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7/25/2019 WD AEF 1433 - Defense Against Gas December 1918.pdf
1/77
O F F I C I A L
A .
E .
F .
N o .
1 4 3
G 5
D E F E N S E A G A I N S T G A
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GENERAL HEADQUARTERS, A.E.F.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 . GENER AL C ONS I DER ATI ONS
2 . GA S ATT AC K S
G en eral , , . . ,
Cyl inder Cloud At tacks
Pro jector A ttack s
Tren ch M or ta r s and Ar t i l le ry
Gas Hand Grenades
*
3 . WA R F AR E GAS ES
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DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
1. The following notes have been prepa re
the guidance of officers when giving instruction o
Defense. Such inform ation on the offensive use o
as can be published is issued by the Chemical W
Service in another pamphlet, in bulletins and b
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6
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
6. There are two groups of warfare gasse
first group, of which chlorine is an example,
of substances that are true gases under ordina
ditions and form gas clouds immediately upon
the container in which they are stored. Those
second group, typified by mustard gas, form
only very slowly unless scattered by shell explo
warmed by the heat of the sun. Even an extreme
amount of certain gases if breathed sufficiently lo
cause a casualty.
7.
A man some distance from a shell h
taining poisonous liquid may become a casaulty
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GAS
ATTACKS
(g) Practice in wearing respirato rs for
periods.
(h) W earing resp irators as long as ga
present.
Danger from gas can be greatly reduced by t
means, and officers should impress this fact on their
Excessive casualties from gas attacks indicate laxit
ignorance on the part of officers.
I I .
GAS ATTACK S.
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8
DEFENSE G INST G S
projectors andmore rap id means of transp
will broaden the use of this form of attack
(c) Bombardments With Artillery
Or
Mortar
Gas
ShellSuch attacks
are
applic
all modes
of
warfare.
In
the
case
of
cylinder attacks,
a
highly po
liquefied gas of lowboiling point is liberated fr
inders placed in ornear thefront line. Incase
jector or trench mortar attacks, and of attacks b
lery shell, the gas is inclosed in a suitable p
and
is
thrown into
the
adversary's territory . T
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GAS ATTACKS
transparent and slightly green in color, or it may
like a thick mist.
12. The cloud is carried by the wind over
opposing line and at times the gas has been notice
in the rear areas as much as 10 miles from the f
line.
Gas clouds are usually slightly denser than
surrounding air and therefore tend to fill up tren
and hollows and penetrate unprotected dugouts w
the gas remains long after the main cloud has pas
Such clouds tend to follow the course of valleys. L
or streams do not affect the gas.
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10
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
test.
A new
development
is the use of
por
cylinders fired by electricity while lying on th
Projector Attacks.
14. The
enemy makes
use of "gas
p rojec
ing
a
range
of
about 1500 meters
and in the
c
new rifled projectors of about 3000 meters.
method
a
large number
of
projectiles, each c
about
16.5
pounds
of
liquefied
gas are
simu
shot from smooth-bore or rifled iron tubes^du
ground
or set in
wooden racks.
The
prop ellin
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GAS
ATTACKS
of flashes may be seen in the enemy's lines, follow
a loud explosion, like that of an ammunition
blowing up. The enemy often tries to conceal this
of flame by installing projectors behind hills so th
only warning given is the crash. Sentries shou
warned to give the alarm when any sound is heard
might
be interpreted as being caused by projector
course of the projectiles through the air is often se
the trail of sparks emitted from the time fuses, an
bombs make a loud whirring noise described as
similar to the noise of pa rtridge in flight. In th
of the rifled projector shell the noise is less disti
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12
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
of high velocity or upward currents will disperse
of non-persistent gas so rapidly that very little
will
be
done.
Gas
shells
are
used
in
vari
according to tactical result desired. To produce
tiesj sudden bursts
of
lethal shell are concent
small targets, and in preparation for an infantry
enormous numbers
of
shell containing penetra
surprise gases are often em ployed. Harassing
persistent gases like mustard,a few sheilaat ati
be continued indefinitely against permanent pos
Gas Hand Grenades.
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WARFARE GASES
the soil will slowly vaporize under
the
heat
of the
This vaporization willnot as a rulebe great enou
lightor during cold weather to produce dangerous
centrations ofgas, bu t assoonasthe ground iswa
by the sun, troops passing near will be in almost as
danger from the gasas at the timeof the bombard
Mustard gas also has
the
property
of
remaining
on
penetrating woolen and cotton fabrics. Rubber
is
trated fairly rap idly . Oiled fabrics delay penetr
to a conside rable extent. However, it is unwis
depend onthis protection formo re than a few hou
fse
in
En em y Projec t i le s .
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14
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
will cause irritation
of
any tissue with which
in contact. This irritation
is
usually
not
not
from
3 to 12
hours after
the
exposure
and
ma
any part
of
the body. The worst mustard gas c
due
to
irritation
of
the respiratory tract, which
serious enough
to
cause death.
