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What are two messages of this cartoon?
What are two messages of this cartoon?
Steps to the Steps to the Political, Economic Political, Economic
and Military and Military Division of EuropeDivision of Europe
Part IIPart II
Moving Towards Moving Towards Confrontation and Confrontation and
ContainmentContainment
The Truman Doctrine Truman speech March 1947:
US obligation to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation Truman Doctrine
Turkey and Greece
Radical change from isolationism
Soviets saw this as evidence the US sought further influence Truman influenced by
Kennan and Iron Curtain speech
Beginning of containment Would draw US into conflicts
well beyond Europe
The Marshall Plan
1947, George Marshall into Sec. of State office Thought Western
Europe needed immediate help
Economic aid in recovering areas
Pattern along the Iron Curtain
Dollar Imperialism Would the Marshall Plan involved the
Soviets?
Strict criteria to qualify for aid
Must be able to investigate financial records of applicant countries
Stated Aims
Revive European working economies for political and social stability
Safeguard the future of the US economy
Initiative must come from Europe
Will become reality in 1948 with the Czech Coup
$17 Billion
Soviet Reaction and Response
Called it American Dollar Imperialism Trying to establish
European empire
Methods of dependence
Response was Molotov Plan Bilateral agreements
aimed to tie economies of Eastern Europe to the USSR
COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
Stimulate and control their development and support collectivization and heavy industry
Cominform and the Two Camps Doctrine
Two developments with Soviets
Cominform Communist Information
Bureau, 1947
Increase Stalin’s control over Communist parties in other countries
Two Camps Doctrine Stalin speech, 1946
Two Camps in Europe opposing each other
USSR and Eastern Europe
Also sympathetic nations in the Middle East and Southeast Asia
Red Army Occupation Controlled Eastern Europe
with satellite empire
Tied together and to Moscow with: Soviet military power
Salami tactics
State police and security/spy networks
COMECON
Soviet control throughout Eastern Europe, other than Czech
Breach of Yalta and Potsdam
Mr. X Article Kennan article in
Time in 1947
Wrote of need for long-term, patient, firm containment of rival Soviet Union
Influence over American public opinion
Containment seemed essential
Czechoslovakian Coup
Czech moving towards the West in 1948
Interest in Marshall Plan
West felt bad for Munich
Stalin organized pressure on non-communists
12 resigned, Czech President Benes agreed to communism
Foreign Minister found dead
Truman calls it a coup
Pushed Marshall plan through Congress
Bloody purges there throughout Eastern Bloc rest of the year
Weakness of Stalin was in Berlin
Berlin Crisis of 1948
Germany under four zones under ACC One economic unit
By 1949, two separate states
Why Did Unification of Why Did Unification of Germany Fail?Germany Fail?
Germany’s Strategic Position
Geographic, central position and economic potential
USSR did not want a resurgent Germany Similar to France Sought reparations
US sought to rebuilt Germany UK with them
Lack of trust developing
Specific Disputes Inside Germany
Reparations were a problem
Potsdam-USSR was to take industrial equipment from West Germany to provide those zones with food from the East
Didn’t deliver enough, so US stopped supplies
Battle over coal
1947, American and British zones merged into Bizonia
Specific Disputes Inside Germany
Stalin planning on incorporating reunified Germany as early as 1945 Army in East,
Communist Party of Germany in other zones
Not successful in the West
Minimal economic assistance and no democracy
Socialists then focused on the East
Specific Disputes Inside Germany
Western powers also thinking about consolidating
London Conference of Ministers, 1947 Meant to reconsider
German peace treaty, whoops
London Conference, 1948 France, Britain , U.S.
created West German state, new currency
Stalin began a blockade of Berlin
Berlin Blockade Berlin 100 miles inside
Soviet zone
Road, rail, air corridors had been established
Stalin’s transport restrictions Total blockade in 1948
Routes all closed
Electricity cut from East to West
Allies supplied Berlin through the air Stalin ends blockade in
1949
Results of Berlin Blockade
Division of Germany Federal Republic of Germany
in West, Sept. 1949
German Democratic Republic in East
May have been preferable to the West
Continuation of four-power control in Berlin
Formation of NATO, Apr. 1949 Military assistance to Europe
West Germany in 1954
Soviet response is Warsaw Pact
Conclusions Europe clearly divided
Germany separated into two clear states
US abandoned isolationism
No peace treaty – Central Europe’s borders not formalizes
West unified against the USSR
Implications All conflicts take
capitalism versus communism character
Containment brought US into Asia
UN never played a major role previously envisioned
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