What to Do About Weeds Developed by: Susan Donaldson University of Nevada Cooperative Extension...

What to Do About WeedsWhat to Do About Weeds

Developed by: Developed by: Susan DonaldsonSusan DonaldsonUniversity of Nevada Cooperative ExtensionUniversity of Nevada Cooperative Extension

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

the Landthe Land

Topics to be coveredTopics to be covered What is a weed? Why worry about weeds in pastures and

landscapes? How weeds are regulated Weed biology Factors that lead to plant invasion Preventing invasion and spread of weeds Identifying weeds Control - mechanical, cultural, biological, and

chemical Common weeds in your area

the Landthe Land

What’s a weed?What’s a weed?

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

the Landthe LandUSDA-ARS

MSU Extension Service

Wow! The wide open continent of North America offers great potential for advancement.

Today:America, The Land of Opportunity

1900: Arrived from Europe

I think I’ll settle down here. This looks like a good place to raise a

family.

2000 Way to go!

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Invasive weed spreadInvasive weed spread

Weed Annual Spread Reduced Grazing

Dyers woad 14% 38%

Canada thistle 10% 42%

Dalmation toadflax 8% 46%

Tall whitetop 9% 55%

Leafy spurge 12% 59%

Yellow starthistle 17% 65%

Spotted knapweed 24% 80%

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

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Weed impactsWeed impacts

Decreased grazing potential

Economic losses from refusals of hay shipments

Decreased crop yields

Cost of control UNCE, Reno, Nev.

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Weed impactsWeed impacts Decreased property

values

Loss of wildlife and fish habitat

Impairment of wetland functions

Increased erosion

ToxicityUNCE, Reno, Nev.

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Weed impactsWeed impacts Increased habitat for

vermin such as mosquitoes

Impacts to recreation

Altered fire regimes

Lowering of water table depths

Etc….

RGJ reader, Reno, Nev.

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How are weeds How are weeds regulated, and what are regulated, and what are

your legal your legal responsibilities?responsibilities?

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The three D’s of noxious weedsThe three D’s of noxious weeds

Damaging to the economy or environment

Difficult to control

Tend to Dominate a site

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How weeds growHow weeds grow

Dicot (Broadleaf)

•Two true leaves•Broad leaves have net-like veins

•Coarse tap root

Monocot(Grass)

•One seed leaf•Parallel veins •Fibrous roots

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Plant life cyclesPlant life cycles

Annual

One season for all stages of development

Produce foliage, flower seeds, then die

Yellow starthistle

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

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Summer annuals

Live from spring to fall

Examples are foxtail, pigweed

Winter annuals

Germinate in fall and winter

Examples are cheatgrass and mustard

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Biennials

Require two seasons for completion of life cycle

First year: develop roots and low-growing leaves

Second year: flowers, sets seed and matures

Examples are mullein and musk thistle

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Musk thistle

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Perennials Live more than two

Will produce foliage, seed, and reach maturity year after year

Examples are perennial pepperweed and Canada thistle

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Dandelion

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ReproductionReproduction

Annuals and biennials

Seed bank

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ReproductionReproduction

Perennials

Simple: Reproduce by seed and pieces of root, such as dandelions

Bulbous: Produce seed, bulblets and bulbs, such as wild onion

Creeping: Produce seeds, rhizomes (underground stems), stolons (above ground stems), or creeping roots

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Creeping roots of perennial Creeping roots of perennial pepperweedpepperweed

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

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Identifying weedsIdentifying weeds

Don’t be afraid to ask for help!

Plant parts for Plant parts for grass grass

identificationidentification

NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

Plant parts for Plant parts for broadleaf broadleaf

identificationidentification

Have you correctly identified the Have you correctly identified the weed?weed?

Tumble mustard

Spotted knapweed

Perennial sowthistle

Are you really sure???Are you really sure???

Yellow starthistleDandelion

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How do weeds ensure their How do weeds ensure their success?success?

They take advantage of the characteristics of sites, including:

Exposed or disturbed soil (grading road shoulders)

Turfgrass, range, pasture or groundcover that is weakened by disease, pests, or poor management

Places where a desired species is not well-adapted to its environment

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They are very competitiveThey are very competitive

Grow well in spite of Grow well in spite of interference from other plantsinterference from other plants

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

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How do weeds ensure their success?How do weeds ensure their success?

They are persistent Will return year

after year

Reproduce vigorously

Spread seeds effectively

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

They are harmful Can alter the site

they grow in by accumulating salts, changing water table depths, increasing erosion, increasing wildfire frequency, etc.

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

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How do weeds spread?How do weeds spread?

Natural means

Animals

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

How are we spreading weeds?How are we spreading weeds?

Irrigation Roadside

shoulder work Construction/

fill dirt Vehicles Tillage Contaminated

seed or feed Livestock

management

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

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What can we do? What can we do?