A
secondary
often pneumonia
or in
lighter cases bronchitis
acute sore throat lasting
for
several weeks. E
of the eyes to the vapor will cause temporary bl
which
is
very painful,
and
will last from
a f
to several weeks, depending
on
the length
of
th
ure.
The third effect, from which mustard gas
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WARFARE GASES
of the enem y to nullify the effects
of
our night ga
bardment inthe m orning should be neutralized
leys of rifle, machine gun, minenwerfer and a
fire/'
24.
M ustard gas
is
rarely used during the th
four days preceding
a
large scale "push," except a
those points over which it is not intended to advance
ticular care must be takeninoccupying terrain ca
from the enemy becauseofthe danger from gas
left during
his
retreat. Gas shell and bom bs m
left in dugouts or farmhouses and fused to explode
the locality
is
filled with our troops . M ustard ga
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DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
minish
its
effects upon the skin. The paste sh
rubbed liberally
in an
even layer
on
the genita
and region, the buttocks, the armpits, and other
the body which perspire freely. The length
of
t
such anapplication is effective depends en tire
the strength
of
the gas. Since there
is
no way
ing this easily
in
the field, care must be taken
sufficient quantity
of
the paste and
to
renew th
cation about once every 12 hours when continu
posed to the gas.
It
should be carefully noted
paste must beapp lied before troops enter ana
is likely to be shelled. This will have to be don
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WARFARE GASES
)revent their entering. Sentries should also
be
p
front of contaminated dugouts in a zone othe
free from mustard gas. If not possible to evacuate
juent reliefs, or protection of troops as far as possib
gasproof dugouts will alone prevent numerous ca
ties,
as
mustard gas will outlast the staying pow
coops wearing the respirator. Inconnection wit
ise of gasproof dugouts,itshould be noted that me
tering such dugouts have gassed the occupants
b
which they have brought in ontheir clothes
lerefore,
all
outer clothing should
be
removed
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1R
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
render lug die atmosphere extremely dangerous.
of lime isplaced onthe ground outside ofdu
order that themen may use thelime to des
liquid that may be carried upon their shoes. Th
element ofdanger in the useoichloride of lim
stroy gas due
to the
Fact that Lhe otlor
of th
completely masks lhat
of the
latter, When
of lime isthrown onliquid mustard gas, some
^ given
off.
This will cause little annoyance
ever, the heatof the reaction may vaporize som
mustard gas which has not
yet
been destroyed
large puddles of theliquid areencountered,
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WARFARE GASES
cylinders
it is
usually mixed with chlorine
in
ord
form a mixed gas of high vapor pressure, It
is
gen
used pure in the 75, 170 and 25Umni. trench m
shell* and in the 180mm. smooth-bore projector b
In iJie^eit isra rely mixed with chlurpicrin. Re
the enemy has used phosgene in long range rilled p
tor shells mixed with pumice, absorption in whi
tan Is Us evaporation, making it persist for several h
Finally,
it
occurs generally
in
small proportion
decomposition product
of
cliphosgene
in
artillery
for 77 and IGOnmi. guns and in the 105, 150 and 21
howitzers.
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20 DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
sentries must be thoroughly instructed so as to b
to recognize phosgene attacks and to give the
imm ediately. Trenches and dugouts can be
rid of phosgene by means of fanning and fires.
DIPHOSGENE.
33.
Diphosgene, superpa lite or trichlormethy
formate, is a liquid boiling at 261 degrees F . It
properties and action resemble those of phosgen
closely. It cannot be used in cloud or projector
because of its high boiling po int. It is used mix
chlorpicrin in green cross 1 shell of different
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WARFARE GASES
chest, accompanied
by
sneezing and coughing.
ing
and
even temporary para lysis
of the
nervou
tem may finally result. It is used mainly to u
a man and prevent him from adjusting his mask q
or toprevent his keeping it onafter it isadjuste
is used also
for
direct neutralization through
th
duction
of the
above painful symptoms.
The
of this gaswhen used alone disap pea r quickly.
respirator gives absolute protection,
but
must
b
on immediately. Diphenylcyanarsine is similar
action and rather more effective.
It is
used in blu
shell.
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22
DEFEN SE AGAINST GAS
bom bs. Smoke may be used with gas or betw
clouds; iL may also be used alone to distract a
from a real discharge of gas, and in general f
venting observation, as for instance as a screeni
rage, or for blotting out machine gun nests.
IV. PROTECTION AGAINST GAS
INDIVIDUAL.
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PROTECTION AGAINST
C AS
results of such observations should be reported
Company Commander, who will in turn notif
B.G.O. when the wind is favorable for enemy g
tacks. (For further inform ation on this subjec
jaragraphs 141-145.)
ALARMS.
42.
Experience has shown that numerous c
ties occur through failure to warn "men promptly
the enemy makes a gas attack. O fficers are respo
that arrangements are made for the communicati
ha gas alarmrto all ranks under their command
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24 DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
Signal Officer
and
which
do not
conflict with thos
in
use, may be
employed for
gas
alarms. Co
of companieson the move should make sure th
cient stockofportab le alarm devicesisalways
Instructions with regard to GasSentries a
systems are given in "Standing Orders, p
114-117."
