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Welcome Envirothonners!
EstuariesWhat is an estuary?
Merriam-Webster defines: a water passage where the tide meets a river current or an arm of the sea at the lower end of the river
FundamentalsTide: Rise and fall of sea levels as a result of the
moon’s gravity, the sun’s gravity, and the rotation of the earth all of which effect the dynamics of the tide (Height/Flow Rate)
Water density: Cold water is denser than warm water, and saltwater is denser than freshwater
Seiches (sayshes): atmospheric or seismic conditions that may cause a landlocked body of water (freshwater) to resemble tidal effects.
Types of estuaries Two ways to classify estuaries
Water CirculationSalt wedge (highly
stratified) Mississippi River High river flow/low tidal push Low mixing
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Freshwater rides on top of salt Low mixing
Slightly stratified Chesapeake Bay Some moderate mixing Saltier deeper
Vertically mixed Delaware Bay/N. Edisto river, SC Low river flow/heavy tidal push Well mixed
GeologicallyCoastal Plain
East Coast U.S. Sea level rise covered low lying
river valleysDeltas
Mississippi River, Nile river Deposits of silt/mud
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Large, glacial cut valleys
Bar built Outer banks of NC Formed by sand
deposits/barrier islands Lagoons
Tectonic San Francisco Bay Caused by faulty faults
Salt wedge estuaryWhat is it?
Estuary where freshwater floats on top and salt penetrates up river in the deeper part of the water column
highly stratified Why is it?
Where fast flowing rivers meet low – moderate tidal influence
Saltwater denser than freshwater
Where are they foundEastern U.S., Mississippi
River
Types of estuaries Two ways to classify estuaries
Water CirculationSalt wedge (highly stratified)
Mississippi River High river flow/low tidal push Low mixing
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Freshwater rides on top of
salt Low mixing
Slightly stratified Chesapeake Bay Some moderate mixing Saltier deeper
Vertically mixed Delaware Bay/N. Edisto river, SC Low river flow/heavy tidal push Well mixed
GeologicallyCoastal Plain
East Coast U.S. Sea level rise covered low lying
river valleysDeltas
Mississippi River, Nile river Deposits of silt/mud
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Large, glacial cut valleys
Bar built Outer banks of NC Formed by sand
deposits/barrier islands Lagoons
Tectonic San Francisco Bay Caused by faulty faults
FjordsWhat are they?
Narrow gorges along sea coast
Why are they?GlaciationHigh river input/low
salt input Low mixing (low D.O.)
Where are they found?Pacific NW
U.S./CanadaScandinavia
Types of estuaries Two ways to classify estuaries
Water CirculationSalt wedge (highly
stratified) Mississippi River High river flow/low tidal push Low mixing
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Freshwater rides on top of salt Low mixing
Slightly stratified Chesapeake Bay Some moderate mixing Saltier deeper
Vertically mixed Delaware Bay/N. Edisto river, SC Low river flow/heavy tidal push Well mixed
GeologicallyCoastal Plain
East Coast U.S. Sea level rise covered low lying
river valleysDeltas
Mississippi River, Nile river Deposits of silt/mud
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Large, glacial cut valleys
Bar built Outer banks of NC Formed by sand
deposits/barrier islands Lagoons
Tectonic San Francisco Bay Caused by faulty faults
Slightly stratifiedWhat are they?
Estuaries where River input is less than Marine input
Salinity is higher deeper (why?)
Why are they?The mixing results from
turbulence more than other things (i.e. tide or river flow)
Generally very deepWhere are they found?
San Francisco Bay, Chesapeake Bay
Types of estuaries Two ways to classify estuaries
Water CirculationSalt wedge (highly stratified)
Mississippi River High river flow/low tidal push Low mixing
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Freshwater rides on top of salt Low mixing
Slightly stratified Chesapeake Bay Some moderate mixing Saltier deeper
Vertically mixed Delaware Bay/N. Edisto river,
SC Low river flow/heavy tidal push Well mixed
GeologicallyCoastal Plain
East Coast U.S. Sea level rise covered low lying
river valleysDeltas
Mississippi River, Nile river Deposits of silt/mud
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Large, glacial cut valleys
Bar built Outer banks of NC Formed by sand
deposits/barrier islands Lagoons
Tectonic San Francisco Bay Caused by faulty faults
Vertically mixed
What are they? Estuaries where salinity
is similar at all depthsWhy are they?
Low river input, moderate/strong tidal input
Where are they found?Delaware BayBay of Fundy
Types of estuaries Two ways to classify estuaries
Water CirculationSalt wedge (highly stratified)
Mississippi River High river flow/low tidal push Low mixing
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Freshwater rides on top of salt Low mixing
Slightly stratified Chesapeake Bay Some moderate mixing Saltier deeper
Vertically mixed Delaware Bay/N. Edisto river, SC Low river flow/heavy tidal push Well mixed
GeologicallyCoastal Plain
East Coast U.S. Sea level rise covered low
lying river valleysDeltas
Mississippi River, Nile river Deposits of silt/mud
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Large, glacial cut valleys
Bar built Outer banks of NC Formed by sand
deposits/barrier islands Lagoons
Tectonic San Francisco Bay Caused by faulty faults
Coastal Plain EstuariesWhat are they?