Practice Practice Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

IPM is a sustainable approach to managing pests that combines

biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that

minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks

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UC Davis

Hand removal of weeds

Sticky traps and other physical traps

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Components of an IPM programComponents of an IPM program

Planning

Setting action thresholds

Monitoring and detection

Identification

Implementation

Evaluationridall.com

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IPM tools for weed management IPM tools for weed management (IWM)(IWM)

Prevention

Eradication

Mechanical controls

Cultural controls

Biological controls

Chemical controls

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Building a weed management planBuilding a weed management plan

CONSIDER THE:

Identity of the weed

Biology of the weed

Extent of the problem

Environmental conditions of the site

Ultimate objectives for the site

Most economical solution

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

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Method 1 of IWM:Method 1 of IWM:Prevent the invasion and spread of weedsPrevent the invasion and spread of weeds

Plant clean, weed-free seed

Avoid spreading weed seeds with manure

Sanitize tillage and harvest equipment prior to moving them from one field to another

Plant and maintain desirable plant species

Consider crop rotation to slow weed spread

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Minimize soil disturbance and bare ground

Don’t overgraze pastures

Apply the appropriate amount of water

Avoid driving in weed- infested areas

USDA NRCS

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Don’t transport flowering plants that you cannot identify

Pull small patches before seed is formed

Carefully remove weeds that have flowered

Report new infestations

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ReportingReporting

State Weed Specialist, Department of Agriculture

Your local Cooperative Extension office

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Method 2 of IWM:Method 2 of IWM:EradicationEradication

Removal of all weeds of a given species from an area so they will not recur unless reintroduced

Must deplete seed bank of viable weed seeds by controlling all seedlings

Only feasible for small, new invasions

Must revegetate the area

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Method 3 of IWM:Method 3 of IWM:Mechanical ControlMechanical Control

Cultivation

Hoeing

Bulldozing

Burning

Hand pulling

Mowing

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

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Method 3 of IWM:Method 3 of IWM:Mechanical controlMechanical control

Mulching

Solarizing (use clear plastic for maximum affect)

Repeated tillage can help reduce seed populations

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

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Method 4 of IWM:Method 4 of IWM:Cultural controlCultural control

Cultural control involves using land management tools that make it difficult for weeds to be successful Shading

Water and nutrient management

Correct seeding rates

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Method 5 of IWM:Method 5 of IWM:Biological controlBiological control

Biological control is the use of one organism to suppress another Can reduce pesticide use Agents can be free or

purchased Can effectively and

economically suppress pests

Does not eradicate a weedUNCE, Reno, Nev.

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Method 5 of IWM:Method 5 of IWM:Biological controlBiological control

Characteristics of successful biocontrol agents: Prolific Thrive and become

widespread in all habitats and climates that the pest weed occupies.

Good colonizers of new areas.

Leaf eating beetle (Diorhabda elongata) on

tamarisk

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Tamarisk biocontrolTamarisk biocontrol

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Method 6 of IWM:Method 6 of IWM:Chemical controlChemical control

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

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Manage pastures to minimize weedsManage pastures to minimize weeds

USDA NRCS

Herbicides

Prevention

Proper fertility and species

Dense vegetation, no bare spots

Managed grazing

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Pesticides: an all-inclusive Pesticides: an all-inclusive term covering all “cides”term covering all “cides”

Herbicide

Fungicide

Insecticide

Rodenticide

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Naming herbicidesNaming herbicides

Chemical name N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine

Common name Glyphosate

Trade or brand name RoundUp, Aquamaster,

Glypro, Rodeo, etc.

Brand Monsanto www.scotts.com

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To spray or not to To spray or not to spray?spray?

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To spray or not to spray?To spray or not to spray?Consider:Consider:

The goals for the site

The site conditions

Accessibility

Proximity to surface water

Depth to groundwater

Presence of rare species

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Herbicide propertiesHerbicide properties

Effectiveness against target species

Behavior in the environment

Toxicity

Safety

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Twelve steps to follow before using Twelve steps to follow before using herbicides:herbicides:

1. Identify the weeds

2. Determine their life cycles

3. Consider all control alternatives

4. Select the chemical based on effectiveness, safety, and price

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Twelve steps to follow before Twelve steps to follow before using herbicides:using herbicides:

5. Read the label carefully and make sure the herbicide is labeled for the pest and the site

6. Determine the best time to apply the chemical

7. Is the chemical restricted-use-only?

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Twelve steps to follow before Twelve steps to follow before using herbicides:using herbicides:

8. Consider proximity to water, nearby trees or shrubs, soil composition, tendency to contaminate water supplies

9. Check the weather

10.Have you read and do you have a copy of the MSDS?

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More things to consider!More things to consider!

11.Are you applying the appropriate amount by the best method?

12.Do you understand all necessary safety requirements, and have you followed them carefully? (gloves, hat, eye protection, long sleeves, long pants, shoes, etc.)

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Personal protective equipmentPersonal protective equipment

MU Extension

www.fadinap.org

What’s wrong with this picture?What’s wrong with this picture?

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Pesticide toxicityPesticide toxicity

CautionCaution

WarningWarning

DangerDanger

Less toxic

More toxic

More things to consider!More things to consider!

Have you kept mixing and storage areas away from waterbodies and wells?

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

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Contain chemicals when Contain chemicals when mixingmixing

Don’t mix on the same patch of soil time after time

Try to mix on an impervious surface

Be prepared

for spills

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Cleaning containersCleaning containers

Check label for directions

Follow triple-rinse procedure

Apply rinsate on areas as indicated on the label

NEVER mix or rinse pesticides in the NEVER mix or rinse pesticides in the street!street! UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Safety tipsSafety tips

Each time you use a pesticide, read the directions!

Never eat, drink, or smoke while applying pesticides or before cleaning up.

After applying pesticides, remove your clothes and wash them; then thoroughly wash hands, face, and body.

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Safety tipsSafety tips Work outdoors with good light and

ventilation when mixing or loading pesticides.

Never mix or apply pesticides on windy days.

If you splash or spill a pesticide while mixing or loading, stop immediately. Remove contaminated clothing and wash thoroughly. Control, contain, then clean up the spill.