Protect ion
of
D ugouts and Cellars.
44.
Theprotection of dugouts against
proven
of
great value especially
in
the
case
high persistency, which may necessitate the w
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PROTECTION AGAINST GAS
(d) Stop up any holes
or
flues.
(e) Prevent passing
in
and
out as
mu
possible.
(f) In case of passage in or out, only one
must pass through
at a
time. Only one cu
must be raised
at a
time, and curtains must be
ered as quickly
as
possible.
(g) Men entering from gassed areas mu
move outer clothing and leave
it
in the gas loc
Clearing Gas from Dugouts, Trenches, etc.
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26 DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
Precaut ions with Reference
to
Fo od and
47.
"There have been cases reported
of
fo
has been exposed
to
gas causing
ill
effects.
and water should be kep t covered. No food tha
unusual taste or odor after
a
gas attack or bom
should be eaten. Casualties have more frequen
produced
by
the use
of
contam inated water fr
crate rs. All water from shell craters should be
as dangerous until proved
to the
contrary , a
effort should be made
to
use water from other
Blue Cross, containing arsenic, dissolves
in
wa
ing
it
highly poisonous,
and
this
is not
reme
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PROTECTION AGAINST GAS
(b) Signallers must take
all
the precau
laid down in paragraph 53.
(c) Special care must be taken to protec
dugouts near battery positions againstgas.
(d) Alternative positions must be selecte
advance,
and
mustard areas prom ptly evacu
when tactical situation permits.
Art i l lery, Rif les and Machine Guns.
50.
All unpainted metal pa rts should be kept
oiled, and assoon as possible after exposure to
rosive gas should be washed in boiling water contai
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28
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
tack without wearing respirators
or
helmets.
dugouts must, therefore, be particularly well pr
against gas, so as to allow this to bedone. Te
operators must be especially practiced in usin
instruments when wearing respirators. The he
of
the
receiver will
be
worn over
the
mask. L
must receive plenty
of
practice
in
carrying
o
work, both
at
night
and in the
daytime, whil
ing respirators.
Signal andTelephone Equipm ent .
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PROTECTION AGAINST GAS
chloride
of
lime and later washed with soap and
The internal portion
of the
instrument should
interfered with.
If an
instrument has been kept
or covered up,
it is
very unlikely that interna l p
will have suffered; but
if
these portions show si
corrosion, the instruments should be sent back
t
or division headquarters
to be
dealt with
by an
ment repairer.
Protect ionof Carrier Pigeons.
58.
When
the gas
alarm
is
sounded, p
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30
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
gases vary, greatly and knowledge
of
their pro pe
essential
to a
realization
of
their full tactical v
60.
Fo r cloud attacks
it is
adv isable tha t
gas
is
discharged
all
troo ps except those whos
ence
is
considered abso lutely necessary, should
b
drawn from
the
line occupied
by the
cylinders
officer orm an who has special ord erstorem ain
put on his res pir ato r. A ll tro op s w ill be cleare
any posts or saps in front of this line.
61.
All t roops
in
any pa rt
of
the line w ith
half mile
of
the neare st p oint wh ere the gas
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RESPIRATORS
RESPIRATORS.
THE AMERICAN TISSOT RESPIRATORDRIL
65.
The
following dr ills
are
designed
to
officers and men to adjust their resp irators accu
and quickly. The dr ill must be so thoroughly ma
that all will p rotect themselves instantly and
automatically upon hearing the gas alarm.
66. Drill A To bring theR espirator
Alert position.
1 .
S l u n g P o s i t io n .
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32 DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
the sling and bring the satchel
to
the front
of
t
With the right hand, grasp the metal hook
at
th
the satchel and with the left hand reach behind
for the metal eyelet on the sling, pull down an
the two together. Open the flap and take out w
with right hand. Pass
it
through
the
metal
the right
of
the satchel, then around the back an
it to the metal loop on the left of the satchel.
67. Drill B. Drill by num bers to obt
plete and accurate adjustmentofthe respirator
Alert position.
This drill will
be
alternated with one w it
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RESPIRATORS
justment and head harness.
Six.
Replace helmet.
sume the attention.
68. Drill **" To Adjust Respirator from
Position.
Beingatslung position. (1)
Gas.
Stop breat
Place the rifle,
if
unslung, between the knees. Pul
satchel around until
it
hangs
in
front
of
the body.
fasten theflap and adjust the respirator as inpra
'"B," allowing the satchel tohangbythe rubber
Replace helmet, andatonce proceed toadjust the
chel in the "Alert" position, as in practice "A."
69. Drill D Drill toteach method of te
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34
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
should be wiped dry, folded correctly and
in such
a
way that the rubber outlet val
bent.
71.
Drill
F
Inspection.
