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Welcome to ChEAS VIII. Logistics. Introductions. Reimbursement. Meals. Transport. Facilities –we must take care. Agenda – order of topics, field visit logistics. A brief history of the ChEAS Brief review of projects, sites, goals Meeting goals Special issues - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Welcome to ChEAS VIII• Logistics. Introductions. Reimbursement. Meals. Transport.
Facilities –we must take care. Agenda – order of topics, field visit logistics.
• A brief history of the ChEAS• Brief review of projects, sites, goals• Meeting goals• Special issues
– AmeriFlux evaluation/DoE TCP review/NIGEC restructuring– New research projects– ChEAS and the North American Carbon Program midcontinental
intensive (NACP MCI)– Long-term ChEAS?
• ChEAS special issue update• ChEAS RCN update
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
ChEAS primer
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
A brief history of the ChEAS• Unknown date in pre-history, U. Wisconsin begins
forestry research in the Chequamegon National Forest.• 1990 or so, NOAA-CMDL starts instrumenting tall
towers for trace gas measurements.• December 1991, Davis and Bakwin start talking in
Boulder, due to Michael Trolier and the Chemrawn VII meeting in Baltimore.
• 1994. NIGEC funds Bakwin and Davis for eddy flux measurements at WLEF. NOAA-funded CO2 measurements start in 1994. Flux measurements start in 1995. AmeriFlux takes shape ~ 1996(?).
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
A brief history of ChEAS• 1997. Bolstad, Davis, Denning, Gower, Gutschick, and
Mackay (others?) all begin new projects in the Chequamegon region, all focused to some extent around the WLEF flux and mixing ratio measurements. Gower organizes a winter 1998 meeting at Kemp. ChEAS is born. Bakwin creates the acronym at this meeting.
• Past ChEAS meetings:– Kemp, February 1998.– St. Paul, May 1999.– St. Paul, June 2000.– Madison, June, 2001– Kemp, June 2002.– Kemp, June 2003.– St. Paul, June 2004.
• ChEAS RCN funded in early 2002.
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
The Chequamegon Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (ChEAS)
Research Collaboration Network (RCN)
• Funded by the NSF’s Biological Sciences Directorate.
• 5 year project, started ~ January 2002.• Proposal written by Eileen Carey and Bruce
Cook. Initiated at the suggestion of Jim Ehleringer, U.Utah, at the 4th ChEAS meeting, Madison, WI, June, 2001.
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
ChEAS RCN, Objectives• Education: Provide multidisciplinary training and
research opportunities to new scientists working across traditional boundaries in the fields of ecology, hydrology and atmospheric science.
• Research: Promote the development of integrative research projects building upon the ChEAS infrastructure, especially those focusing on bridging the gap between leaf- and canopy-scale flux measurements and the global CO2 flask sampling network and understanding the causes of seasonal to interannual variability in forest-atmosphere exchanges.
• Promote data sharing.• Guide the future direction of ChEAS research.
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
ChEAS RCN, structure and activities, proposed
• Steering group + about 20 “core participants” (= research group leaders with research interests matching the objectives of the RCN). Open to new members.
• Workshops. 2002, 2004, 2006. Funds to bring in guest scientists and participating students and scientists. 2 week duration.
• ChEAS meetings, each year. 1-2 days.• Laboratory exchanges. Up to 5 visits/year,
duration of 2 weeks to a few months.
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
ChEAS research goals
1. Quantify regional fluxes• Extrapolate (upscale) plot- and stand-level flux tower data across
space to estimate regionally aggregated fluxes, and reconcile these estimates with inversion-derived “top-down” flux estimates.
2. Determine the processes that govern regional fluxes• Using plot, stand, and atmospheric inversion flux measurements,
determine the processes that govern spatial variability in gross fluxes (gross ecosystem productivity, ecosystem respiration) and net fluxes (NEE) in the ChEAS region.
• Using plot, stand and atmospheric inversion flux measurements, determine the processes that govern temporal variability of gross and net fluxes across the region from diurnal to interannual timescales.
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Projects, sites
• About 5-10 projects partly or wholly focused in the region have been ongoing since ~ 1997.
• NOAA, NIGEC, DoE TCP, NSF DEB, USDA and NSF/NCAR have provided funds.
• Research has often, but not always, focused around flux towers. 7 long term and 2?/5? portable systems are currently operating.
• http://cheas.psu.edu has lots of information. Project descriptions are very out of date.
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Study sites within the ChEAS region
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
ChEAS long-term flux towersTower PIs Vegetation
TypeHeight of fluxes
Funding Start date
WLEF Bakwin, Bolstad, Davis
Mixed up/wet, decid/conif
30, 122 and 396m
DoE TCP.
Questionable 2005-2006.