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How do herbicides work?How do herbicides work?

Interfere with or disrupt biochemical or physiological processes in susceptible plants

Often affect a specific enzyme or reaction

Example: amino acid inhibitors - glyphosate

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Chemical controlChemical control

Selective Kills only a specific

plant or type of plant

Most common types are broadleaf vs. grass

USDA NRCS

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW THE LABEL DIRECTIONS!

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Examples of selective herbicides 2,4-D (Weed-b-Gone, Weedar 64)

picloram (Tordon, retricted use, persistent)

chlorsulfuron (Telar, Glean; may be used pre-emergence)

triclopyr (Garlon 3A)

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Nonselective herbicidesNonselective herbicides

Kills most or all of the vegetation in the area covered

May be pre-mergent or postemergent chemicals

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Examples of nonselective herbicides glyphosate (Roundup)

imazapyr (Arsenal; use pre-emergence or postemergence; has a long residual in high pH soil)

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Herbicide ActionHerbicide Action

Preemergent herbicides

Applied to soil

Kills plants as they germinate and pick up chemical in young roots

Must be watered or tilled in

May have some postemergent activity

Postemergent herbicides

Must be applied to living plant tissue

Little or no soil activity

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Site of actionSite of action

Contact Herbicide

All parts of the plant must be covered to kill entire plant

Usually quick acting

Most often used for annuals

Systemic Herbicide

Applied to plant tissue

Is translocated through the plant to the roots

Takes time to work

Used for perennials

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Herbicide formulationHerbicide formulation

How a product is packaged

Active ingredients (to kill target plant)

Other ingredients (aid in application, stability, absorption, inert ingredients)

Liquid and dry formulations

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Spray adjuvants and surfactantsSpray adjuvants and surfactants

Added to spray mixes to facilitate the mixing, application, or effectiveness of the herbicide

Many herbicides require or suggest surfactant use

Some formulations already include adjuvants (ex.: Roundup Pro)

Adjuvant typesAdjuvant types Activators (enhance activity)

Surfactants (nonionic, etc. – most widely used) Oil adjuvants (petroleum oil concentrates)

Utility adjuvants Wetting agents (spreaders) Dyes Drift/foaming control agents pH buffers Water conditioners Etc.

Methods of applicationMethods of application Foliar application

Spot, wick, boom, aerial

Basal bark/stump application

Soil application What’s he doing wrong?

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Weed treatment in riparian areasWeed treatment in riparian areas

Select the most effective treatment methods for the site

If herbicides are used, be sure the label allows application adjacent to or in the water

Consider wipe application to minimize spray drift UNCE, Reno, Nev.

RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE(GROUND AND SURFACE WATER CONCERNS)THIS PRODUCT IS A RESTRICTED-USE HERBICIDE DUE TO GROUND AND SURFACE WATER CONCERNS. USERS MUST READ AND FOLLOW ALL PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE POTENTIAL FOR ATRAZINE TO REACH GROUND AND SURFACE WATER.

GROUNDWATER ADVISORYAtrazine can travel (seep or leach) through soil and can enter groundwater which may be used as drinking water. Atrazine has been found in groundwater. Users are advised not to apply atrazine to sand and loamy sand soils where the water table (groundwater) is close to the surface and where these soils are very permeable, I.e. well drained.

MIXING/LOADING INSTRUCTIONSThis product may not be mixed/loaded, or used within 50 ft. of all wells, including abandoned wells, drainage wells, and sink holes. Operations that involve mixing, loading, rinsing, or washing of this product into or from pesticide handling or application equipment or containers within 50 ft. of any well are prohibited, unless conducted on an impervious pad constructed to withstand the weight of the heaviest load that may be positioned on or moved across the pad.

This product may not be mixed or loaded within 50 ft. of intermittent streams and rivers, natural or impounded lakes and reservoirs. This product may not be applied aerially or by ground within 66 ft. of the points where field surface water runoff enters perennial or intermittent streams and rivers or within 200 ft. around natural or impounded lakes and reservoirs. If this product is applied to highly erodible land, the 66-ft. buffer or setback from runoff entry points must be planted to crop, seeded with grass or other suitable crop.

Follow all label directions

Groundwater advisory

A 50-foot distance from well and water

bodies is required

More to think about:More to think about:Are the conditions right for spraying?Are the conditions right for spraying?

Weather

Humidity

Wet plants

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Timing is everything!Timing is everything!

Early season

Late pre-season

Season (bud or early flowering)

Post-frost

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ALWAYS ALWAYS read the

label and follow its directions

Sunflower family (Asteraceae)

Perennial

Dioecious

Flowers white to purple

Reproduction primarily vegetative through creeping roots, some seed

www.wa.gov

www.ces.ncsu.edu

www.wa.gov

Canada thistle (Canada thistle (Cirsium arvenseCirsium arvense))

Controls

Mechanical: Mowing can provide effective control if conducted at one month intervals

Biological: One insect species available, but only provides limited control

Fire: Controlled spring burns will slow spread

Chemical: Clopyralid + 2,4-D (Curtail), picloram (Tordon), aminopyralid (Milestone), chlorsulfuron (Telar), 2,4-D

Canada thistle (Canada thistle (Cirsium arvenseCirsium arvense))

Common crupina (Common crupina (Crupina vulgarisCrupina vulgaris))

Sunflower family (asteraceae)