The respirator being at slung position. (1)
for Inspection
of
Respirators. Place the rifle
the knees. Slip the left arm back through the
bring the satchel around to the front of the bod
the flap
of
the satchel.
(2)Inspection. (3
tors. Examine the satchel and sling, make
metal hook and clasp and metal loops
at
each
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RESPIRATORS
ing properly should vibrate back and forth. Tes
let valve by putting
a
kink in breathing tube to pr
the passage through it of airand attempttodra
into the facepiece.
If
the outlet valve
is in
proper
dition,it will not be possibletodrawinany air.
move respirators.
Six.
All men with defective re
tors step forward one pace. Others replace ca
in satchel, taking care not to twist facepiece into w
position, and return respirators to slung pos
(Note.) After inspection men should be given dril
once,sothatit can be seen whetherallcanisters
been correctly replaced in satchel.
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36
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
(b) Practice
in
bom bing, rapid load
aiming, judging distance
and
rifle firing,
be carried out while men are wearing respir
(c) Officers and N.C.O.'s will receive t
training asthe men and, inaddition, will
ticed
in
giving orders while wearing their
tors.
(d) It must be realized that troops
line always carry the respirator, and that
in
the
rear should take this into account.
effort must be made to approximate actual
conditions. Every opportunity will
be
t
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RESP1RATORS
outlet valve, the inlet valve closing
in
order
to
p
air passing through the canister.
If
the inlet valv
not close properly, expired
air
passes into the c
causing deterioration of thechemicals and disc
to the wearer.
76.
The facepiece
is
held
in
position
by
harness
of
self centering construction which ke
firmly against the face without discom fort. The
plete respiratoriscarriedin a satchel whichisd
'into two compartments, oneof which holds the
ter and theother themask. The canister rests
wire platform which raises it from the bottom
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38 DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
without a respirator, or in possession of one not h
will be strictly disciplined.
Care of Respirator.
80. The most serious causes of damage to t
pirators are:
(a) Water entering the canister and sp
the chemicals.
(b) Injury to the facepiece.
(c) Injury to the outlet valve.
81. Respirators must be protected from wet
as possible, and rough usage must be avoided. N
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RESPIRATORS
cally. The chemicals
in
the canister will slowly
their efficiency, even when nothing butpure a
breathed through them. This isdue to the fact
the moisture in the air gradually cakes the granules
creases their resistance,
and
lowers their absor
power.
Replacement of Canister.
85. When the canister of the respirator isd
tive owing
to
wet, rust,
or
other damage,
or
has
breathed through for 40 hours
in
gas, and the res
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40
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
88.
To bind the tubing with string, proceed
lows (see Fig. 1) : Rub the string with beeswax
bler's wax, if available. Make a loop at one e
of the string. Lay it along the tube and paralle
Wind the remainder
of
the string tightly round t
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HORSE RESPIRATOR
Anti-Dimming Outfit.
89. This iscarried in thesatchel, andconta
stick ofcomposition and apiece ofsoft rag. Occ
ally at inspection andalways after each wearin
the respirator, the inner surfaces
of
the eyepieces s
be cleaned and dried,
a
little
of
the composition ru
on with thefinger, and thesurface rubbed with
rag until the filmofcomposition issmooth and thi
nearly clear.
Minor
Repairs.
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DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
and saves the flannelette from being bitten through
bag is provided with an elastic band which passes
I he opening so as to draw the resp irator close
face when in use. The up per side of the mouth
flannelette hag is furnished with a small unble
calico patch by which the respirator is attached
nose*band of the bridle or halter when in the **
position, and while in use. Inside the bag and att
to the canvas mouthpiece there is a canvas Frame wl
stitched on to the bag in such a way as to preve
material drawing into the nostrils when the resp
is in use. The whole is folded and carried in a c
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HORS
RESPIRATOR
steadied by being strapped on either side to th
ring on the supporting strap, and its Hap sh
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44
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
the respirators adjusted
in the
"Alert position"
moving off, as follows:
(a)
The
flap
of the
resp irator case
i
buttoned andslipped under thenose-band o
bridle orhalter from below upw ards.
(b)
The two
straps
at the
back
are
passed under thenose-band and secured t
check pieces
of
the bridle, above
the
metal
each side.
(c) The small unbleached calico patch o
upper side
of the
mouth
of the
respirator
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HORSE RESPIRATOR
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46
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
VL STANDING ORDERS AND DUTIE
GAS OFFICER.
The division commander will be responsible
proper training and instruction of his command
defensive measures. Thepresence or absence
casualties under
a
gas attack will form
a
basis
f
mating the efficiency of his command.
The Chemical Warfare Service will provide th
sion and corps gas officers with suitable samples
various kindsof gases, especially thoseofmost fr
use, for instructing the personnel
in
the identifica
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TYPICAL STANDING ORDERS
their men
are
maintained
in
perfect cond ition,
an
all ranks under their command arethoroughly tr
in the useofthese applian ces, andin allm easures
may affect their safety against gas, including indent
tion of thepresence of gases and the identificatio
gas attacks.
