Water Management

• Water Management

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-water-management-toolkit.html

Infrastructure - Water management infrastructure

1 Drinking water supply, including the system of pipes, storage reservoirs,

pumps, valves, filtration and treatment equipment and meters,

including buildings and structures to house the equipment, used for the

collection, treatment and distribution of drinking water

1 Major flood control systems (dikes, levees, major pumping stations and floodgates)

1 Large-scale snow removal, including fleets of salt spreaders, snow plows,

snowblowers, dedicated dump trucks, sidewalk plows, the

dispatching and routing systems for these fleets, as well as fixed assets such as snow dumps, snow chutes,

snow melters

1 Coastal management, including structures such as seawalls,

breakwaters, groynes, floodgates, as well as the use of soft engineering

techniques such as beach nourishment, sand dune stabilization

and the protection of mangrove forests and coastal wetlands.

Environmental degradation - Water management

1 The issue of the depletion of fresh water can be met by increased efforts in water

management. While water management systems are often flexible, adaptation to new

hydrologic conditions may be very costly. Preventative approaches are necessary to

avoid high costs of inefficiency and the need for rehabilitation of water supplies, and

innovations to decrease overall demand may be important in planning water sustainability.

Environmental degradation - Water management

1 Re-examining engineering designs, operations, optimizations, and

planning, as well as re-evaluating legal, technical, and economic approaches to manage water

resources are very important for the future of water management in response to water degradation

Telemetry - Water management

1 Telemetry is important in water management, including water quality and stream gauge|

stream gauging functions. Major applications include AMR (automatic meter reading),

groundwater monitoring, leak detection in distribution pipelines and equipment

surveillance. Having data available in almost real time allows quick reactions to events in the field. Telemetry control allows you to intervene with assets such as pumps and allows you to

remotely switch pumps on or off depending on the circumstances.

Tar sand - Water management

1 Between 2 to 4.5 volume units of water are used to produce each

volume unit of synthetic crude oil in an ex-situ mining operation.

According to Greenpeace, the Canadian oil sands operations use of

water, twice the amount of water used by the city of Calgary.

1 Despite recycling, almost all of it ends up in tailings ponds. , tailing

ponds in Canada covered an area of approximately . However, in SAGD operations, 90–95% of the water is recycled and only about 0.2 volume units of water is used per volume

unit of bitumen produced.

1 For the Athabasca oil sand operations water is supplied from the Athabasca

River, the ninth longest river in Canada.

1 The average flow just downstream of Fort McMurray is with its highest daily average

measuring .

1 Oil sands industries water license allocations totals about 1.8% of the Athabasca river flow. Actual use in

2006 was about 0.4%.

1 In addition, according to the Water Management Framework for the Lower Athabasca River, during periods of low river flow water

consumption from the Athabasca River is limited to 1.3% of annual

average flow.

1 In December 2010, the Oil Sands Advisory Panel, commissioned by former

environment minister Jim Prentice, found that the system in place for monitoring

water quality in the region, including work by the Regional Aquatic Monitoring

Program, the Alberta Water Research Institute, the Cumulative Environmental

Management Association and others, was piecemeal and should become more

comprehensive and coordinated.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-water-management-toolkit.html

1 A major hindrance to the monitoring of oil sands produced waters has been the lack of identification of individual compounds present

1 In October 2009, Suncor announced it was seeking government approval for a new process to recover tailings called Tailings Reduction Operations, which accelerates the settling of fine

clay, sand, water, and residual bitumen in ponds after oil sands

extraction

1 In January 2013, scientists from Queen's University published a report

analyzing lake sediments in the Athabasca region over the past fifty

1 The Pembina Institute suggested that the huge investments by many companies in Canadian

oil sands leading to increased production results in excess bitumen with no place to store it. It added that by 2022 a month’s

output of waste-water could result in a 11-feet deep toxic reservoir the size of New York City’s

Central Park [840.01 acres (339.94 ha) (3.399km²)].http://www.bloomberg.com/news/

2013-11-22/oil-sands-miners-play-russian-roulette-with-toxic-water.html

Water management

1 'Water resource management' is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and

managing the optimum use of water resources. It is a sub-set of water cycle management. Ideally, water resource

management planning has regard to all the competing demands for water and seeks to

allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands. As with other

resource management, this is rarely possible in practice.