Winter annual

Also called bearded creeper

Resembles knapweeds

Grows to 4 feet tall

Urn-shaped purple flowers

Reproduces by seed

Douglas Barbe, CDFARay Gill, CDFA

Controls

Mechanical: Hand pull, hoe, or till before flowering; monitor site

Biological: No insects available; grazing animals will avoid it

Chemical: Picloram (Tordon ), clopyralid, triclopyr, 2,4-D + dicamba

Common crupina (Common crupina (Crupina vulgarisCrupina vulgaris))

Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)

Tap-rooted perennial

Dark green alternate leaves

Small green flowers turn reddish brown at maturity

Reproduces by seed (30,000 seeds/plant) or by root cuttingskaweahoaks.com

www.psu.missouri.edu

Curly dock (Curly dock (Rumex crispusRumex crispus))

Controls

Mechanical: Prevent seed set; hand pull or cultivate; mow to prevent flowering

Biological: Grazing not effective; no biocontrol agents available

Cultural: Fertilize crops as needed

Chemical: 2,4-D or dicamba (Banvel) before flower elongation; glyphosate (Roundup) at early heading; aminopyralid (Milestone), sulfometuron (Oust), clopyralid (Transline)

Curly dock (Curly dock (Rumex crispusRumex crispus))

Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)

Short-lived perennial

Taproot

Up to 5 feet tall

Bright yellow flowers with a spur

Heart-shaped leaves

Spreads by roots and seed

Dalmatian toadflax Dalmatian toadflax ((Linaria genistifolia Linaria genistifolia spp.spp. dalmatica dalmatica))

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Dalmatian toadflax Dalmatian toadflax ((Linaria genistifoliaLinaria genistifolia spp. spp. dalmaticadalmatica))

ControlsMechanical: Hand-pull small plants, making sure to remove lateral roots completely; mechanical controls are not recommended for medium to large stands

Biological: Graze with sheep or goats to eliminate seedlings; will not kill mature plants; eight insects in use in the U.S.

Fire: Burning does not kill the roots and may stimulate shoot growth

Chemical: Hybridization complicates chemical control; try picloram (Tordon), picloram + 2,4-D; chlorsulfuron (Telar), dicamba (Banvel); imazapic (Plateau)

Sunflower family (Asteraceae)Biennial/short-lived perennialReproduces by seed only

Flowers white to pale purple

Bracts surrounding flowers have four or five lateral spines with one long terminal spine

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Diffuse knapweed Diffuse knapweed ((Centaurea diffusaCentaurea diffusa))

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Controls

Mechanical: Cutting, mowing, pulling prior to seed set provides reduction, but not elimination

Biological: Five insect species

Fire: Severe fire will effectively kill the plant

Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), clopyralid (Transline), aminopyralid (Milestone), imazapic (Plateau) 2,4-D, glyphosate (Roundup)

Diffuse knapweed (Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusaCentaurea diffusa))

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

DodderDodder(Cuscuta (Cuscuta

sppspp.).)

Morningglory family (Convolvulaceae)

Yellow to orange to white twining plant

Parasitic Especially problematic

on alfalfaNumerous small white

to pink flowersAnnual; produces seedCSU

Dodder (Dodder (Cuscuta spp.Cuscuta spp.))

Controls:

Mechanical: Mow, burn, remove infested material. Destroy host plants. Use frequent cultivation.

Cultural: Eliminate host plants

Biological: None

Chemical: Use Roundup (glyphosate) to kill host plant; try imazethapyr (Pursuit), pendimethalin (Prowl) or pronamide (Kerb)

Downy brome Downy brome (Bromus tectorum (Bromus tectorum L.)L.)

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Grass family (Poaceae) Winter annual Smooth erect stem; visible

ligule with frayed margin Reproduces by seed (up to

one billion/acre)

Seeds are long and flat with an awn as long as the seed

Mature plants turn purple to brown as they dry

Increases fire frequencyUNCE, Reno, Nev.

Controls

Mechanical: Mow prior to seed set and repeat as needed; hand pull small infestations

Biological: None available

Cultural: Graze to prevent seed set in spring; reseed with competitive vegetation

Chemical: Glyphosate (Roundup) applied in spring; imazapic (Plateau); preemergent, such as Treflan or Oust, in fall or early spring

Downy brome Downy brome (Bromus tectorum (Bromus tectorum L.)L.)

PurdueUtah Weeds

Dyer’s woad Dyer’s woad ((Isatis tinctoriaIsatis tinctoria))

Mustard family (Brassicaceae)

Winter annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial

Bluish-green alternate leaves

Yellow flowers in clusters with a flat top

Seeds produced in seed pods near mid-summer

Controls

Mechanical: Hand-grub in rosette stage or during flowering; mowing results in resprouting

Biological: Eurasian rust fungus stunts growth

Chemical: 2,4-D, chlorsulfuron (Telar), metsufuron (Escort), imazapic (Plateau)

Dyer’s woad (Dyer’s woad (Isatis tinctoriaIsatis tinctoria))

Eurasian watermilfoil Eurasian watermilfoil ((Myriophyllum spicatum)Myriophyllum spicatum)

Water Milfoil family (Haloragaceae) Submersed, rooted aquatic vine 7 to 10 feet long Perennial Leaves have 12 to 21 leaflet pairs vs.

fewer than 12 for native milfoil Leaves collapse when removed from

water Spreads by seeds and plant parts

nativeEWMFEWMF

UNCE, Reno, Nev.WA Dept. of Ecology

Controls

Mechanical: Dredging, mowing, hand removal, shading, bottom barriers. Will spread from small plant fragments.

Cultural: Practice prevention; monitor boats for contamination.

Biological: Milfoil weevil (not released in Nev.)