101. Battalion, regimental, division gas o
and assistants areappointed to aid in seeing tha
anti-gas measures are efficiently carr ie d out. It
be their duty tob rin g an y efficiency in gas discipli
protection
to the
notice
of the
prop er comm a
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48
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
engineers and field signal men operating within
areas,
but will also be responsible for the gas t
of these troops, and will see that they receive t
in gas defense equivalent to the training given
own units.
105.
Gas non-com missioned officers in su
tached troops will be reported to the gas officer
unit to which they are attached (battalion or re
t a l ) .
In case of detachments which are smalle
a platoon, and which have no gas non-commis
officer of their own, one of the gas non-commis
officers of the unit with which they are being ra
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TYPICAL STANDING ORDERS
devices apparently protecting against gas will be
tained in dugouts
which are reported not to be ade
gas-proof.
Gas Zones.
108.
There will
be
denned
in the
area
armies, two zones
to be
known
as the
"A lert
"Danger" zones.
109.
The approximate extent
of
these zon
be
as
follow s:
Alert Zone The area within three kilome
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50
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
112.
Sentinels
and
military police will
structed to allow no person connected with the Am
Military Service
to
pass w ithout complying w
the rules relating to the wearing of resp irators .
will report all cases
of
infringement
of
the above
and copies
of
these reports will be furnished to t
mental
or
divisional gas officers.
113.
The above-named zones will be conspi
marked by each regiment insucha manner asto
the attention
of
persons entering them.
114.
When not carried
in
the "A lert" posit
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TYPICAL STANDING ORDERS
Special Gas Sentries will have definite areas to a
the event of a gas attack. Two sentinels w ill be po
nigh t. When deemed necessary oneofthem wi
the resp irator completely adjusted. They will
each other of wearing the respirator very half hou
working parties of ten or more men will haveag
try posted. All sentries, traffic con trol men, milit
lice,
etc., when on duty will act as gas sentries, a
he provided with suitable alarm devices when nec
Sentries will be posted over all men sleeping and a
in dugouts or shelters, and each sentry will be de
responsible for the group assigned to him . The
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52
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
Inte l l igence .
119. All intelligence indicating that an en
attack is imminent should be comm unicated im
lyto theD ivision andCorps GasOfficers for t
mationof the Divisionor Corps Gas Officers, thr
of the Division or Corps, who should cause to
mitted to the Division or Corps GasOfficer, fo
and recommendation, such copies of airplane
graphs and intelligence reports bearing on the
as may be available. Airplane photographs o
lines available at various headquarters should b
ined
for
possible projector emplacements
and
c
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TYPICAL STANDING ORDERS
Action During and After
a
Gas Attack.
121.
At the instant that any gas alarm is giv
ranks will immediately
put on
respirators
an
them until the order toremove masks isgiven
officer acting upon the advice of a Gas Officer
N.C.O.
In the case of isolated groups and in the a
of
a
Gas Officer, the order to rem ove masks will be
by the non-commissioned officer incharge, who w
port this action promptly to the nearest officer. In ca
gas attackisfollowed byanassault ofenemy in
not wearing masks, respirators may be removed w
form al orde r. Any officer
or
man who fails
to
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54
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
talking must cease.
In case
of a
cloud gas attack,
ies of troops or transport on the move will halt, an
ing parties will cease work until the gas cloud has
If arelief is in p rogress, units should stand stead
as possible un til the gas cloud has passed. Supp
parties bringing up ammunition and grenades w
be moved up
if
the tactical situation demands.
125. Assoon as possible after or during
attack, gas officers and gas N.C.O.'s will determine
er a "persistent" or a "non-persistent" gas is be
ployed. When tactical situation perm its a posi
tensively bombarded by the most persistent gas,
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DIV ISION DISINFECTING SERV ICE
be noted that the odor of mustard gas in slight con
trations is not unpleasant, and that the gas produce
irritation for several hou rs. During a mustard ga
tack, precautions must be taken to avoid contamina
of dugouts from the clothing and especially from
shoes of men who enter.
128.
Men who have been even sligh tly gassed wi
treated as casualties, and withdrawn promptly from
gassed area with the least possible exertion on the pa
the man gassed. Especially in the case of a mustard
attack, it is important that fresh clothing be available
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56
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
with "mustard gas" special disinfection squads
designated and trained by each Regimental or B
Gas Officer for this purpo se. These squads sha
ganized in the various units according to the
employment of these units as below; each squa
under the immediate direction of the gas non-
sioned officer of that un it. Except in case of "
gas" shelling, the men composing this squad shal
to perform their regu lar duties. This does not
the gas non-commissioned officers, who shall be
no duties which might interfere with their dutie
non-commissioned officers. These men shall, h
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DIVISION DISINFECTING SERV ICE
attached to a regiment will be taken care of by the
talion disinfecting squad in whose area it is located
(3) A rtillery Regiment:
(a) Regimental H eadquarters: Regim
gas N.C.O. and 4 men.