1995
Willow Creek
Bolstad, Davis
Mature upland decid
30m NASA 1999
Lost Creek Bolstad, Davis
Deciduous wetland
10m NIGEC Midwest
2000
Sylvania Bolstad, Davis
Old growth upland
40m DoE TCP 2001
Bayfield A Chen Mature upland decid
30m NSF Ecosystems
2002
Bayfield B Chen Mature red pine
30m NSF Ecosystems
2002
UMBS Curtis, Schmid
Old aspen 40m? NIGEC Midwest
1997?
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Theme PI Description Sites Funding
Atmospheric carbon cycle measurements and analysis, global, continental and regional.
Tans, Andrews and Hirsch, NOAA/CMDL
Tall tower CO2 and
trace gas measurements
Several across the U.S. including WLEF
NOAA OGP GCC
Tans, Andrews and Hirsch, NOAA/CMDL
Airborne CO2 and
trace gas profiling
Several across the U.S. including WLEF
NOAA OGP GCC
Paul Wennberg, CalTech
FTIR measurements of CO2 column
WLEF NASA
Kenneth Davis, PSU, and Scott Denning, CSU
Regional, seasonal atmospheric inversion study
ChEAS(2003) + an NACP study area (2004)
DoE TCP
Jim Ehleringer, Univ. Utah
Stable isotope observations, interpretation.
ChEAS, other BASIN sites around the globe.
GCTE
INTEX – N. America Airborne atmospheric chemistry project, 2004
ChEAS, east and west coast sites, continental transects
NASA
Steven Wofsy, Harvard
COBRA – airborne Lagrangian budgets
Many sites including WLEF
Multiple sources
Joe Berry, Carnegie Institute of Stanford
Regional carbon fluxes integrated by the ABL
Multiple sites. Focus on WLEF and ARM-CART towers.
NOAA
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Ecosystem-atmosphere flux measurements and ecosystem processes.
Paul Bolstad, U. Minnesota and Kenneth Davis, PSU
WLEF fluxes and upscaling
WLEF tower and surrounding region
DoE – AmeriFlux
Bolstad, U. Minnesota and Davis, PSU
Old growth chamber, plot and eddy covariance fluxes
Sylvania/Helen Lake (UP of Michigan)
DoE TCP
Jiquan Chen, Univ. Toledo
Forest age, structure, and impact on carbon balance
Western district of the Chequamegon, UP of Michigan
NSF Biological Sciences
Bolstad, U. Minnesota and Davis, PSU
Wetland fluxes in ChEAS
Lost Creek, WLEF NIGEC Midwestern Region
Remote sensing, modeling of ecosystem processes
Scott Mackay, SUNY Buffalo and Brent Ewers, U. Wyoming
Sap fluxes, regional water flux modeling
WLEF/ChEAS NSF Hydrology
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Publications
See http://cheas.psu.edu, link to publications
Searchable database.
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Meeting goals
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Goals of all ChEAS meetings
• Identify scientific opportunities and needs.
• Educate ourselves, especially grad students, about these opportunities and needs.
• Identify/introduce new collaborators who can enhance the ChEAS.
• Create action plans.
• See field sites/conduct experiments
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Topics for ChEAS VIII (2005)
• Hypotheses, methods and results to date
• ChEAS and the NACP MCI
• Long-term plans for ChEAS
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Charge to attendees• Report on your own hypotheses, methods, results
to date. Synthesize.• Speak up when you have something relevant to
contribute to the presenter. Papers, proposals, postdocs and coauthors are born here. Integrate across groups and disciplines. Report. Publish.
• Present or speak up when you see needs, contributions, opportunities, etc, relevant to the NACP intensive.
• Present or speak up when you see … relevant to the long-term plans for the ChEAS. Wither the ChEAS? Formulate hypotheses, plan of action.
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Special issues
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Special issues• DoE TCP/AmeriFlux review/NIGEC restructuring
– Purpose of the ChEAS isn’t clear to DoE TCP.– NIGEC is disappearing, and its future interest in flux measurements in waning.– All AmeriFlux sites are being evaluated by DoE TCP for potential long-term, facility-like support.
Evaluation is based on:• Site instrumentation and maintenance personnel• Site participation in synthesis activities• Site database reporting, data breadth and quality, responsiveness to data managers• Hargrove ecoregions analysis regarding ecological uniqueness. (Mixed forest)• No consideration to date of clusters, publication history.
– Does a cluster like the ChEAS have benefit that is greater than the sum of its individual study sites? Can we clearly articulate this message to program managers?
• New research projects– NASA carbon upscaling project. Bolstad, Davis, Kolka, Heinsch and Kubiske. Can we successfully
construct multi-tier upscaling of regional carbon fluxes?• The NACP MCI now includes the ChEAS.
– All of you are NACP regional intensive investigators.– This will/should bring new investigators to the ChEAS
• Ecosystem flux models: Invite new investigators to join in the upscaling experiment – apply their models to our database.
• Remote sensing: Invite help with land surface classifications that work for carbon upscaling• Inversions: Invite other groups to participate in a regional inversion intercomparison.