Chemical: 2,4-D, simazine, fluridone (Sonar; maintain 10 to 20 ppb for 6 weeks), triclopyr (Renovate 3)

Eurasian watermilfoil Eurasian watermilfoil ((Myriophyllum spicatum)Myriophyllum spicatum)

Field bindweed (Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisConvolvulus arvensis))

Flowers are trumpet-shaped and white to pinkish

Reproduces by seeds which remain viable for up to 50 years and from rootstocks

Morningglory family (Convolvulaceae)

Perennial

Alternate, arrowhead-shaped leaves on climbing stems

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Controls

Mechanical: Pull vine to interrupt seed set; till every two to three weeks during the growing season for two to three years

Biological: Two moths are available

Cultural: Practice early detection and control of small populations

Chemical: 2,4-D or dicamba (Banvel), picloram (Tordon), metsulfuron (Escort), imazapic (Plateau), glyphosate (Roundup)

Field bindweed (Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisConvolvulus arvensis))

Purdue

Field horsetail (Field horsetail (Equisetum arvenseEquisetum arvense))

Horsetail family (Equisetaceae)

Perennial Aerial stems Underground tuber-

bearing rootstocks Stems are hollow and

jointed Does not flower;

reproduces by spores

Controls

Mechanical: Prevent spore formation by mowing or cutting; mulch; practice deep cultivation

Biological: None

Fire: Rhizomes survive even hot fires

Chemical: Dichlobenil (Casoron), amitrole, MCPA, chlorsulfuron (Telar)

Field horsetail (Field horsetail (Equisetum arvenseEquisetum arvense))

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

www.anet.com

Foxtail barley (Foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatumHordeum jubatum))

Grass family (Poaceae)

Perennial bunchgrass

Leaf blades 1 to 6 inches long

Flower heads break into seven-awned clusters of three spikelets when mature

Reproduces by seed

Controls

Mechanical: Mow to prevent seed set

Biological: Graze early in the year

Cultural: Use good site-management techniques; avoid overgrazing and bare ground conditions

Chemical: Glyphosate (Roundup) or preemergent herbicides

Foxtail barley (Foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatumHordeum jubatum))

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Hoary cress Hoary cress (Cardaria draba)(Cardaria draba) Mustard family

(Brassicaceae) Perennial Small white flowers in flat

clusters Reproduces by seed and

creeping roots

Controls

Mechanical: Cultivation every 21 days beginning early in spring and continuing until no additional shoots or seedlings appear; repeated disking

Biological: None known

Cultural: Plant competitive vegetation

Chemical: 2,4-D, imazapic (Plateau), chlorsulfuron (Telar), or metsulfuron (Escort)

Hoary cress Hoary cress (Cardaria draba)(Cardaria draba)

Houndstongue Houndstongue ((Cynoglossum officinaleCynoglossum officinale))

Borage family (Boraginaceae)

Biennial or short-lived perennial

Grows 1 to 4 feet tall Reddish-purple

flowers have 5 petals Leaves are hairy and

tongue-shaped Produces a single

flowering stem Reproduces by prickly

www.invasive.org

agri.state.mt.us

Controls

Mechanical: Pull or dig; mow second year plants during flowering but before seed maturation

Biological: Currently being studied

Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), 2,4-D, metsulfuron (Escort). chlorsulfuron (Telar), imazapic (Plateau)

Houndstongue Houndstongue ((Cynoglossum officinaleCynoglossum officinale))

Johnsongrass Johnsongrass ((Sorghum halepenseSorghum halepense))

Most often perennial; winter kill in cold climates

Grows 3 to 10 feet tall Leaves have

prominent, white midvein

Large, open reddish panicles, up to 1 foot long

Spreads by seed and rhizome

invasive.org

Controls

Mechanical: Pull or dig; repeated, close mowing can be effective; try fall plowing to expose rhizomes to freezing temperatures

Biological: Managed grazing

Chemical: Glyphosate (Roundup), sethoxydim (Poast), fluazifop (Fusilade DX), imazapic (Plateau) with methylated seed oil at late boot or bloom stage

Johnsongrass Johnsongrass ((Sorghum halepenseSorghum halepense))

Klamathweed (aka St. John’s wort) Klamathweed (aka St. John’s wort) ((Hypericum perforatum)Hypericum perforatum)

St Johnswort family (Clusiaceae)

Perennial

1 to 3 feet tall

Transparent dots on oblong leaves

Yellow, five-petaled flowers

Spreads by seed and creeping stems

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

John Randall, TNC

Klamathweed (Klamathweed (Hypericum perforatum)Hypericum perforatum)

Control:

Mechanical: Repeated hand pulling on new or small infestations

Biological: Insects are available (Klamathweed beetle, Chrysolina quadrigemina); weed is toxic to horses

Cultural: Revegetate infested sites after control

Chemical: Apply glyphosate to actively growing plants; 2,4-D to new seedlings (repeat applications needed); metsulfuron (Escort®) in pastures

Kochia Kochia (Kochia scoparia)(Kochia scoparia)

Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae)

Annual 1 to 8 feet tall Numerous narrow, hairy

leaves When dry, breaks off and

tumbles

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Kochia (Kochia (Kochia scopariaKochia scoparia))

Control:

Mechanical: Mow just before seed set, cut, or pull to interrupt seed production. Timing is important.

