WCIT Paper_Final (1)

LeadershipLessonsforDrivingIncreasedInternetAccessinaChangingWorldWorldConferenceonInternationalTelecommunications(WCIT)‐December2012

October2015 Page1 of30

Why was the WCIT convened? ConvenedbytheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU),theUnitedNationsagencyfortelecommunications,theWCITwillreviewandpotentiallyrevisethetreaty‐levelInternationalTelecommunicationsRegulations(ITRs).TheITRsgovernthearrangementsforexchanginginternationaltelecommunicationstrafficamongcountries.Theyhavenotbeenrevisedsince1988,andintheinterveningyears,therehavebeensignificantchangesintheglobaltelecommunicationssector,includingliberalizationofmarkets,theriseofcompetitionandtheadventofnewtechnologiesandservices,includingpacketswitchingandinternationalmobileroaming.Source:FastFactsonUnitedStatesSubmittingInitialProposalstoWorldTelecomConferencehttp://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/fs/2012/195921.htm

ARTICLE SUMMARY

InDecember2012,1441nationsparticipatedinafarreachingtreatynegotiationundertheauspicesoftheUnitedNationsInternationalTelecommunicationsUnion(ITU)toupdate28‐year‐oldinternationaltelecommunicationregulations(ITRs‐seemoreininformationboxtitled‘WhywastheWCITconvened?’).WiththeconvergenceofthetelecommunicationsandInternetsectors,alongwithagrowingawarenessofthebenefitsandwhatsomenationssawaspotentialrisksofafreeandopenInternet–thistreatynegotiationturnedintoaglobaldebatearoundthecriticalityofInternetfreedomandliberalizedtelecommunicationsmarkets.DespitenumerouspositiveresultsallowingtheU.S.andlikemindednationstocommunicatetheimportanceofafreeandopenInternet,thecriticalityofeffectivefunctioningmulti‐stakeholderorganizationsandthehistoricandpotentialfuturebenefitsofopen,liberalizedtelecommunicationsmarkets,theUnitedStatesand54othernationschosenottosignagainstabackdropof89nationsapprovingthetreaty.USnegotiatorsandtheiralliesfearedagrowingmovebyauthoritarianregimestogoverntheInternetdirectly,openingthedoorforcensorship.Inaddition,manydevelopingnationssoughttoestablishnewpricingmodelswhichsoughttolevyfeesoncontentgeneratingorganizationssendingtrafficabroadtherebyriskingafreeflowofinformationglobally.

1TreatySignatorieshttp://www.itu.int/osg/wcit‐12/highlights/signatories.html(Aug‐25‐2015)

Interestingly,manyofthecriticalthemesdebatedinthis2012treatynegotiationhavebecomeevenmorerelevanttodaysuchas:

TheneedtoimprovetelecommunicationnetworksandInternetaccessglobally

Curtailingauthoritarianregime’sattemptstocensortheInternetandstiflefreespeech

Avoidingpunitivepricingmodelswhichwouldseekto“tax”generatorsofimportantcontent/applications(currentnetneutralitydebate)

Enhancingcybersecuritymeasureswhileunderstandingthecriticalbalancebetweengovernmentandindustryrolesinachievingthis,and

Mostimportantly,howtobestexpandtheaffordableaccesstobroadbandandInternetservicesgloballytodriveproductivity,lessentheincomedivideandprovideavalued“connectedness”amongstcitizenseverywhereinlineswiththemissionofITUofconnectingtheworld’speople‐wherevertheylive,whatevertheirmeans2.

Withtheseambitions,threecriticalleadershipimperativesexistforelectedandappointedleaders,businessleadersandleadersofcivilsociety

1. Howdounderstandtheuniquecontextandambitionsofindividualnationsandcommunitieswhilestillachievingabroadervisionofaffordableconnectedness?Indoingthis,howtoseepast“U.S.successes”inunderstandingandadvocatingthebestsolutionsglobally?

2. Howtoeffectivelyworkinanenvironmentwheremulti‐stakeholdergovernanceandindustryecosystemsareincreasinglybecomingthenorm

2ITUoverview/missionhttp://www.itu.int/en/about/Pages/overview.aspx

3. Howtoproperlyassessthe“prize”oftechnologysharing,effectiveeconomicmodelsandglobaleconomicandpoliticalprosperityagainstindividualcompany,nationalandgroupneeds.

Thegoalofthispaperisto:

a) Providearecapofkeyeventsandoutcomesfromthe2012W.C.I.T.

b) Highlightasenseof“wherefromhere?”intermsofpolicyimperativesgoingforward

c) DescribekeyelementsoftheWCITUSDelegationorganizationandleadershipapproach

d) HighlightasetofgloballeadershipimperativesdrivenbyaconvergingtelecomandInternetsectorwhereecosystemmanagementandmulti‐stakeholdergovernancearebecomingessentialingredientsforeconomicandpoliticalsuccesses

PartI—WCITBackgroundandOutcomesBackgroundAsmentionedinthearticlesummary,theWCITwasconvenedtoupdateInternationalTelecommunicationRegulations(ITRs).ITRsgovernthearrangementsforexchanginginternationaltelecommunicationstrafficamongcountries.Theyhadnotbeenrevisedsince1988,andintheinterveningyears,therehadbeensignificantchangesintheglobaltelecommunicationssector,includingliberalizationoftelecommunicationsmarkets,theriseofcompetition,thegrowingprevalenceofmobilecommunicationsandtheadventofnewtechnologiesandservices,includingtheInternetasamediumforcommerce,informationexchangeandoverallconnectedness.

The1988ITUtelecommunicationregulations3cameatatimewhenthemobilewirelessmarketwasinitsnascency4.Thewirelessindustrywasbarelyfourtofiveyearsold.Infactthe1988regulationsmakeaslightmentionofmobilewithinthecontextofinternationalmaritimecommunication.IntheU.S.,theFCCwaspromotingtheintroductionofcellulartechnologieswithoutmandatingspecificstandardsbeginningthetechnologywarsbetweencompetingwirelessstandards.Elsewhere,wirelesswasbeingpromotedbygovernmentsasanalternativetofixedlinewiredofferingswithScandinaviannationsofferingtheworld’sfirstcrosscountryroamingofferings5.

The1988WorldAdministrativeTelegraphandTelephoneconferencewasprimarilyfocusedonpromotingthestandardizationoftelecommunicationoperationsacrosstheworld.Keyelementsincluded10articleselaboratingdefinitions,thepurposeandscopeofregulationsincludinginternationalnetwork,telecomservicesandfinancialaspects.