Areas where Sea level rise since end of the last Ice Age (10,000-18,000 years ago) have flooded low lying river valleys
Why are they?Low lying river valleys were
easily covered with water (low points)
Where are they found?Eastern U.S. (Chesapeake
Bay)Bay of Fundy?
Types of estuaries Two ways to classify estuaries
Water CirculationSalt wedge (highly stratified)
Mississippi River High river flow/low tidal push Low mixing
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Freshwater rides on top of salt Low mixing
Slightly stratified Chesapeake Bay Some moderate mixing Saltier deeper
Vertically mixed Delaware Bay/N. Edisto river, SC Low river flow/heavy tidal push Well mixed
GeologicallyCoastal Plain
East Coast U.S. Sea level rise covered low lying
river valleysDeltas
Mississippi River, Nile river Deposits of silt/mud
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Large, glacial cut valleys
Bar built Outer banks of NC Formed by sand
deposits/barrier islands Lagoons
Tectonic San Francisco Bay Caused by faulty faults
DeltasWhat are they?
Estuaries that form at the mouth of LARGE rivers. Resemble the shape of Δ.
Why are they?Silt deposits build up rather
than wash awayRiver carves channels
through delta to its destination
Where are they found?Mississippi River, Nile River
Types of estuaries Two ways to classify estuaries
Water CirculationSalt wedge (highly stratified)
Mississippi River High river flow/low tidal push Low mixing
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Freshwater rides on top of salt Low mixing
Slightly stratified Chesapeake Bay Some moderate mixing Saltier deeper
Vertically mixed Delaware Bay/N. Edisto river, SC Low river flow/heavy tidal push Well mixed
GeologicallyCoastal Plain
East Coast U.S. Sea level rise covered low lying
river valleysDeltas
Mississippi River, Nile river Deposits of silt/mud
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Large, glacial cut valleys
Bar built Outer banks of NC Formed by sand
deposits/barrier islands Lagoons
Tectonic San Francisco Bay Caused by faulty faults
FjordsWhat are they?
Narrow gorges along sea coast
Why are they?GlaciationHigh river input/low
salt input Low mixing (low D.O.)
Where are they found?Pacific NW U.S.Scandinavia
Types of estuaries Two ways to classify estuaries
Water CirculationSalt wedge (highly stratified)
Mississippi River High river flow/low tidal push Low mixing
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Freshwater rides on top of salt Low mixing
Slightly stratified Chesapeake Bay Some moderate mixing Saltier deeper
Vertically mixed Delaware Bay/N. Edisto river, SC Low river flow/heavy tidal push Well mixed
GeologicallyCoastal Plain
East Coast U.S. Sea level rise covered low lying
river valleysDeltas
Mississippi River, Nile river Deposits of silt/mud
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Large, glacial cut valleys
Bar built Outer banks of NC Formed by sand
deposits/barrier islands Lagoons
Tectonic San Francisco Bay Caused by faulty faults
Bar Built EstuariesWhat are they?
Estuaries that are lagoon-like areas often found behind barrier islands or large sand bars.
Why are they?Occur where wave deposition
has built up sand bars or barrier islands
Where are they found?Folly Beach, SC?Cape Hatteras OBX, NC
Types of estuaries Two ways to classify estuaries
Water CirculationSalt wedge (highly stratified)
Mississippi River High river flow/low tidal push Low mixing
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Freshwater rides on top of salt Low mixing
Slightly stratified Chesapeake Bay Some moderate mixing Saltier deeper
Vertically mixed Delaware Bay/N. Edisto river, SC Low river flow/heavy tidal push Well mixed
GeologicallyCoastal Plain
East Coast U.S. Sea level rise covered low lying
river valleysDeltas
Mississippi River, Nile river Deposits of silt/mud
Fjords Norway, Alaska, B.C. Large, glacial cut valleys
Bar built Outer banks of NC Formed by sand
deposits/barrier islands Lagoons
Tectonic San Francisco Bay Caused by faulty faults
Techtonic EstuariesWhat are they?
Estuaries found near fault lines that result from tectonic activity
Why are they?Tectonic forces cause areas
to drop below sea level, allowing seawater to rush in and fill it
Tectonic forces also cause freshwater drainages to empty into them
Where are they found?Coastal mountainous areasSan Francisco Bay
Freshwater Estuary
Area where a freshwater river flows into a large body of freshwater such as a lakeFunction similar to brackish water estuary
Little to no tidal influence Chemically different waters of the rivers (input) and the
lakes (sink) can mix in similar ways as the brackish water estuaries
Temperature differences can also imfluence mixing (why?) Most mixing between the systems is caused by seiches. May have a tidal effect but without regularity.
Where are they? Large bodies of freshwater…
Hint: Lake Cumberland is NOT big enough.
Estuary of Concern
http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/
Remember…Tides, river flows, and geology define estuaries There are two ways to classify estuaries
Mixing and geologically Mixing is result of tides, river flow and geological shape
of estuary Geology generally results from glaciation, physical
action (i.e. erosion, waves, storms, plate techtonics etc), even anthropogenic causes (dredging, beach renourishment, etc)
There are also freshwater estuariesThink of brackish estuaries (minus the tides, plus
the seiches)
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