Cultural: Avoid soil disturbance

Biological: None

Chemical: Most broadleaf herbicides are effective, as is glyphosate

CSUCE tncweeds.ucdavis.edu

tncweeds.ucdavis.edu

Leafy spurge (Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esula)) Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) Perennial Reproduces by seed and

extensive lateral root system Flowers yellowish-green, small,

and surrounded by paired, heart-shaped yellowish-green bracts

Controls

Mechanical: Cutting, mowing, tilling, pulling ineffective

Biological: Thirteen insect species available; sheep and goat grazing provides temporary control

Fire: Ineffective due to regeneration from root

Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), 2,4-D, glyphosate (Roundup), amitrole, dicamba, imazapic (Plateau)

Leafy spurge (Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esula))

Meadow hawkweed Meadow hawkweed ((Hieracium caespitosumHieracium caespitosum))

Yellow flowers look similar to a dandelion flower, but are slightly smaller and in clusters

Perennial Grows 1 to 3 feet tall Single stalk and leaves

are hairy Stems & leaves exude

milky sap when broken Spreads by root, stolon,

and seed

Tom Forney, Oregon Dept. of Ag.

E. Bella, USDA Forest Service.

Controls

Mechanical: Not recommended; digging, mowing, grazing or tillage stimulate growth of new plants from fragmented roots, stolons and rhizomes

Biological: None

Chemical: 2,4-D, dicamba, clopyralid (Transline®), triclopyr & clopyralid (Redeem R&P®), clopyralid & 2,4-D (Curtail®), picloram (Tordon®), aminopyralid (Milestone®)

Meadow hawkweed Meadow hawkweed ((Hieracium caespitosumHieracium caespitosum))

King Co. Weed

Mediterranean sage (Mediterranean sage (Salvia aethopsisSalvia aethopsis)) Mint family (Lamiaceae) Biennial to perennial First year’s leaves are

grayish and wooly; plant bolts in second season with multi-branched stems

Taproot Flowers are yellowish-

white Aromatic Reproduces by seed

spread as the plant tumbles

Controls

Mechanical: Cut the taproot 2 to 3 inches below ground; mow repeatedly to reduce seed production; tillage

Biological: Sage crown/root weevil

Cultural: Maintain healthy plant cover; avoid overgrazing

Chemical: Picloram (Tordon 22K), clopyralid (Transline), 2,4-D

Mediterranean sage (Mediterranean sage (Salvia aethopsisSalvia aethopsis))

Medusahead Medusahead ((Taeniatherum caput-medusaeTaeniatherum caput-medusae))

Winter annual Spike inflorence,

awns 1 to 4 inches long, twisted, minutely barbed

Reproduces by seed Will outcompete

cheatgrass

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Controls

Mechanical: Plowing/disking reduces stands by 50%-95% if conducted after germination

Biological: No insects; graze early in the season

Fire: Slow, hot fires can reduce a stand by 60%-95%

Chemical: Glyphosate (Roundup), imazapic (Plateau), sulfometuron methyl (Oust)

Medusahead Medusahead ((Taeniatherum caput-medusaeTaeniatherum caput-medusae))

Musk thistle (Musk thistle (Carduus nutansCarduus nutans)) Sunflower family

(Asteraceae) Biennial Winged stem Leaves have

prominent, light-colored midrib

Flowers deep rose, violet, or purple

Reproduces by seed Average seed

production 10,000 seeds/plant

Seed can be viable for 10 years

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Controls

Mechanical: Repeated mowing, hand pulling, or cutting can stop spread

Biological: Thistle head weevil; thistle crown weevil

Chemical: 2,4-D, dicamba (Banvel), glyphosate (Roundup), clopyralid (Transline), picloram (Tordon), chlorsulfuron (Telar), or aminopyralid (Milestone )

Musk thistle (Musk thistle (Carduus nutansCarduus nutans))

Oxeye daisy Oxeye daisy ((Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)

Perennial

Grows 1 to 3 feet tall

Spreads by seed; 26,000 seeds from a single plant!

Smaller flower than ornamental Shasta daisy UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Oxeye daisy Oxeye daisy ((Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)

Controls

Mechanical: Hand pull or dig; remove entire root mass and repeat

Cultural: Don’t plant as an ornamental; read labels on seed mixes

Chemical: Aminopyralid (Milestone), clopyralid (Transline), glyphosate on actively growing plants (repeat)

Perennial sowthistle Perennial sowthistle ((Sonchus arvensisSonchus arvensis))

Perennial

Grows 2 to 4+ feet tall

Erect, hollow stems with milky sap

Leaves have prickly margins

Yellow flowers

Seeds spread by wind; also spreads from creeping roots

J. DiTomaso, UCD

Perennial sowthistle (Perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensisSonchus arvensis))

Controls

Mechanical: Cultivate below 30 cm when plants are in rosette stage; till repeatedly

Biological: Insects and nematodes; cattle and sheep will graze the weed

Fire: Kills top growth but does not kill the roots

Chemical: 2,4-D, clopyralid + 2,4-D (Curtail), triclopyr + clopyralid (Redeem R&P), aminopyralid (Milestone ), amitrole

Perennial pepperweed Perennial pepperweed ((Lepidium latifoliumLepidium latifolium))

Mustard family (Brassicaceae)

Perennial

Prefers moist, alkaline soils

Lanceolate leaves; upper leaves are smaller

White flowers produced in June to September

Reproduces by seed and creeping roots

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Controls

Mechanical: Avoid mowing, cultivation and plowing; try repeated hand-pulling for 4+ years

Biological: Research being done on insects; graze intensively using sheep or goats; will not kill the weed, however

Chemical: 2,4-D amine; metsulfuron (Escort) or chlorsulfuron (Telar); imazapyr (Arsenal, Habitat), imazapic (Plateau)