3InternationalTelecommunicationRegulations1988http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/wtpf/wtpf2009/documents/ITU_ITRs_88.pdf4WirelessHistoryTimelinehttp://wirelesshistoryfoundation.org/wireless‐history‐project/wireless‐history‐timeline5Abriefhistoryofmobilephoneshttp://www.makeuseof.com/tag/history‐mobile‐phones/

OnekeyaspectwasthattheU.S.andU.K.specificallyhighlightedthevoluntarynatureofthetreatyanddisassociationfromopinion1.Opinion1revolvedaroundspecialarrangementsontelecommunicationmattersforestablishment,operationanduseofnetworks,systemsandservices.Interestingly,thiswasalsoaroundthetimethattheMorris(internet)wormwreakinghavoc(theworld’sfirstself‐replicatingandself‐propagatingcomputervirus).OneinterestinglineiteminOpinion1oftheITU88was‘Anysuchspecialarrangementsshouldavoidtechnicalharmtotheoperationofthetelecommunicationfacilitiesofthirdcountries.’demonstratingeventhentheimportanceofcybersecurity.

Thelandscapehadchangedsignificantlysincethesummitin1988.Ayearafterthesummit,thenowdefunctthenbleedingedgeAmericancompanyMotorolamadeheadlinesmakingthesmallestandlightestubiquitousflipphoneformfactorcellphoneMicroTAC9800X6.Wirelinegrowthwasplateauinginmanycountriesandwirelessgrowthwasaccelerating.By2012,theentirelandscapewasdifferent.Wirelinecommunicationswasalmostalesser‐issueinmanycountrieswithmajorityoffocusonwireless.Mobilephonesandespeciallysmartphoneswereintegratedintothesocialandcommercialfabricofmostconnectedpeople’slives.ThedeviceecosystemhadbecomeatwohorseracewithAndroidandiOSdominatingthemarketplacewitheachcateringtodifferentsegments.7

TotalGlobalMobilerevenueswereexpectedtohit$1.5Tor2%ofglobalGDP.Globalmobilesubscribersexceeded7billionwithgrowthprimarilycomingfromtheU.S.andChina.Mobilepenetrationhadreachedover100%indevelopedcountriesandmobiledeviceswereexceedingtraditionalcomputersinbothunitsalesandrevenue.8Themobilemarketwasprovidingbothcommercialandsocietalbenefits

6MotorolaMicroTAChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_MicroTAC7U.S.WirelessMarketUpdatehttp://www.chetansharma.com/blog/2012/08/13/us‐wireless‐market‐update‐q2‐20128StateoftheGlobalMobileUnion2012http://chetansharma.com/GlobalMobileMarketUpdate2012.htm

withprominentexamplessuchasM‐PesainAfrica.Internetwasprovingfundamentaltoeconomicgrowth,lesseningincomedisparity.ConcurrentwiththisdramaticgrowthofmobilecommunicationswasgrowthoftheInternetitself.InternetaccessindevelopednationssuchastheUSaveraged60‐70%in2012andindevelopingnationsaveraged20‐30%.SincethecommercialintroductionoftheInternetinthemid‐1990s,Internetaccessbecameafundamentalmeansofconnectedness,commerceandinformationexchangeworldwide—especiallyinthedevelopedmarketswithhigherratesofaccess.WiththeevidentbenefitsofInternetaccessindevelopedmarkets,agrowingawarenessoftheincomedivideandissuesoflimitedInternetaccessindevelopingmarketsbecamereadilyapparent.Broadly,theconvergenceofcommunicationsandtheInternetsupportedbythegrowthofbothfixedandmobilebroadbandcommunicationsalongwithgrowinginternetcontentandcommercecreatedasignificantaccelerationinthegrowthofthesetwosectors.Withthisbackdrop,thekeyissuesforthe2012WCITwere:

1.) Globalbroadbandaccess:Evenwiththeexplosivegrowthofmobileonly40%oftheworld’spopulationhadaccesstotheinternet.Thepicturewasmoreconcerningindevelopingpartsoftheworldwithlessthan20%ofAfricahavingaccesstotheinternetaslateas2014.9

2.) Mobileroamingratesandrelatedtransparency:Withtheadventofthemobilephoneandtheeaseoftravel,regulatorswereunderpressuretoregulatethehighroamingratesespeciallyintheEU.

960%ofworld'spopulationstillwon'thaveInternetbytheendof2014http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la‐fi‐tn‐60‐world‐population‐3‐billion‐internet‐2014‐20140507‐story.html

3.) BestmeansofgoverningtheinternetgivenitsnotablydifferentIndustrystructurefromtelecommunications,meansofinnovationandvaluestreamswiththedefiningfeaturesoftheInternetbeing:

1. “Distributedinnovation”2. Smaller,moreentrepreneurialplayers(app

developers,ISP's,infrastructureinnovators)3. Ecosystemenabled4. Contentorientation(asopposedtoaccess

orientationoftelecomplayers)Inessence,fromthepointofviewofgovernmentsandregulators,theInternetrepresentedachallenge/threatwithitsnotablygreaternumberof“chokepoints”comparedtothetelecomindustrythatwasdominatedbyasmallernumberofplayers,reliantonspectrumawardsandlicensing…etc.

4.) Themobileinternetwasnowadrivingforceofinnovationandagrowingphenomenon–aconvergenceoftelecomandinternetwastakingplacewhichfurtherhighlightedtheimportanceofthisglobaldiscussionaroundInternetaccess,needandimpactofliberalizedmarkets,cybersecuritythreats…Etc.

5.) Governmentsandcitizenssharedthedesiretoexpandinternetaccessasmeansofeconomicgrowthandconnectednessalthoughviewsabouthowtodothisvariednotablybetweendevelopedversuslessdevelopednations,democraticversusauthoritarianregimes.

Basedonthisnewfrontierofaconvergingtelecomandinternetworld,theU.S.formeda100+person,diverseandinclusivedelegationtodevelopandadvocateapositionbasedonthefundamentalbeliefintheneedforacceleratedbroadbandavailability,relatedInternetaccessandtheimportanceofafreeandopenInternet.KeyparticipantsintheU.S.Delegationincluded:

1. U.S.governmentagenciesincludingtheDepartmentofState,FederalCommunicationsCommission,CommerceDepartment/NationalTelecommunicationsandInformationAdministration(NTIA),FederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC),FederalTradeCommission(FTC),DepartmentofDefense(DoD),andtheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity

2. IndustrystalwartsincludingTelco’s(e.g.Verizon,AT&T)andInternetcompanies(e.g.Google,Facebook,Amazon,GoDaddy)

3. Prominentmembersofthecivilsocietyincludingadvocatesoffreespeech(e.g.InternetSociety,InternetGovernanceForum(IGF)).

Leadingthedelegationwasmyself,AmbassadorTerryKrameralongwithDeputyHeadofDelegationRichardBeaird,SeniorDeputyU.S.CoordinatorInternationalCommunicationsandInformationPolicyattheDepartmentofStatealongwithAmbassadorPhilVerveer,SeniorU.S.CoordinatorInternationalCommunicationsandInformationPolicy,ManuBhardwaj,ChiefofStaffforUSdelegationandMichaelWack,SeniorAdvisortoUSdelegation–bothfromtheUSDepartmentofState.