(b) Each Battalion H eadquarters: Batt
gas N.C.O. and 4 men.
(c) Each Battery : Battery gas N.C.O. a
men.
(4) Engineer Regiment:
(a) Regimental Headquarters: Regim
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58
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
be made
to
expedite the arriv al
of a
disinfectin
at
a
shelled area.
By COMMAND OF GENERAL
(Signed)
O fficial:
(Signed)
Chief of S
Acting Adjutant.
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DUTIES
O F GAS
OFFICERS
9. Question and instruct a ll Gas N.C.O.'s freq
ly, reporting those (by name, rank and organization
consider incapable, those who neglect their work
those who have too many other duties to perform.
10.
Make sure that when a man loses his resp
or when he turns one in for replacement that has
rendered unserviceable through carelessness or by i
tion, the new one issued is charged against his pa
count$4.44and see that further disciplinary acti
taken.
11. Make sure that you know all units in
trea.
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60 DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
pany Gas N.C.O.'s should accompany the advanc
and take over trench stores (by daylight
if
poss
They will make wind observations
as
dire
the Division Commander on recommendation
o
vision Gas Officer, and will report any change
to the Company Commander. (See Pars. 142-145.
138.
During
or
after the attack the N.C.
note down in writing as much information regard
attack as possible. (See Par. 147.)
139. After a gas shell bombardment,if th
a new gas is suspected, the Gas N.C.O. should ta
ples
of
earth contam inated with the suspected ga
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DUTIES OF GAS OFFICERS
obtained by getting N by the N Star and S by t
at midday (Greenwich time).
Direct ion of Wind.
144. Before reading the direction of the win
the vane the observer should gauge the approxim
rection by noting the course taken by smoke, etc.
tion of wind must be stated in points of the co
The points of the compass to be used are sho
Fig. 5.
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62 DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
Strength of Wind.
145.
This may be judged from Beaufort's
Beau-
fort's
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Speed
in
m.p.h.
0
2
5
10
15
20
30
Observations
of
Natural Objects
Smoke straight up
Smoke slants
Felt on face
Paper, etc., moved
Bushes sway-
Tree tops sway, wavelets
water
Trees sway and whistle
Behavi
Flag on
Va
No move
No mov
Slight
Three-qu
Up and
often
on Up. Fal
often
Up and
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DUTIES OF GAS OFFICERS
(f) The position
of
dud shell and fragmen
shell, etc.
148.
The following form will be used
for
ma
reports
on
gas attacks:
Form No. 1.
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES
DEFENSE DIVISION, CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE
REPORT ON GASATTACK.
Serial No
(Date of Report)
Corps ,
Division
Unit Location
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64 DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
F o r w a r d i n g of S a m p l e s , S p e c i m e n s and R
149. After
an
attack
gas
shell bases
and
f
shell
gas
samples, unexploded
gas
shells,
and
the attack will
be
handed
to the
Company Co
for transmission
to the
Division
Gas
Officer,
forward them
to the
Corps
Gas
Officer. Corps
cers
are
responsible
for
their examination,
if
po
for forwarding themto the proper place for suc
nation.
150. Ea rth samples should be taken when
of a new gas is suspected. It must be rememb
gas are
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IMPORT NTGENER L ORDERS
regiments
or
com panies. Issues within
the
division
be made
to
authorized regimental officers
by
the Div
Gas Officer.
In the
case
of
detachments, issues wi
made
to the
senio r officer present with
the
detachm
Issues will
be
made direct
to
detached officers.
In
case
of
troops
not
attached
to a
division,
but
attache
an army corps, issues willbemadein the same ma
by theCorps GasOfficer, and in thecase of troops
attached
to an
army corps,
but
attached
to an
army
sues will
be
made
in the
same m anner
by the
Army
Officer.
In all
other cases issues will be made direct
of No
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66
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
com manding officers. It w ill be the ir du ty to mak
sion for the fullest protection against gas attacks
m ain tain the efficiency of gas di sc ipl ine. To th
they must provide for all officers and men und
command adequate instruction and drill in met
protection against gas, arrange for the thoroug
ing of officers and non-commissioned officers es
assigned to the work of gas defense, and at all ti
operate with authorized officers of the Gas Corps.
2.
Chief Gas Officers of arm ies an d of arm
Division Gas Officers and assistants to these offic
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IMPORT NT GENER L ORDERS
occur
in his
division, together with reasons
for
casualties, and theaction taken, and the action r
mended for their further preven tion. Acopy of
such report, together with action taken to correct
ciencies, will be forwarded by the division comman
the Chief of the Gas Corps through the proper cha
5.
A
gas officer will be appo inted
by
the unit
mander
for
every regiment,
for
every battalion
an
separate units;
a gas
non-com missioned officer w
assigned
as
assistant
to
each
of
these
gas
officers
two
gas
non-commissioned officers w ill
be
appo
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68
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
fare employed by the enemy and regarding mat
enemy origin. They will also make systematic
tion of and reports upon conditions of weather,
and any other conditions that might aid in pr
the time and the nature of enemy gas attacks.