Perennial pepperweed Perennial pepperweed ((Lepidium latifoliumLepidium latifolium))

Plumeless thistle (Plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoidesCarduus acanthoides))

Winter annual or biennial Mature plants are 1 to 4

feet tall Hairs on underside of leaf Leaf-like spines on stem Single flower at end of

stem Purple flower heads 1 to 2

inches in diameter Thick, fleshy taproot Spreads by seeds

OR Dept. of Agriculture

WI DNR

Controls

Mechanical: Pull or dig plants, removing top 2 inches of root; mow closely twice per season; do not let seeds form

Biological: Thistle head weevil; thistle crown weevil

Chemical: 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, clopyralid (Transline), picloram (Tordon), chlorsulfuron (Telar), or aminopyralid (Milestone)

Plumeless thistle (Plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoidesCarduus acanthoides))

Purdue

Poison hemlock Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum)(Conium maculatum)

Parsley family (Apiaceae)

Biennial; may grow to 9 feet tall

Tiny white flowers form an umbel

Distinctive purple splotches on hollow stems

Tap-rooted

Reproduces by seed

Highly poisonous, especially taproot

Controls

Mechanical: Mow prior to seed production; hand pull while wearing gloves

Biological: Hemlock moth (defoliates)

Chemical: 2,4-D, MCPA, picloram (Tordon), glyphosate (Roundup) or metsulfuron (Escort); use water-labeled formulation in riparian area

Poison hemlock Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum)(Conium maculatum)

Puncturevine (Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestrisTribulus terrestris))

Caltrop family (Zygophyllaceae)

Annual Reproduces by seed Can grow 15+ feet

across Yellow flowers occur

every few inches along stems

Fruits sharp pointed, five segments, each section contains 2 to 4 seeds

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Controls

Mechanical: Dig, hoe, till, hand pull prior to seed production; mulch 4 to 6 inches deep

Biological: Two effective insect species available

Chemical: 2,4-D, glyphosate (Roundup, etc.), imazapic (Plateau), chlorsulfuron (Telar) preemergents

Puncturevine (Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestrisTribulus terrestris))

Purple starthistle Purple starthistle (Centaurea calcitrapa)(Centaurea calcitrapa)

Biennial, rarely annual Flowers purple with one inch

spines Reproduces by seed

Seed can be viable for many years

Seedheads break off easily

King Co. Weed

Controls

Mechanical: Hand pulling can remove small infestations, mowing alone is ineffective

Biological: Five insect species available; repeated grazing (cattle/sheep) can be an effective control

Fire: May provide control if burned prior to seed set for multiple years

Chemical: 2,4-D, picloram (Tordon), clopyralid (Transline), triclopyr + clopyralid (Redeem R&P), dicamba

Purple starthistle Purple starthistle (Centaurea calcitrapa)(Centaurea calcitrapa)

TNC Weeds

Purple loosestrife Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)(Lythrum salicaria) Loosestrife family

(Lythraceae)

Perennial

Flowers purple on spikes; stems are square

Reproduces by seed and adventitious roots

Average seed production is 2.5 million seeds/plant

Seed can be viable for several years

Controls

Mechanical: Dig young plants, taking care to remove all root fragments

Biological: Several insects available

Chemical: Glyphosate in water-labeled formulation (Rodeo), triclopyr (Renovate), imazapyr (Habitat), metsulfuron (Escort)

Purple loosestrife Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)(Lythrum salicaria)

Quackgrass (Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens LElytrigia repens L.).) Grass family (Poaceae) Perennial 1 to 3 feet tall Leaf blades ¼ to ½ inch

wide, flat, and pointed Upper surface of leaf

blade may be hairy

Leaves often constricted near tips

Florets are awnless, or have short, straight awns

Reproduces by seeds and spreading, sharp-pointed rhizomes

Univ. of Illinois

Controls

Mechanical: For small infestations, pull or dig; try repeated plowing, mowing, or disking followed by herbicide application

Biological: No insects; graze prior to other controls

Chemical: Glyphosate (Roundup), fluazifop (Fusilade DX), bromacil + diuron (Krovar), amitrole, pronamide (Kerb), dichlobenil (Casoron)

Quackgrass (Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens LElytrigia repens L.).)

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Russian knapweed Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens)(Acroptilon repens) Sunflower family (Asteraceae)

Perennial

Flowers are lavender to pink to white

Flowers from June to August

Reproduces by seeds and creeping roots

Controls

Mechanical: Cutting or mowing prior to seed set provides reduction, but not elimination

Biological: One insect species

Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), clopyralid (Transline), aminopyralid (Milestone), imazapic (Plateau), 2,4-D, glyphosate (Roundup)

Russian knapweed Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens)(Acroptilon repens)

Russian thistle Russian thistle (Salsola tragus)(Salsola tragus) Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae) Annual Bushy, ½ foot to 3 feet tall, with

many branches Red or green flowers Reproduces by seed; seed spreads

as plants break off and tumble, hence name “tumbleweed”

Spreads by seeds

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Russian thistle (Russian thistle (Salsola spp.Salsola spp.))