Aninterestingaspectherewasachievingalignmentbetweendelegates/organizationswithtraditionallydiverginginterests

a. Telco’sfocusedonmeansofreimbursementfornetworkbuild(anti‐netneutrality),Internetcompaniesfocusedonfreeflowofinformation,limitedgovernmentinvolvementandtypicallypronetneutrality—bothTelco’sandInternetcompaniessomeonewaryofgovernmentinvolvementbroadly

b. Governmentagencieswaryofindustry“self‐interest,”aswellasselectagenciesoftenseeking“turfprotection”policydevelopmentandnegotiations

c. Civilsocietyoftenwaryofbothgovernmentandindustryasinstitutionswhichcanheperceivedassubordinatingindividualrightstothoseofthegovernmentorcommercialinterests

d. Democratsvs.Republicanswithtraditionallydifferingviewsabouttheroleofgovernmentinbusinessaswellasdifferingviewsaboutforeign‐policy.

InthecaseoftheWCIT,withconsiderationoftheuniqueglobalcontextand“globalthreat”againststronglyheldU.S.viewsabouttheimportanceofliberalizedmarketsandInternetfreedom,traditionalpublicpolicybattles/mistrustbetweenthevariousdelegatesweretemporarilysuspendedtopromotebroaderU.S.interests.BothTelco’sandinternetcompaniescametogethertosupportthenetneutralitypolicyrecommendationsofthedelegation.CivilsocietyalsoalignedwithindustryandUSgovernmentdespitehistorictensions–allalignedaroundimportanceofInternetfreedomandthecombinedeconomicandpoliticalbenefitsitcreates.Also,DemocratsandRepublicansalignedaroundacommonbeliefinmarketliberalizationandfreespeech/internetfreedom.Inthisuniquecase,the“philosophicalandpoliticalopponents”wereexclusivelyabroad,notwithintheUS!

A“PerfectStorm”Brewing?

Theseareasofalignmentbetweenthe3U.S.constituenciesbecameespeciallycriticalgivenwhatwasappearingtobea“perfectstorm”ofglobalissuesandanxietiesthatwouldcometobearonthetreatynegotiation.Theanxietiesincludedregimechangeandahostofeconomicissues.Leadinguptothe2012WCITnegotiationswastheArabspringwithregimechangeand/orstatesofemergencyinnationsincludingTunisia,Egypt,KuwaitandYemen.Thesepoliticalconcernsreignedsupremeoveralmostallotherissuesincludingtheimportanceoffreespeech,economicgrowth,adistributedmodelofinnovation,commerceandinformationexchange.Evenconcernssuchasethnic

disputesinnorthernIndiaandpoliticalandreligiousconcernsoverpornographyinSingaporewereusedasargumentstocensortheInternetinsomeform.

Alsooccurringwasagrowingeconomicconcernamongsttelecommunicationsnetworkoperatorsaboutthecostofbuildingouttherenetworksintheweekofhugedatatrafficincreases.InEurope,networkoperatorshighlightedwhattheysawasunfairregulation,limitingtheirabilitytorecoupnetworkinvestments.Collectively,ETNO(EuropeanTelecommunicationsNetworkOperatorsAssociation)proposeda“sendingpartypays”priceregimemodeledafterinternationalvoicecallingonmobilenetworkstoinessence“tax”Internetcompanies,contentplayersandultimatelywhatcouldbenonprofitorganization’s,universities…etc.tosendtheirtrafficabroad.Thisproposal,inadditiontobeingalmostimpossibletoimplementpracticallyasitrequiresanunderstandingofwhoisasendingandreceivingpartyina“openfire”exchangeofInternetqueries,responsesadditionalqueries,commercialtransactions…etc.wouldalsohaveapotentiallychillingeffectonthefreeexchangeofinformation,growthoftheInternetsectorandit’smanyentrepreneurialventures.ThisEuropeanproposalgainednotableacceptancefrommanydevelopingnationswhichhavetraditionallyavoidedliberalizingtheirmarkets,therebylimitingcompetitionandcreatinglargeandofteninefficienttelecommunicationoperatorswhichwereillequippedtodealwiththegrowthofnetworktrafficandagrowingneedforbroaderavailability.

Afinalelementofthis“perfectstorm”wastheuniqueconstructoftheWCITnegotiations––first,theUnitedStates,aspartoftheseITUnegotiationsundertheauspicesoftheUnitedNationswouldhavetooperateina“onenation,onevote”constructamidst144nations.DespitethesizeandglobalimpactoftheU.S.‘spoliticalandeconomicsystem,thisuniquenegotiatingconstructofonevote,onenationclearly

puttheUnitedStatesinaminoritypositiongiventhenumberofnationswhichheldnotablydifferentpoliticalandeconomicviews.AnotheruniqueelementoftheWCITnegotiationswasaverynarrowtimeframetoreachagreement––inessencethefirsttwoweeksofDecember,2012.Unlikethemorerecent2015Trans‐PacificPartnershipAgreementthatspannedmultipleyearsofpolicydevelopmentandnegotiation,theWCITnegotiationswerelimitedto2weeks.Thistwo‐weeklimitation––madeupof10to12daysoflong,working12to18hoursperday,createdauniquelypressureandtimesensitiveenvironmentwhichpitanaturalhumanbehaviorto“splitthedifferenceandagree”againstthepurityandimportanceoffundamentalpoliticalandeconomicbeliefs.

SoonaftertheformationoftheU.S.delegationin2012,proposalsandmessagescameinfromothernationsincludingRussia,FrenchspeakingAfricaandavarietyofArabnationsthatsoundedharmlessbutcarriedworrisomeimplications.Theseproposalssuggestedthatnetworksmustbeprotectedfromspamandcyberattacksandmustbemanagedinanefficientmannerwitheffectivetrafficmanagementprocedures.EachoftheseproposalsopenedthedoorforInternetcensorship.Inadditionavarietyofproposalsweresubmittedwhichsuggestedthatforeignnationsandnetworkoperatorsweredeservingofcompensationforthecostofbuildingouttheirbroadbandnetworks.Asopposedtofundingtheirnetworkbillfromrevenuescollectedfromtheirownsubscriber’scompetitivemarketwithmultipleproviders,thesenation/networkoperatorssoughttocollectlargefeesfrom“sendingparties.”