II .
An A.E.F . Gas Defense School is est
at the experim enta l field of the Gas Corps. It
under the commandant of the experimental field
as concerns supply, discipline, quarters for offic
men, and administration of grounds, buildings and
ment. A director and instructors will be appo i
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IMPORT NTGENER L ORDERS
G.H.Q., A.E.F.,
May 27, 1918,
will
be
consulted
advantage taken of their technical knowledge anda
in the preparat ion of all plans involving the exte
useof gas,whether by artillery or by other means.
Extract from General Orders No. 144, G.H
A.E.F., 1918.
156.
VII I . 1. Because of the great impor
which the use of poisonous gases has acquired in
fare,
the following measures looking to a prompt
of gas are
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70
DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
OTHER MASKS.
157. Untila sufficient numberof Americ
Respirators areava ilable to supply all theA
forces, certain troops will continue
to
make us
following masks.
SMALL BOX RESPIRATORS*
158.- This maskissimilar tothe Am erica
Respirator
in
general form.
It
differs
in
the f
respects (see Paragraphs 75 ami 761:
The incoming air
is
led
to
the lungs throug
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O THER M ASKS
compar tmen t g ra sp ing
the
face-piece
in the
pa
the hand, the fingers gra sp ing the eyepieces.
Bring the face-piece sm artly out of the satchel
height of the chin, holding it tightiy with thefinge
tended outside, tlie thumbs inside at thebind ing
the tapes
are
attached. Pu ll
the
hands ap art unt
tapes (harness) are taut. Throw chin well fo
Stick out thechin.
THREE.
Br ing the face-piec
ward, digging thechin into it. With thesame m
guide thetapes over thehead, knocking off theh
backwards . F O U R . Grasp themetal elbow tube o
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72
D E F E N S E G i K S T
G A S
split, loose or at wrong angle, and thai metal
in position 1-16 in, from open ing. See Liiat no
effective and firmly attached to mask fab ric . M
rhat there are no pin holes or tears in fabric,
eye-pieces are securely fastened in the face-piec
mands FIVE and SIX same as for Am erican Ti
pirator.
ADDITIONAL DRILLS,
1 6 6 Drill **G," To clear gas from the ja
Tli Resp irator being adjusted (11 Clear (2) Fa
Press the face-piece close to the face with th
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DEFENSE SUPPLY
larger canister, whk-h is carried on the back of the
dier, the flexible breathing tube passing over the
shoulder and then to the face-piece. The fabric of
face-piece of the French apparatus is in some cases m
of gum rubber, or
}
bi many of die later issues, is m
of a rubberized fabric somewhat lighter than that
tlie Am erican type. The French Ti^sol is too com
cated and fragile lo trust in the hands of die ave
soldier and the canister is heavy and not easiJy carr
Directions for its use are in each box.
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74 DEFENSE AGAINST GAS
Gas Officer, who will be stationed in the area
plete allowance of Group A on hand, in ad
the arrival of the division. He will then a
his division to the Mae on com pletion of the
training . A lillery units will receive G roup A
from the C.W.S. officer permanently in charg
training at their camp or train ing center. Rep
will receive their equipment in depot divisio
special replacement depots of the various arms
174.
Corps and Army troops may be eq
(ai In base po rts, in ra se they are
direct Lo the Z. of A,
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G IS DEFEN SE SI / ' / / . V
hi the ^ " U p hi qut^ i ton . T he
regimental,
butluli
oilier unit *as officer makes requisition on the D
Corps or
Army Gas
Qflker,
who lilJs th e req uis itio n
-locks
011
ham ) in
\\\u Division
or Corps Gas
Dump
sion Gas Officers replenish their stocks from ihe
gas park- , where credits for them will he main
These credits will bt; ihe supplie*
allotted
lu
divisi
thtf Ga* Defense Issue
Scbedtale.
When
a division
oul of a sector, il will not carry MJpplie^* bul. will
m lit for the su pp lie s lefi. Th e kilter w ill he tur
iiluT
to
Lhe
local
atnu gets
park
ur
to
the re
;
SUMMARY OF MARKINGS FOR CHEMICAL SHELL AND PROPERTIES
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OF COMMONEST GASES
French
Cumber
Shell Filling
American
and
British
Code
Symbols
French
Designation
4B
1
21
Chlorine {Used only
in
cloud gas)
Arsenic Trichloride30%
Stannic Chloride 15 %
J.Hydrogen Cyanide
50%
Chloroform
5%
> Cyanogen Chloride
70 %
Arsenic Trichloride30%
Diphenyl Chlorarsine
Diphenyl Cyanarsine
Phosgene
Red Star
Not used
byA.E.F.
orB.E.F/
Bertholite
Yincennite
D.
A.
D. C.
C.
G.