Water management - Managing water in urban settings

1 Half of the world’s people now live in towns and cities, a figure expected to

reach two-thirds by 2050

1 Developing world countries tend to have the lowest levels of wastewater treatment

1 This involves analysing the food production process from growing

crops to selling them in markets and eating them, then considering where

it might be possible to create a barrier against contamination

Integrated urban water management

1 One of the early champions of IUWM, SWITCH is a research program

funded by the European Union and seeks to shift urban water

management away from Ad Hoc solutions to a more integrated

approach

Integrated urban water management

1 IUWM is commonly seen as a strategy for achieving the goals of Water Sensitive Urban

Design

Integrated urban water management - Components

1 Activities under the IUWM include the

following:

1 *Improve water supply and

consumption efficiency

1 *Increase economic efficiency of services to sustain operations and investments for water, wastewater,

and stormwater management

1 *Utilize alternative water sources, including rainwater, and reclaimed and treated water

1 *Engage communities to reflect their needs and knowledge for water management

1 *Support capacity development of personnel and institutions that are engaged in IUWM

1 According to Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and

Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), IUWM requires the

management of the urban water cycle in coordination with the

hydrological water cycle which are significantly altered by urban

landscapes and its correlation to increasing demand

Integrated urban water management - Challenges

1 One of the most significant challenges for IUWM could be securing a consensus on the definition of IUWM and the

implementation of stated objectives at operational stages of projects

Integrated urban water management - Approaches

1 *The Agenda 21 (UN Department for Sustainable Development, 1992) has worked out the Dublin Principles for

Integrated water resources management in more detail for urban

areas. One of the objectives of Agenda 21 is to develop

environmentally sound management of water resources for urban use.

1 *'The Bellagio Statement' formulated by the Environmental Sanitation

Working Group of the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council in 2000 include principals such as:

Human dignity, quality of life, environmental security, an open stakeholder process, and many

others.

1 *The 'UNEP 3 Step Strategic Approach' developed in 2005 is based on the application of the

Cleaner Production approach that has been successful in the industrial

sector. The three steps are: Prevention, Treatment for reuse, and Planned discharge with stimulation of

self-purification capacity.

1 *'UNESCO's Institute for Water Education' seeks to build on the progress made by the Bellagio Statement and UNEP's 3-step

approach by developing the SWITCH approach to IUWM. Components

include: the addition of a sustainability assessment, new

methods of planning urban water systems, and modifications to

planning and strategy development.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-water-management-toolkit.html

International Water Management Institute

1 The 'International Water Management Institute (IWMI)' is a non-profit research

organisation with headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and offices across

Africa and Asia. Research at the Institute focuses on improving how water and land resources are managed, with the aim of underpinning food security and

reducing poverty while safeguarding vital environmental processes.

1 As water becomes scarcer, there is a growing need to find ways to produce

sufficient food to feed the world’s expanding population, while using

less water, safeguarding fragile environmental services and without having much opportunity to open up new agricultural lands. The Institute undertakes research projects with

this aim in mind. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-water-management-toolkit.html

1 In 2012, IWMI was awarded the prestigious Stockholm Water Prize Laureate by

Stockholm International Water Institute for its pioneering research, which has helped to improve agricultural water management,

enhance food security, protect environmental health and alleviate poverty in developing

countries.[http://www.dailynews.lk/2012/03/26/news20.asp SL-based IWMI wins world's

most prestigious Water Prize], Daily News, 26 March 2012

1 IWMI is a member of CGIAR, a global research partnership that unites

organizations engaged in research for sustainable development, and leads the

CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems. IWMI is also a partner in the

CGIAR Research Programs on: Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS); Climate Change,

Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS); Dryland Systems; and Integrated Systems

for the Humid Tropics.