TheseworrisomeproposalsubmissionswerethebasisoftheUS‘sproactiveoutreachthroughthesix‐monthperiodfromJune‐December2012toadvocatetheimportanceofmarketliberalizationandInternetfreedom.Keybenchmarksofsuccesswerehighlighted––notintheUS––butabroadinmarketssuchasIndia,GhanaandKenyatodrawthe

exampleofsuccessinternationallyandnotbeperceivedastheUS“preachingitsviews”totheworld.

TofullyunderstandothernationsviewsaswellasadvocatethoseheldbytheUS,bilateraldiscussionswereheldaheadoftheConferencewithrepresentativesfromnationsincludingChina,Russia,Japan,India,UK,Ghana,Kenya,Egypt,Germany,UKandAustralia,

Europe,Australia,NZLandpartsofLatinAmericaagreedonvaluesaroundimportanceofliberalizedmarketsandfreespeech.HowevertherewasmixedsupportfromBrazil,IndiaandpartsofAfrica.Manyofthesenationswithlessdevelopedmobilenetworksandinternetinfrastructurewereseeking“transferpricingpayments”fromInternet/contentcompaniesdeliveringtrafficinternationallyasameanstobuildouttheirlocalnetworks.NotabledisagreementsalsoexistedwithRussia,ChinaandseveralArabStates.Thesedifferingviewsrevolvedaroundthesenation’sgreaterconcernforpoliticalstability(andtheneedtomonitorcontent)thaneconomicbenefitsofbroadbandandInternetaccess.

LeadinguptoDecembernegotiations,U.S.delegationsentimentwasfairlypositiveonaconstructiveoutcome—onewhereissuesthatwereviewedasoutofscopefortheconferencecouldbetabledwithafocusonareasofcommoninterestglobally(e.g.transparencyaroundmobileroamingrates).However,inNovember2012,30daysaheadofconferenceanalarmingsubmissionfromRussiaproposinggovernmentcontrolaroundcontent/trafficmanagementandsweepinginclusionofpublicandprivatenetworkssubjecttopendingregulations.10ITUHeadHamadounTouresaidtheRussianproposalwouldberetractedgiventherulesestablishedwheresubstantiveproposalshadtobereceived3monthsaheadofthetreatynegotiations–butwasn’tsuccessful.

10Resolution3http://files.wcitleaks.org/public/S12‐WCIT12‐C‐0065!!MSW‐E.pdf

InDecember2012uponarrivalinDubaifornegotiations,notonlywasthealarmingsubmissionfromRussianotretractedbutChinaandothernationsaddedtheirsupport.ThegoalseemedtobringtheInternetunderintergovernmentalcontrolthroughtheITU.

Forexamplethat,"Internetgovernanceshallbeeffectedthroughthedevelopmentandapplicationbygovernments,theprivatesectorandcivilsocietyofsharedprinciples,norms,rules,decision‐makingproceduresandprogramsthatshapetheevolutionanduseoftheInternet,".Ofparticularnote,istheideathatmemberstateswouldhave"thesovereignrighttoestablishandimplementpublicpolicy,includinginternationalpolicy,onmattersofInternetgovernance." Basically,thatmemberstatescouldeffectivelycontrol,throttleandfiltercontent.11

Concerningaspectsincluded:

ControlofInternet(andthuscontent),notjusttelecom(access)orientedproposals.

Internetgovernanceledsolelybygovernments. Approachestominimizecybersecuritythreatspermitcensorship

ofcontentandmanagementbygovernmentsdirectly Broaddefinitionof“spam”whichcouldincorporatelegitimate

messagesofpoliticaldissent “Sendingpartypays”pricingmodels–whereanyonegenerating

andtransmittingcontentviatheInternet,includingsmallinternetcompanies,NGO’sanduniversitiescouldbeforcedtopaytosendtrafficabroadtherebystiflingfreeflowofinformationandpotentiallylimitingInternetaccessindevelopingnations

ITUSecretaryGeneralHamadounTourewasnotabletodrivetocommonpositionsandwasnotwillingtotablecontroversialissuesfordiscussionoutsideoftheConference.ThepositionofConferencehostandChairMohamedAl‐Ghanimwasa"let'ssplitthedifference"strategy

11AtWCIT‐12,UAEsubmitssurprise'multi‐regional'proposalonITRshttp://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/wcit‐12‐uae‐submits‐surprise‐inter‐regional‐proposal‐itrs/2012‐12‐07

toresolvedisagreements.Whilehisintentionsseemedgood,theyfailedtoacknowledge“non‐negotiable”redlineissuesforUSandothernations.

Therewerefourareasofconflict.First,thatthe‘Internet’wasinscopefortreatynegotiationsinspiteofnotbeingpresentintheITRbindingtext.Second,thedefinitionandcontrolof“unsolicitedbulkelectroniccommunication”orspam,whichwasseenasapotentialmethodtocontrolfreespeech.Third,howandwhichagenciesand/orentitieswouldbeplacedundertheITUregulationswithaU.S.desiretolimitapplicableagenciesto“commoncarriers”andnotprivateorgovernmentalagencies..LastlyoppositiontogoverningtheinternetviaaUNbasedsupranationalagencyratherthanamulti‐stakeholdermethod.

OUTCOMES

89MemberStatesoutofthe144participantssignedthefinalactsincludingRussia,ChinaandnationsintheMiddleEast,Africa,Asia,andSouthAmerica.

55MemberStatesleftDubaiwithoutsigningincludingtheUnitedStates,majorityofEurope,India,Japan,Kenya,thePhilippines,Israel,Australia,NewZealand,CostaRicaandChile.

Formally,thetreatycameintoforceonJanuary1,2015.DespitetheUS’sinabilitytofullyinfluenceamajorityofnationsonkeyissuesofInternetgovernance,thenegotiationsallowedtheUStoremoveobjectionableproposalsinmanyareasandachievingpositivenationalresultsattheWCITinfiveareas:

1. PermittedU.S.andothermajordemocraciestomakeastrong

statementaboutcriticalityofInternetfreedom2. TheUSdefeatedaproposalfromnumerousmemberstates,including

Bahrain,Russia,Iraq,SaudiArabia,Oman,China,andUAE,toinstitutegovernmentalcontroloverkeyaspectsofinternet

governance,includingnamingandnumbering(currentlyhandledbyICANN),andtocreatenewmemberstateobligationswithrespecttoInternetsecurity.

