding the Capulets and Montagues to cease feuding
SOLILOQUY
L
ong speech expressing the
thoughts of a character alone on
stage. In R & J, Romeo gives a
soliloquy after the servant has fled
and Paris has died.
ASIDE
W
ords spoken, usually in an
undertone not intended to
be heard by all characters
PUN
S
hakespeare loved to use them!!!•Humorous use of a word with two meanings; sometimes missed by the reader because of Elizabethan language and sexual innuendo
DIRECT ADDRESS
W
ords that tell the reader who is being
addressed:
“
A right fair mark, fair coz, is soonest hit.”
“
Ah, my mistresses, which of you all/ Will now
deny to dance?”
DRAMATIC IRONY
A
contradiction between what
a character thinks and what
the reader/audience knows
to be true
VERBAL IRONY
W
ords used to suggest
the opposite of what is
meant
SITUATIONAL IRONY
A
n event occurs that directly
contradicts the expectations
of the characters, the reader,
or the audience
COMIC RELIEF
U
se of comedy within
literature that is NOT
comedy to provide “relief”
from seriousness or sadness.
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