International Water Management Institute - Early focus on irrigation

1 The Institute was originally founded under the name 'International

Irrigation Management Institute' (IIMI) in 1985 by the Ford Foundation

and the Government of Sri Lanka, supported by the Consultative Group

on International Agricultural Research and the World Bank

International Water Management Institute - Early focus on irrigation

1 In 1992, the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit gave credence to this

approach by recommending that water management be decentralized, with farmers and other stakeholders

playing a more important role in managing natural resources.United

Nations, 1992

International Water Management Institute - Wider perspective

1 In 1998, its name changed to the International Water Management

Institute (IWMI), reflecting this new wider approach.

1 Its research culminated in publication of Water for food, Water for life: A

comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture

1 BBC News [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/n

ature/5269296.stm Map details global water stress], Monday 21

August 2006.

International Water Management Institute - Averting a global water crisis

1 IWMI’s approach towards defining water scarcity provided a new

context within which the scientific debate on water availability

subsequently became centred. For example, the theme of the UN World Water Day in 2007 was Coping with

Water Scarcity;

1 UN World Water Day, 2007. [http://www.unwater.org/wwd07/flash

index.html Coping with water scarcity.] 22 March 2007.

1 the USA’s Worldwatch Institute featured a chapter on water

management in its assessment State of the World 2008;Bergkamp, G

1 According to the Institute, the following actions are required: 1)

gather high-quality data about water resources; 2) take better care of the environment; 3) reform how water

resources are governed; 4) revitalize how water is used for farming; 5)

better manage urban and municipal demands for water; and 6) involve

marginalized people in water management.Eichenseher, Tasha

1 In 2011, IWMI celebrated its 25th anniversary by commissioning a

series of essays on agricultural and development themes.

International Water Management Institute - Using water management to reduce poverty

1 IWM's work in Gujarat, India, exemplifies how improving water

management can have an influence on peoples' livelihoods

1 IWMI scientists who studied the problem suggested governments

should introduce ‘intelligent rationing’ of farm power supply by

separating the power cables carrying electricity to farmers from those

supplying other rural users, such as domestic households and industries

1 Mishra, P. K. [http://www.ffydd.org/documents/con

gresspapers/228.pdf Alleviating energy poverty through innovation: the case of Jyotigram Yojana (rural lighting scheme) of Gujarat] World

Energy Council

Water management hierarchy

1 'Water Management Hierarchy (WMH)'Manan,

Water management hierarchy

1 The WMH was used as an effective screening tool in cost effective

minimum water network methodology to stretch the limits of

water savings beyond those achievable using conventional pinch

analysis approach.

Environmental impact of the coal industry - Water management

1 Open-pit mining requires large amounts of water for coal preparation plants and dust

suppression

1 Groundwater supplies may be adversely affected by surface mining. These impacts

include drainage of usable water from shallow aquifers; lowering of water levels in adjacent

areas and changes in flow direction within aquifers; contamination of usable aquifers below mining operations due to infiltration

(percolation) of poor-quality mine water; and increased infiltration of precipitation on spoil piles. Where coal (or carbonaceous shale) is present, increased infiltration may result in:

1 * Increased runoff of poor-quality water and erosion from spoil piles

1 * Recharge of poor-quality water to shallow groundwater

aquifers

1 * Poor-quality water flow to nearby streams

1 This may contaminate both groundwater and

nearby streams for long periods

1 Also waste piles and coal storage piles can yield sediment to streams. Leached water from these piles can

be acid and contain toxic trace elements. Surface waters may be

rendered unfit for agriculture, human consumption, bathing, or other

household uses.