3. Thetreatyhasseveralpositivetelecomrelatedoutcomes(transparencyofmobileroamingrates,reaffirmationoftheimportanceof“pro‐competition”commercialagreements)andhasfeweronerousInternetrelateditemsincludingeliminationof“anti‐netneutrality”typeprovisions.

4. TheConferenceadvancedanimportantdialogaboutimportanceofinclusivemulti‐stakeholderorganizationsandtheimportanceofadvancingbroadbandpenetrationviaopen,liberalizedmarketsprovidingcitizensandconsumersabroadsetofofferings.

5. Muchgreaterengagementofadiverseaudienceintreatynegotiationsincludingcivilsociety

Theconferencefailedtoachievenotablesuccessesinseveralabsolute,non‐negotiable,“redline”issues:

1. Definitionofwhichagency/organizationswouldbecoveredbysuchatreaty–nationswhichsignthetreatysoughtinclusionofpublicandprivatenetworkswhereastheUSandalliednationssoughtnarrowerdefinition–primarilyfocusedon“commoncarriers.”

2. Theinclusionof“spam”intheeligibleareasforcoverageopeningthedoorforabroaderinterpretationofpoliticaldissentandfree‐speechbeingdeemedspam,permittinggovernmentstoblockfreespeech.

Whilethevastmajorityofproblematicissueswereeliminatedfromthistreaty,thetwoissuesreferencedaboveweredeemedtobea“slipperyslope”forgovernmentincursionintheInternetanddeemednon‐negotiablebytheUSanditsallies.

Interestingly,theissuescomingoutoftheConferencehavegrownevenmoresignificanttodaywithanevengreaterbroadbandandeconomic

dividebetweendevelopedanddevelopingnationsandInternetfreedomundergreaterthreat.Recentdevelopmentsinclude:

a. ConcernsaroundpoliticalstabilityinRussia,China,ArabStatesfuelinggreaterinterestinInternetregulation.ThisincludesU.S.technologycompanieslargeandsmallalikebeingaskedtostoreclouddatawithinacountry’sborders.

b. TheEdwardSnowdenincidentfuelingmorecynicismaboutgovernmentmotivationsandneedforprivacyprotection

c. Cybersecuritythreatscontinuetobeusedasanexcuseforgovernmentonlyincursionsintotrafficmonitoringandmanagement.

d. Economicandbusinessmodel“wars”betweenInternetandtelcoshaveerodedWCITalliancesaroundprinciplesofnetneutrality

TheeconomicandpoliticalbenefitsofthefreeandopenInternethaveneverbeengreaterdespitethechallengingcontext

a. Correlationbetweeneconomicgrowthandmobile/broadbandpenetrationnevergreaterthannow

b. Internetaccessrepresentsthenextfrontierforeconomicdevelopmentinthedevelopingnationsformorethan3billionunconnectedcitizens.InitiativessuchasGoogleLoonandInternet.OrgaswellastheU.S.StateDepartment’sGlobalConnectInitiativeseektocreatenewwavesofconnectedness.

c. NotableaccelerationofinnovationoftenfollowsInternetaccess–innovationofproducts/services,distributionapproaches,geographicexpansionenabledviarapidandlowcostinformationexchange,developmenttoolsviaInternet.

d. Agrowingdesireforindividualandenterpriseconnectednessviasocialmedia,web‐based

videoconferencing…etc.willfuelcontinuedstrongdemandforbroadbandandInternetaccess

II. POLICY IMPERATIVES GOING FORWARD

Lookingbackonthe2012WCIT,policyadvancescanandshouldbemadeinfourareas:

1. Acceleratingbroadbandaccess2. Internetgovernance3. Cybersecuritysolutions4. USandengagementinglobalorganizations

Accelerating

BroadbandAccessInternetGovernance Cybersecurity

solutionsU.S.Engagement

inGlobalOrganizations

1. ApracticalandeconomicalsolutionneedstobeprovidedfornationsseekingtofurtherexpandtheirmobilebroadbandnetworksandrelatedInternetaccess

2. Keyelementsofthesolutionshouldbea“broadband2.0”agendawhichidentifiesbestpracticesinmarketliberalization&spectrumawards,useofmobileandotheradvancedtechnologies(e.g.balloons)asaleapfrogforfixedinfrastructureanduniquebusinessmodelswhichcansupportcost‐

Identifyandstrengthenmulti‐stakeholderorganizationsuchasICANNandtheInternetSociety‐‐whichincluderepresentativesfromindustryandcivilsocietyaswellasgovernments—toaddressfundamentalInternetgovernanceissuesincludingnamingandnumbering.AcurrenteffortisNTIA’sproposedtransitionofitsinternetresponsibilitiesto

ICANN12.

1. Identifythemostpressingcybersecurityissuesindevelopedaswellasdevelopingnations.ForexampleNATOsuffered2,500cyberattacksin2012,somuchsothatNATObroughttogetherdefenseministerstodiscusssettinguprapidreactionteamstohelpalliancemembersagaincyberattacks.132. Identifymulti‐stakeholderorganizationswhicharefullyinclusiveofallstakeholderstoaddressthemostpressingissues.Ensuretheseorganizationsarewellresourcedasan

1. ActivelyengageinglobalforatoraisethecriticalissuesofInternetgovernance,broadbandaccessandcybersecurity.ThisincludestakinganactiveroleindevelopingandimplementingpolicyattheInternetGovernanceForumincludingtheannualmeetingin2015.15

2. Raisetheprofilesofsuccessful,liberalizedmarketsas

12NTIAAnnouncesIntenttoTransitionKeyInternetDomainNameFunctionshttp://www.ntia.doc.gov/press‐release/2014/ntia‐announces‐intent‐transition‐key‐internet‐domain‐name‐functions13UpdatingITUsatWCIT2012–RelevantforCyberSecurity?https://ccdcoe.org/updating‐international‐telecommunication‐regulations‐wcit‐2012‐relevant‐cyber‐security.html15InternetGovernanceForumhttp://www.intgovforum.org/cms/

AcceleratingBroadbandAccess

InternetGovernance Cybersecuritysolutions

U.S.EngagementinGlobal

OrganizationseffectiveInternetaccess(E.g.Internet.org).TheUSStateDepartment’srecentGlobalConnectInitiative,whichseekstocreateInternetaccessfor1.5billionnewusersby2020isagoodexampleofthis.