Controls

Mechanical: Mow or hoe at early stages of growth; cultivate; pull seedlings

Cultural: Prevent soil disturbance (not a very competitive plant)

Biological: None

Chemical: Most broadleaf herbicides are effective, as is glyphosate as a spot spray; apply herbicides to early growth; use preemergents from March to May

Rush skeletonweedRush skeletonweed(Chondrilla juncea)(Chondrilla juncea)

Tap-rooted perennial Grows 1 to 4 feet tall Look for downwardly-

bent coarse hairs on the base of stems

Stems above are smooth

Leaves are almost invisible except in rosette

Flowers are yellow and less than one inch wide

Spreads by seed and roots J. DiTomaso, UC Davis

Rush skeletonweed Rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea)(Chondrilla juncea)

Controls

Mechanical: Hand-pull small plants repeatedly when young; do not mow or cultivate

Biological: A rust and two insects are available; try sheep grazing

Fire: Burning probably will not kill the roots and may stimulate shoot growth

Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), clopyralid (Transline), MCPA, 2,4-D

Scotch thistle (Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthiumOnopordum acanthium)) Sunflower family

(Asteraceae) Biennial Grows to 8 feet

tall Winged stems Leaves are large,

hairy, and have a grayish-green, cottony look

Prominent mid-vein

Flowers pale purple to violet

Spreads by seedUSU Extension

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Controls

Mechanical: Pull, dig or remove top 2 inches of crown before seed set; mowing does not kill the plant and it may still flower

Biological: No insect species available, cattle and sheep will not graze scotch thistle

Cultural: Plant competitive grasses; avoid overgrazing

Chemical: 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, clopyralid (Transline), picloram (Tordon), chlorsulfuron (Telar ), or aminopyralid (Milestone)

Scotch thistle (Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthiumOnopordum acanthium))

tncweeds.ucdavis.edu

Spotted knapweed (Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosaCentaurea maculosa)) Sunflower family

(Asteraceae)

Short-lived perennial, rarely biennial

Reproduces by seed

Flowers pinkish-purple, rarely cream

Floral bracts tipped with dark comb-like fringe

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Controls

Mechanical: Cutting or mowing, prior to seed set provides reduction, but not elimination

Biological: Thirteen insect species; cattle, sheep or goat grazing useful in reduction

Fire: Variable effects, depending on severity of fire

Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), clopyralid (Transline), aminopyralid (Milestone), imazapic (Plateau) 2,4-D, glyphosate (Roundup)

Spotted knapweed (Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosaCentaurea maculosa))

Sulfur cinquefoil (Sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla rectaPotentilla recta)) Rose family

(Rosaceae)

Perennial

1 to 1½ feet tall

Hairy stems

Toothed leaflets

Light yellow flowers with five notched petals

Spreads by seed and shoots

J. DiTomaso, UC Davis

King Co., WA

Controls

Mechanical: Dig, hand-pull or till repeatedly, prior to seed production; mowing results in prostrate growth form

Biological: Several insects are currently being investigated

Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), metsulfuron-methyl (Escort), aminopyralid (Milestone), 2,4-D

Sulfur cinquefoil (Sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla rectaPotentilla recta))

Tamarisk Tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima, others)(Tamarix ramosissima, others)

Tamarisk family (Tamericaceae)

Perennial

Shrubby tree 5 to 20 feet tall

Reddish-brown bark and pink to white flowers

Leaves are small and scale-like

Reproduces by seed and adventitious roots

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Controls

Mechanical: Burn prior to herbicide application to prepare the site; will sprout if cut; dig out with bulldozer (not very effective, as root fragments sprout)

Biological: Leaf-eating beetle has been released in Nevada and Utah

Chemical: Imazapyr (Arsenal), triclopyr (Garlon or Renovate), glyphosate in water-labeled formulation (Rodeo)

Tamarisk Tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima, others)(Tamarix ramosissima, others)

Yellow starthistle Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)(Centaurea solstitialis) Sunflower family

(Asteraceae) Winter annual Flowers yellow

with 1 inch spines

Reproduces by seed

Average seed production is 1,000 seeds/plant

Seed can be viable for several years

UNCE, Rneo, Nev.

Controls

Mechanical: Hand pulling can remove small infestations, mowing alone is ineffective

Biological: Five insect species available; repeated grazing (cattle/sheep) can be an effective control

Fire: May provide control if burned prior to seed set for multiple years

Chemical: 2,4-D, picloram (Tordon), clopyralid (Transline), aminopyralid (Milestone),. chlorsulfuron (Telar), triclopyr + clopyralid (Redeem R&P)

Yellow starthistle Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)(Centaurea solstitialis)

Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)

Perennial

Taproot

1 to 2 feet tall

Narrow leaves

Bright yellow flowers with bearded orange throat

Spreads by roots and seed

Yellow toadflax (Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgarisLinaria vulgaris))

Controls

Mechanical: Hand-pull small plants, making sure to remove lateral roots completely; mechanical controls are not recommended for medium to large stands

Biological: Graze with sheep to eliminate seedlings; will not kill mature plants; eight insects in use in the U.S.

Chemical: Hybridization complicates chemical control; picloram (Tordon), picloram + 2,4-D, chlorsulfuron (Telar), dicamba, imazapic (Plateau), glyphosate (Roundup or Rodeo, depending on the presence of surface water)

the Landthe Land

Now what?Now what?

Go home and inventory the weeds on your property

Identify the weeds

Why do you have a weed problem? What can you change about the way you manage your property that will decrease the weed population?

the Landthe Land

Then...Then...Determine the most appropriate

controls based on biology of the weed and your plans for the site

Fill out your weed management plan activity sheet

Start working!

Monitor your property for weeds on a continual basis

Successful weed management Successful weed management requires constant vigilance and care requires constant vigilance and care

on the part of the land manager.on the part of the land manager.

What to Do About Weeds Developed by: Susan Donaldson University of Nevada Cooperative Extension...

Documents

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