Diphosgene
Phenyl Carbylamine
Chloride
Phosgene, Diphosgene
and Diphenyl Chlorarsine
Vi rite
Sternite
Sternite
Collongite
German
Designation
and
Marking
Blue Cross
Blue Cross
Three White
bands. White
D.
Not used ' Superpalite
S.F.
Green Cross
Green
os^
Chlorpicrin
Phosgene
rr
25%
and
Chlor-
P.
G.
I A d >>] l
Odor
Persistency
In Open
In Woods
Physiological Effect
Remarks
'A
1
on-Persistent class.
Chloride
of Lime
Slight
10
min.
10min.
10
min.
10min.
3hrs.
3hrs.
3
hrs.
3hrs.
Is interchangeable with
D.A.
Musty Hay,
Green Corn
10
min. 3
hrs.
Lung Irritant, Deadly.
Action Immediate.
Lachrymator and Respiratory
Irritant. Considered quite
toxic, but in high concentra-
tions only.
A Lachrymator, Respiratory
Irritant andLethal Agent
Sneezing Gas. Nerve Depres-
sant. Respiratory Irritant.
Effects somewhat greater.
Respiratory Irritant . Very
deadly. Action usually
slightly delayed.
These gases are very volatile; theyare
vaporized entirely at themomentof
explosion, formingacloud capableof
giving deadly effects, but which loses
more or less rapidly its effectiveness
by dilution
and
dispersion into
the
atmosphere.
These gases form non-persistant
clouds
of
solid particles.
Semi-Persistent C ass,
Disagree-
able, suffo-
cating.
Musty Hay .
Green Cross
\
Resembles
Diphosgene
a little
pungent
"Pungent,
Suffocat-
ing.
Green Cross
Chlorpicrin S0%
Stannic Chloride 20%
E hyl Dichlorarsine
and
Dichlormethylether
J d n ' i i t a , , , . 1 *
N.
C.
T
Yellow Cross
lor
Green Cross
3
3hrs.
3
hrs.
3hrs.
Pungent,
Suffocat-
ing.
3hrs.
3hrs.
-3hrs.
Pungent
Ehereal,
Pleasant.
Bromacetone
Brom Ketones
Brombenzylcyanide
Mustard Gas(Dichlor-
B.A.
Martonite
C.
A.
H.
S.
Camite
Yperite
Green Cross
Yellov
Cross
12hrs.
12
hrs.
12hrs.
12hrs.
12hrs.
19
hro
3 hrs. 12 hrs
3hrs.
12 hrs.
Sameasphosgene.
Eye, Nose and Throat I rritant .
Not very poisonous.
Respiratory* Irritant. Slightly
delayed action. Very deadly.
Causes vomiting and a little
lacbrymation.
Causes vomiting, Respiratory
Irritant,
a
little lachrymation.
Slightly delayed action, very
deadly, respiratory irritant,
causes vomit ing ar>d
a
little
lachrymation.
Persistent Cass.
Pungent
No Odor
Slight
Mustardor
irritant, tear producer.
Respiratory irritant, causes
vomiting, tear producer.
Nerve poison similar
to
diphenylchlorarsine, easily
destroyed by wa:er.
T
Lachrymator, Tear Producer,
Tear Producers, Slight Respira-
tory Irritant s. Action imme-
diate.
Not toxicbut most powerful
lachrymator known.
Respiratory Irritant. Eyt and
Skin Irritant . Blistering Agent.
These gases, having moderately high
boiling points,
are
only partial ly
vaporized
at the
moment
of
explo-
sion.
Tbe
cloud formed upon ex plo-
sion
is
generally
not
deadly,
but it
immediately gives penetrative lacry-
matory
or
irritant effects.
The ma-
jority
of the "gas"
contents
of the
shell is pulverized and projected
in the
form
of a
spray
or fog
which slowly
settles on the ground and continues
to
give
off
vapors which prolong
the
action
of the
initial cloud.
Phosgene
in
these mixtures
has
same
effect
as
used above,
if
concentration
is sufficiently high.
These gases having very high boiling
pointsare but little vaporizeda t the
momentof explosion. A small port ion
of the contentsofthe shellisatomized
and gives immediate effect,but by far
tbe greater part isprojected on the
groundin theformof droplets which
slowly vaporize and continue the
actionof the initial cloud.
8l /VMT WHEN ROLLED UPM&YBE
HEPT /A/ RLflCE BY
ff
STR/WQ ffAD LOO/*
ro fl HOOH Off 8Y/?5tfLF O/V
CffJ
BLffNKET
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t
THE 5f?ME F>/?/fiJC/PLE /?$Trtf?r SHOWA/
TWO
/vor
CLOSB/?
roF-
S
THE. LT*A//?TE TOC
CS /A7/OSS/0d.EL.
jVo re
-
SEE ru&r
JOWTS fff?E
THftT rHf?E f7/?E
riOR/ZONTf
A/TRANCE
U3D SOMEHMES
/A/
TO
FOE?
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