alternativetopotentially“governmentonly”solutions.AnexampleisInternationalMultilateralPartnershipAgainstCyberThreats(IMPACT)headquarteredinCyberjaya,MalaysiawhichoffersITU’smemberstatesaccesstoexpertise,facilitiesandresourcestoaddresscyberthreats14.

benchmarksofsuccess–includingKenya,India,Ghana—andtesttheirwillingnesstoactasglobalspokespeoplefortheseissuesinadditiontotheUS

14InternationalMultilateralPartnershipAgainstCyberThreats(IMPACT)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Multilateral_Partnership_Against_Cyber_Threats

PART III – APPROACHES TO WCIT DELEGATION ORGANIZATION AND LEADERSHIP

TherewerefourkeyelementstothesuccessfuloperationoftheUSDelegation:

a) Delegationselectionandexpectationsb) Clarityaroundvision/missionandpolicypositionsc) Effective,regularcommunicationsd) Teamwork

A. DelegationSelectionandExpectations

TheWCITdelegationwasmadeupofaCoreDelegationcomprisedofgovernmentonlyrepresentatives(e.g.StateDepartment,FCC,Commercedepartment,FTC…Etc.)andthefulldelegationof100+memberswhich,inadditiontogovernmentrepresentatives,includedrepresentativesfromindustryandcivilsociety.CompaniesandcivilsocietymembersinterestedinbecomingadelegatecoulddosobysubmittinganapplicationfourmonthspriortotheDecember2012treatingnegotiations.Eachrepresentativehadtoagreetosubordinatetheirownorganization’sintereststotheinterestsofthenationandbroaderWCITdelegation.SubjectmatterexpertisewassoughtfromboththetelecomandInternetsectorsaswellasfunctionalexpertiseintechnologyandpublicpolicy.Delegateshadtoagreetomaintainconfidentialityofearlypolicypositionswhileindevelopment.Delegateswerealsoexpectedtoadheretoseveralnorms––communicationinaconstructivemanner––withinthedelegationandabroad,neverspeakinginademeaningorpatronizingwaytoanypersonororganization.WewereespeciallysensitiveabouttheUSbeingviewedas“lookingdown”ontherestoftheworldwithpoliciesoroutcomesdifferentthanourownwhichwouldbe

clearlycounterproductivetocreatingalignmentarounddesiredprinciplesofliberalizedmarketsandinternetfreedom.Anothernormwastheimportanceofspeakingfrompointsoffactandnotjustideology.WhiletherecertainlywerecommonideologiesofamongsttheUSdelegationaroundtheimportanceofcompetition,technologyadvances,politicalfreedoms…etc.,usingtheseapproachesexclusivelytoadvocatewouldringhollowwithmanynationsinternationally,againneutralizingoureffectiveness.Interestingly,thechallengeofspeakingfromfactsasopposedtoideologieswasinsomecasesjustasdifficultwithincoredelegationmadeupofgovernmentrepresentativesasopposedtothebroaderdelegationwithrepresentativesfromindustryandcivilsociety.AnothernormwasthecriticalityofteamworkwhichIdescribelater.Inthreecases,IhadtomeetwithrepresentativesoftheUSdelegation(twofromindustryandonefromgovernment)regardingunacceptablebehaviors.Inonecaseandindustryrepresentativewasmisusingherdelegatestatustoadvanceherowncompany’sinterestsaheadofnationalinterests.InanothercaseanindustryrepresentativewasspeakingonbehalfoftheUSdelegationinadisparagingwaytowardsothernationsandinafinalcase,arepresentativefromUSGovernment,displayedabullyingbehaviortoadvanceherdepartment’sinterests,marginalizingtheinterestsofothers.Itwascriticaltoenforcetheexpectationsofthedelegation.Thiscreatedagreatersenseoffocus,improvedproductivityandagreatersenseoffairplayacrosswhatwasalargeandverydiversesetofinterests.Giventhemagnitudeofinternationalopposition

theUSfaced,ensuringinternalalignmentwithintheUSdelegationwascritical.

B. ClarityAroundVision/MissionandPolicyPositions

EssentialtoeffectiveglobaladvocacyofUSpositionswasclarityaroundourdelegation’svision/missionaswellasclearlyarticulatedandsubstantiatedpolicypositions.Todothis,we:

Createdagrandvision/mission,whichcouldincorporateinonelineouroverallobjectives.Inthiscaseitwas“creatinganenvironmentforsuccess”for3constituencies:citizens,consumersandsocieties.ThisconveyedthenotionthatthetelecomandInternetsectorscoulddrivesuccessescommercially,politicallyandsocietally.

Specificpolicypositionsweredevelopedutilizinga“good/better/best”approachtherebyforcingthedelegationtounderstandthevaryingpositionsandtrade‐offsonspecificpolicyissuesandavoidingamoreideological,black/white,yes/noposition.Inallcasesasitiswithhumanbehavior,peoplewillalwaysseekthe“best”solutions.Butintheheatofnegotiations,withtheneedtoprioritizesomeissuesoverothers,understandingthevariousgood/better/bestpositionswaskeyforoveralleffectiveness.

Asreferencedearlier,policypositionscouldonlycomefromanassessmentoffacts,bestpracticesnotjustintheUSbutworldwide.ExamplesofliberalizedmarketsuccessesinIndia,KenyaandGhanawerejustascriticalasthoseintheUS.

“Redline”positionsweredevelopedinadditionto“good/better/best”tounderstandfloorpositionsonspecificpolicyproposals.Somegovernmentagenciesattemptedto“game”thesystembyidentifyingrestrictiveredlinepositionsonmost/allpositions.Thisbehaviorhadtobe

calledouttoensurecrediblepositionswithintheUSandabroad.

C. Effective,regularcommunications

Giventhislargedelegation,communicationandunderstandingofthecorevisionandemergingpolicypositionswaskey.Thiswasaccomplishedby:

1. WeeklyCoreDelegationmeetingswithappointedTopicleaders(E.g.cybersecurity‐DeptHomelandSecurity,broadbandaccess‐FCC)tosolicitinputandmakepolicyproposalsutilizinggood/better/bestapproachTopleaderswereresponsiblefordevelopingpolicyproposalswithinputfromothers.Topicleaderswererequiredtoacceptinputfromotherdelegatesbutnotpermitotherdelegatesto“veto”keypositions.

2. Biweeklyexpandeddelegationmeetings:ToreviewprogressofpolicydevelopmentbyCoreDelegation,solicitinputandselectivelybeginoutboundcommunication/consultationeffort.MorefrequentmeetingsasConferenceapproached

3. Monthlyadvisorygroupmeetings:abroaderadvisorygroupwasestablishedcomprisedofbothdelegatesaswellasnon‐delegates(e.g.press,industryrepresentativesnotwantingtobeboundbydelegaterequirements…etc.)toreviewprocessforsolicitationofviewsaswellasshareemergingpolicypositions.Thisadvisorygrouppermittedevengreatertransparencyofemergingpolicypositions.However,keydelegateshadtobecarefulsharinginformationwhichcouldbetakenoutofcontextregardingUSpositions.

