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What is Terrorism?
United States and the War on Terror and Foreign Policy
Terrorism and Conflict
Terrorism Middle East Terrorism State Sponsored Terrorism Non-government Terrorism Osama bin Laden Al-Qaeda 9/11
Terrorism
An attack on government or civilian populations by a non-government entity
Sometimes state-sponsored Roots in Middle East 1920 United States campaign in Saudi Arabia with oil
production Great wealth for leaders, but not all benefited Middle East governments influenced by western
views Many felt views were against the teachings of Islam
Background of Terrorism
1949 state of Israel and Palestinian conflict State sponsored terrorism by such nations as
Libya, who paid, hired and trained terrorists New Terrorism supported by individual wealth Osama bin Laden rich Saudi Arabian family Al-Qaeda “the base” in Arabic
Background to 9/11
1996 al-Qaeda Jihad 1996 Embassy Bombings 2000 Millennium Plots Bombing of U.S.S. COLE
Background to 9/11
Kenya and Tanzania
1996 al-Qaeda or another name “World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders”
Bombed U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
Kenya killed 212 and wounded 4,000
Tanzania killed 11 and wounded 85
“Operation Infinite Reach” in Sudan and Afghanistan in 1998 to find al-Qaeda
2000 Millenium Plots
“Attempted bombing of LA International Airport
Failed bombing plot of U.S.S. THE SULLIVANS
Failed Jordan bombing plot Successful bombing of U.S.S. COLE in
October 2000
September 11, 2001
Turning point after Cold War U.S. complacent after Cold War ended 4 planes involved: 2 crashed into the
World Trade Center Towers, 1 crashed into the Pentagon and 1 went down in Shanksville, Pennsylvania
Over 3,000 people were killed
Response to 9/11
Citizens viewed it national emergency, united together
Election of 2000 had divided nation Willingness to cooperate, generous Massive world support Confusion of Ethnic backgrounds, race and
religion Small group attack, not thousands
Purpose of War on Terror
Response to September 11 attacks Eliminate international terrorism Global military, political, legal and
ideological struggle against terrorists and regimes that support them
Focus on Islamic militants and al-Qaeda
Objectives
Defeat terrorists: Osama bin Laden and their organizations
Identify, locate and destroy terrorists and organizations Deny sponsorship, support and sanctuary to terrorists:
end state sponsored terrorism, establish and maintain international accountability, strengthen weaker nations and work with willing and able states
Disrupt material support of terrorists Diminish conditions that terrorists exploit Defend U. S. citizens and interest at home and abroad
New Kind of War
Cut off terrorist funding: freeze assets Fight terrorism at home: Department of
Homeland Security, USA Patriot Act Bioterrorism strikes America soon after
9/11 with Anthrax in the mail
War on Terrorism
Operation Active Endeavor October 2001 Operation Enduring Freedom: Afghanistan
2001-Present Philippines 2002: 80% complete Horn of Africa: 2002 Trans Sahara Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003-present
Why a War in Aghanistan?
Taliban government in Afghanistan was friendly to al-Qaeda
U.S. supported Taliban in 1980s against the Soviet Union
Taliban after 9/11 unwilling to help U.S.
Taliban
Sunni Islamic political movement Governed Afghanistan from 1996 until
2001 Regrouped in 2004 as an insurgency
movement at the local level Headed by Mullah Mohammed Omar 2008 severed any ties with al-Qaeda
Present Afghanistan
President Obama does not call it War on Terror, but “Overseas Contingency Operations”
States U. S. at war with al-Qaeda
North-West Pakistan Areas
Why War in Iraq?
Get rid of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) that Saddam Hussein had developed
Saddam Hussein was taken out of power
USA Patriot Act
Sharing information between federal law enforcement agencies and intelligence services
Investigate suspected terrorists Fear of violation of 4th Amendment of
search and seizure
Axis of Evil
President Bush named countries that supported anti-U.S. activities as part of this in 2003
Iraq, Iran and North Korea North Korea fringe nation wanting to develop
nuclear buildup Iraq at time had WMDs Iran had taken U.S. hostages in 1979 before
and believed to support terrorist activities
Prevented Terrorist Attacks Since 2001
2003 Plot to crash a plane into U.S. Bank in LA
2003 Plot to bomb Brooklyn Bridge 2004 Plot to bomb financial buildings:
International Monetary Fund, World Bank and Washington DC sites and NY Stock Exchange
2004 Plot to bomb Columbus Shopping Mall in Columbus OH
Prevented Terrorist Attacks Since 2001
2006 Plot for transatlantic aircrafts: 10 from UK to US and Canada flights using liquid explosives
2006 Plot to bomb Sears Tower in Chicago, IL 2007 Plot to bomb Fort Dix, NJ: major troop
processing point 2007 Plot to bomb JFK Airport in NY 2009 Plot to bomb plane on Christmas Day
Criticism for War on Terror
Many view it as US effort to control Middle East oil and dominate
Effectiveness is still ongoing Fall of Taliban government Destruction of al-Qaeda camps War in N-W Pakistan still ongoing New government in Iraq
U. S. Foreign Policy
U. S. Foreign Policy
Largest economy of around $14.3 trillion ¼ of global Gross Domestic Product Defense budget of around $711 billion 2/5 of global military spending President is in charge of Foreign Policy Secretary of State is the Foreign minister and
key state-to-state negotiator Secretary of Defense is military strategist
Secretary of State
Hilliary Clinton State Department policy is to create
more secure, democratic and prosperous world
Benefits for American people and international community
House of Representatives
Controls funding Policy to prevent spread of nuclear
technology and hardware, encourage positive relations between countries, safeguard American businesses abroad
Promote international education and protect American citizens at home and abroad
Foreign Policy
U. S. tended to promote isolationism through 19th Century
20th Century global policy essential and international cooperation
NATO is largest military alliance with 28 nations
Current International Concerns
Oil Foreign Aid Military Aid Missile Defense War on Drugs Terrorism Often requires covert operations as well as
diplomacy
Sources
Photos: Microsoft Clip Art, Wikipedia www.ushistory.com History Channel Library of Congress
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