– Meetings: Winter PIs workshop. Merge with RCN regional flux methods grad/pdoc workshop? Fall AGU session on the NACP MCI likely.
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
NACP MCI Objectives– Provide “top-down” and “bottom-up” flux estimates for
MC Intensive study region
– Evaluate discrepancies between approaches and diagnose problems
– Incrementally improve estimates for both approaches through comparisons and mutual “learning”
– Work towards an optimization of field and atmospheric sampling schemes
– Provide mechanistic explanations for net flux patterns across seasonal to annual time spans
– Provide guidance to future Intensives
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
NACP MCI Task Force Members• Stephen Ogle (co-coord.) – ecosystem modeling
• Ken Davis (co-coord.) – tower measurements/upscaling
• Bob Cook – Data management support for Intensive
• Shashi Verma – EC Flux Towers in agricultural systems
• Arlyn Andrews – Long Term Atmospheric Monitoring (Tall Towers)
• Kevin Gurney – Atmospheric inversions and fossil fuel emissions
• Steve Wofsy – Aircraft measurements
• Tris West – ecosystem modeling
• Tim Parkin – EC Flux Towers in agricultural systems
• Jeff Morisette – Remote Sensing
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Spatial Domain: Tall Tower Footprints
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Structure - Nested spatial scales• Whole mid-continental region
– Annual to daily focus, high spatial resolution. Independent top-down and bottom-up approaches.
• Sub-regional intensive domains– Evaluate bottom-up approaches within coherent
MLRAs/ecoregions. Seasonal to daily focus, very high spatial resolution. Independent top-down fluxes.
– E.g. Bondville, Mead-NB, SMEX05/Iowa-USDA, ARM-CART
• Stand-level studies– Flux towers, ‘tier 3 and tier 2’ plots, etc. Used to calibrate
ecosystem models for up-scaling.– Annual to daily focus. Single points in space.
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Special issues (continued)• Develop a science plan for the ChEAS in the long-
term. What is the logic of a cluster of sites?– Preliminary draft written, with major results to date.
– Needs: • Develop and refine this science plan.
• Communicate it to program managers. Secure support. Each measurement or model must support a hypothesis.
• Upcoming RFPs that might benefit the ChEAS– NSF LTREB call – July deadline
– NASA NACP call (?)
– DoE TCP – spring 2006
– Others?
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Proposed ChEAS (carbon) hypotheses1. Simultaneous application of multiple top-down (atmospheric inversion) and bottom-up
(ecological modeling with flux tower, remote sensing, forest inventory and other biophysical inputs) methods will converge upon net CO2 fluxes for the region that are consistent to within 0.2 gC m-2 d-1 on both seasonal and annual time scales.
2. Joint measurements of CO2 fluxes and mixing ratios, when of sufficient precision, are complementary.
3. Climate variability drives interannual variability of gross and net carbon fluxes at any single site within the ChEAS region. The coherence of climate within the study area causes interannual variability to be coherent across multiple sites in the region. Thus, a single flux tower can be used to capture a large fraction of the interannual variability for the entire region.
4. Stand age, soil moisture status and species composition govern spatial variability in carbon fluxes across sites within the ChEAS region. Thus, characterization of the above ecosystem properties will enable ecosystem models to accurately estimate regional fluxes using a combination of flux tower data, forest inventory data, and vegetation cover maps as inputs.
5. We can determine the appropriate levels of map detail and ecosystem model complexity that are necessary to match these upscaled fluxes to regional-scale inversion results and tall tower fluxes. These upscaling methods will be exportable to other forested regions.
6. The simultaneous application of plot-level, stand-level and regional flux measurements will reveal the dominant processes governing regional fluxes and the temporal variability of those fluxes. This will enable models to predict the responses of the regional carbon budget to future climate and land-use change.
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
ChEAS special issue
• 13 papers being reviewed.• Results document created for the AmeriFlux
review is the basis for a summary paper for the special issue. Needs your contributions. What answers have we found, what puzzles remain? Discuss this today and tomorrow.
• ChEAS data base development – require that all published data are reported to Mercury?
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
ChEAS RCN issues
• Data-base development• Internet conferencing tools• Next workshop• Next meeting• Lab-to-lab travel requests• Summer help will work on database
development, internet conferencing tech, regional flux workshop planning.
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
ChEAS RCN budget
• Meetings substantially under budget. – Shorter duration than planned– Lower travel costs than planned– Participation about as planned
• Lab exchanges somewhat under budget– Fewer requests than planned– Shorter duration than planned– Similar costs to planning
ChEAS meeting. June, 2005
Major ChEAS results• Analyses of WLEF multi-year flux record• Comparisons across ChEAS towers for one year• Convergence of regional upscaling, and top-down
carbon flux estimates for the growing season• (Cluster-wide interannual variability)• (Ecosystem, and coupled atmosphere-ecosystem
CO2 model evaluation)• (Regional inversion flux estimates)
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