4. Bilateralmeetings:Internationaltravelapproximatelyeverytwoweekstoshareemergingpositions,solicitinputandattempttoalignoncommonviewsaheadofConference

a. TripstoChina,Russia,ElSalvador,Dubai,Azerbaijan,Geneva,JapanandGhana

b. Attendedregionalcommunications/internetpolicyconferencesincludingtheAsiaPacificEconomicCooperationMinisterialConferenceinSt.Petersburg,RussiaandtheAfricanGroupWCITPreparatoryMeetinginAccra,Ghana.

c. RepresentativesfromFCC,DepartmentHomelandSecurity,DoD,NTIAandFTCwereinvitedtojoinkeyrepresentativesfromStateDepartmentforbilateralnegotiationsandregionalconferences.

d. Selectionofrepresentationbasedonsubjectmatterexpertise,communication/deliverystyleofUSgovernmentrepresentative(requirementforengagingandfact‐basedstyle)whileensuringabalanceofUSrepresentativesagainstothercountryrepresentativessoasnotto“overpower”meetingswithUSrepresentatives.

e. Establishmentofregular“alignednations”communicationforalignmentofpositions.Earlyalignmentwassoughtwithfiveeyes–UnitedKingdom,Australia,NewZealand,Canada(andU.S.)whereformalcooperationexistbetweengovernmentsacrossnumerousareasincludingdefenseintelligence.Additionally,strongalignmentwassoughtwithotherdemocratic,liberalizedmarketsincludingtherestofEurope,Japan,IndiaandtheAmericasregion.

TheAmericasregionsupportwasmixedwithalignmentdependingonpositionsofBrazilandabilitytocounterongoingphilosophicaldisagreementswithcountriessuchasVenezuela,CubaandBolivia.Indiawasauniquecaseasitdisplayedasomewhatsurprisinglackofalignmentwithotherdemocraticand

liberalizedmarketssuchasUSandEurope.16Thecommunicationsministeratthattime,KapilSibalinitiallysupportedtheU.S.viewpoint17.Howeverlateradvocateda“networkequality”proposalincludingsendingpartypaysproposaldespitetheliberalizationoftelecommarket.HealsodefendedtherighttocensurecontentandlimitaccesstoInternetduetoethnicdisputeswithinIndia.18ThecommonbeliefwasthatthiswasaresultofthelessmatureprocessofsolicitinginputfromindustryandcivilsocietyinIndia.

Evenwheredisagreementexistedbetweennations,aneffortwasmadetorelayU.S.positionstoRussia,ChinaandothernationswithnotablyorthogonalviewsfromtheUSwithoutexpectationofnotablechangingpositions.

TheprimaryfocusofU.S.Delegationadvocacyworkwason“swingstates”whichmadeupasignificantportionoftheUN/ITUandforwhichsomeoverlapofpositionscouldbereached.TheseincludedcountriesinLatinAmericaandAfricawhoseinterestshadthegreatestoverlaponInternetfreedomwhileareasofdifferencewereoftenorientedaroundeconomicissuesofnetworkbuildout/positionsagainstnetneutralityfromthesenations.

DuringtheactualWCITnegotiationinDubai,twicedailymeetingswereheldwiththefulldelegation,inthemorningandevening,toassesspolicyadvancesandchallenges––bynationandacrosstheUN.Thispermittedregularupdatesonprogressandhighlightedrequiredareasoffocusacrossthe100+persondelegation.

16Clashofthecyberworldshttp://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/clash‐of‐the‐cyberworlds‐3992217Sibalsnowedinwithissuesoffreespeechhttp://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sibal‐snowed‐in‐with‐issues‐of‐free‐speech/article4140969.ece18SibaltoapproachCabinetonITRsasU.N.SummitonInternetcontrolcollapseshttp://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sibal‐to‐approach‐cabinet‐on‐itrs‐as‐un‐summit‐on‐internet‐control‐collapses/article4204075.ece

D. TeamworkGiventhenotableoppositiontheUSexperiencedinaUNcontext,alignmentwithintheUSdelegationwasimperative.TheUShadafortunatepositionofexperiencewithsuccessfulmobilecommunicationsadoption,Internetinnovation,politicalfreedoms…Etc.butwithintheUNcontext,“wewereonlyonevote.”Thesealignedpositionsonallpolicyissuesamongstthedelegation–government,industryandcivilsocietywascritical.ThisalignmentwasalsocriticalattheactualtreatynegotiationsinDubaiwherenegotiatingintheheatofmomentwith12‐18hourdaysandthenormalhumandesiretoalign,itwouldhavebeeneasytosacrificeUSpositionsifthisnational/delegationalignmentdidn’texist.

Basedonthisuniqueandchallengingenvironment,establishingstrongnormsaroundteamworkwasessential.Toachievethisteamwork,severalsystemiceffortswerenecessary:

Clearcommunicationofteamingexpectationsupfront Writtenagreementtosubordinatecompany/organization

intereststonationalinterestsassymbolicgestureofcompliance

Willingnessto“callout”casesofnotable“badbehavior.”Confrontingthisbehaviorhadtobedoneinathoughtfulmannerwheredelegatesshouldn’tfeel“silenced”butinsteadencouragedtosharetheirviewsinaconstructivemannerbutwithoutthreats,bullying,leakinginformationoutsidethedelegationfortheirownbenefit…etc.

Ultimately,theabilitytotapthecollectiveenergyandinsightsofalargeanddiversedelegationwasessential.Doingthisrequiredcreatingasbroadalevelofinclusionaspossible.Includingindustryrepresentativesandcivilsocietywhereverpossibledespiterisksofdiffusionandslownessinpolicy

developmentaswellasself‐servingpolicyleakswaskey.Also,creatingasenseofownershipofkeyissuesandgeographies/”swingstatenations”byindividualU.S.delegatecreatedagreatersenseofteamwork,purposeandcohesion.

Withthisstrongteamworkandtrustinplace,thefull100+persondelegationcouldbeutilizedeffectivelythroughoutthesix‐monthperiodandespeciallyduringthetwo‐weeknegotiationsinDubaitoeffectivelyadvocateUSpositionsacrossabroadsetofissues.Duringthetreatynegotiations,a“divideandconquer”approachwasutilizedforoutreachbypolicyissueandgeography–utilizingamatrixesapproachtooutreach.

October2015 Page28of30

PartIV:LEADERSHIPIMPERATIVES

Severalnotableleadershipimperativesemergewhicharecentraltofuturesuccessforallleaders(elected/appointedpublicleadersandleadersofindustryandcivilsociety):

ImperativeContextMatters(Onesizedoesnot fit

all)Multi‐stakeholdergovernanceandindustry

ecosystemsarethenewnormalSharingtheprizeforconsensus

LearningLesson

1. Importanceofseeingpast“USsuccesses”inunderstandingandadvocatingthebestsolutionsglobally.

2. LeadersneedtoseeeconomicandpoliticalopportunitiesfromaninternationalandnotjustU.S.basis.

3. Manynationsaremotivatedmoreby“organicdriversofsuccess”thanreplicatingwhattheymayperceiveasaU.S.model.

4. ManysuccessfulareasofinnovationhaveemanatedfrommarketsoutsidetheUSwithimplicationsformuchoftheworld(M‐PesamobilebankingsolutioninKenyaspreadingthroughthedevelopingworld).Leadersneedtobeeverawareofpromisinginnovation,businessmodelsandbestpracticesfromthroughouttheworldandwhethertheyshouldbeimportingorexportingthesepracticesintheirownmarket.

1. Increasingly,ecosystemsaretheprimarymeansforinnovationandindustrygrowthinatechnologydriveneconomy.Workingeffectivelyinanecosystemnolongerisanoptionalleadershipskill.

2. Multi‐stakeholdermodelsofgovernance(industry,government,civilsociety)areincreasinglybecomingthenorminaconvergedeconomywithmultiplestakeholdersinterests.

3. Thesemulti‐stakeholderorganizationsmustbeempoweredwithdecisionmakingauthorityandresourcestoachievesuccess.

4. Leadersmustincreasinglyassesspublicpolicyissuesastheyseektoadvancetechnologybasedsolutions.Concernsoverprivacy,cybersecurityandnetneutralityarepartofagrowinglistofissueswhichrequirepublic/privatepartnershipsforeffectivesolutions.

5. Relatedly,leadersmustfindeffectivewaystodrivesolutionswhichensurebothpublicandindustrygoodonaglobalbasis.

Increasingly,leadersneedtoknowhowtoproperlyassessthe“prize”oftechnologysharing,effectiveeconomicmodelsandresultingglobaleconomicandpoliticalprosperitybalancedagainstindividualcompany/nationalneeds.“Arisingtideliftsallboats”philosophyshouldbeappreciatedintoday’scurrenttechnologydriveneconomy.AnenvironmentwheretheInternetistrulyfreeandopen,wheremarketsareliberalizedandcompetitive,whereinnovationflourishescreatesopportunitiesnotjustfornationsandeconomiesbutindividualsandEnterprises.Leadersmustpartnerwithotherleaders––ingovernment,intheprivatesectorandacrossgeographicboundariestocreatethis“environmentforsuccess.”

Summary:

The2012WCITrepresenteda“standoutconferenceandtreatynegotiation.”IthighlightedthevastimpactthattelecommunicationsandtheInternethavehadandwillcontinuetohaveoncitizens,consumersandsociety.Withthisnotableimpactcameasenseofpoliticalthreatandeconomicchallengeforthoseseekingtoaccruebenefitsfortheirownnarrowinterestsasopposedtothosebroadlyofcitizens,consumersandsocieties.WhiletheUSchosenottosignthetreaty,the2012WCITprovidedvaluableopportunitytocommunicateandalignwithnumerousnationsaroundthe“ingredientsforsuccess”foravibrantInternetandtelecommunicationsector.

TheUSsuccesseswerebasedonanimpressiveUSdelegationwithsubjectmatterexpertise,internationalfocus,teamworkandawillingnesstoengageconstructivelyandglobally.TheUSdelegationwasabletobringtobearthevastknowledge,expertiseandcommitmentofnumerousbranchesofUSgovernment,industryandcivilsocietywithoutpartisanshipandselfinterest.TheseuniquetraitsandsuccessfulperformanceshouldbeutilizedgoingforwardonpolicyimperativescriticalfortheadvanceofthetelecomandInternetsectorsincludingacceleratedbroadbandavailability,cybersecurity,economicmodelswhichfostercompetitionandliberalizationandInternetgovernancedrivenbyamulti‐stakeholdermodeltapsthecollectivewisdomandambitionsofgovernment,industryandcivilsociety.

TheactionstakeninDecember2012aremere“babysteps”inthelongtermadvanceofthesecriticalsectors,andafreeandprosperoussociety.

TerryKramer(LinkedIn)TerryiscurrentlyanadjunctProfessorandfacultyadvisorfortheGlobalAccessandStrategicManagementProgramsattheUCLAAndersonSchoolofManagement.AsAmbassadorintheObamaadministration,heledtheU.S.delegationin2012fortheWorldConferenceonInternationalTelecommunications.Asaglobalmobilecommunicationsexecutivewithover30yearsofindustryexperience,TerryhasworkedatVodafoneGroup,inavarietyofpositionsdomesticallyandinternationally.avarietyofsmall,growingtechnologycompaniesandasEntrepreneurinResidenceatHarvardBusinessSchool.TerryearnedanMBAfromHarvardBusinessSchoolandaBAinEconomicswithdistinctionfromUCLA.Foradditionalinsights,negotiationstrategiesandspeakingengagements,pleasecontactTerryKrameratterry.kramer@anderson.ucla.eduor+1(510)913‐0800.

QuaseerMujawar (LinkedIn)QuaseeriscurrentlyadirectoratUnitedHealthcarewithintheirAdvancedResearchandAnalyticsgroupderivinginsightsfromterabytesofhealthcareandclaimsdata.BeforeUnitedHealthcare,heworkedasamanagerwithinDeloitteConsulting’spublicsectorpracticebuildinghealthinsuranceexchanges.QuaseerearnedanMBAfromUCLAAndersonSchoolofManagementandaMastersinComputerSciencefromCornellUniversity.

SpecialAcknowledgments:

AspecialacknowledgementtoAmbassadorPhilVerveerforprovidinginvaluableinsightsandleadershipnotonlywithregardstothispaperbutalsotheWCITconference.HismanyyearsofleadershipattheFCCandDepartmentofStatewereagifttomeandthenation.

AlsoI’dliketoacknowledgeManuBhardwajofDepartmentofStatewhoprovidedhelpfulinsightsforthispaperonrecentStateDepartmentinitiativestoadvanceInternetaccessincludingtheGlobalConnectInitiative.

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