1 To mitigate these problems, water is monitored at coal mines. The five

principal technologies used to control water flow at mine sites are:

1 *Groundwater pumping systems

Stormwater - Stormwater management

1 Stormwater management includes both technical and institutional aspects, including:

1 * control of hazardous materials to prevent release of pollutants into the

environment (source control);

1 * planning and construction of stormwater systems so contaminants

are removed before they pollute surface waters or groundwater

resources;

1 * acquisition and protection of natural waterways or

rehabilitation;

1 * building soft structures such as ponds, bioswale|swales or

constructed wetland|wetlands or Green Infrastructure solutions to

work with existing or hard drainage structures, such as pipes and

concrete channels;

1 * development of funding approaches to stormwater programs potentially including stormwater user

fees and the creation of a stormwater utility;

1 * development of long-term asset management programs to repair and replace

aging infrastructure;

1 * revision of current stormwater regulations to address comprehensive stormwater needs;

1 * enhancement and enforcement of existing ordinances to make sure

property owners consider the effects of stormwater before, during and after development of their land;

1 * education of a community about how its actions affect water quality, and about what it can do to improve

water quality; and

1 * planning carefully to create solutions before problems

become too great.

Stormwater - Integrated water management

1 Integrated water management (IWM) of stormwater has the potential to

address many of the issues affecting the health of waterways and water

supply challenges facing the modern urban city.

1 Also known as Low-impact development (Canada/US)|low

impact development (LID)Prince George's County, Maryand

1 The development of the modern city often results in increased demands for water supply due to population

growth, while at the same time altered runoff predicted by climate

change has the potential to increase the volume of stormwater that can contribute to drainage and flooding

problems

1 There are many ways of achieving LID

1 IWM as a movement can be regarded as being in its infancy and brings

together elements of drainage science, ecology and a realization that traditional drainage solutions

transfer problems further downstream to the detriment of our

environment and precious water resources.

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago - Stormwater Management Authority

1 In 2004, the Illinois General Assembly granted the MWRD

stormwater management authority for Cook County, and since that time,

the MWRD has been working to address regional flooding

issues.MWRD. [http://www.mwrd.org/irj/portal/anony

mous/stormwateroverview Stormwater Management.] Accessed

2010-01-14. In October 2013, the MWRD Board of Commissioners

1 unanimously approved the Cook County Watershed Management Ordinance (WMO).

The WMO

1 provides uniform stormwater management regulations for Cook County in order to prevent future

commercial, municipal, and residential development and redevelopment projects from

exacerbating

1 The MWRD hosted four public meetings and a study session in

2013 to offer the public the opportunity to voice their opinion regarding the proposed ordinance.

Paved roads, parking

1 lots, walkways, and buildings make cities livable, but they also reduce the amount of land on which water can be absorbed and can lead to

increased flooding without sufficient regulation.

1 In 2007, the MWRD formed an Advisory Committee composed of representatives from

municipalities,

1 government agencies, and nongovernmental organizations to evaluate and prepare the

1 The WMO incorporates comments received during both the 2009 and 2013 public review

periods, results

1 received from an Economic Impact Study, and input from the WMO Advisory Committee.

Numerous

1 changes were made since the original public review period was held in 2009. The first public meeting was

held on July 24, 2013 in Northlake, and additional meetings were held in

August in Chicago Ridge, Mount Prospect, and East Hazel Crest. The

WMO can be downloaded at http://wmo.mwrd.org.

Water supply in Hong Kong - Total water management

1 Based on the study the government reaffirmed its approach to water

management, but also started new initiatives concerning leakage reduction, water conservation,

greywater reuse, rainwater harvesting, as well as pilots for the

reuse of reclaimed water and desalination

Keetham Lake - Water Management

1 The raw water for Keetham Lake is obtained from Agra Canal originating from Okhla barrage on River Yamuna in Delhi. At Delhi Agra road, the Agra Canal water is diverted through Jodhpur branch near

Anand Engineering Collage located about 2km from Keetham. The lake water of

Keetham is also used as raw water intake for Mathura Refinery Water Treatment

Plant located in vicinity of Keetham Lake

Environmental impact of the oil shale industry - Water management

1 Mining influences the water runoff pattern of the area affected. In some

cases it requires the lowering of groundwater levels below the level of the oil shale strata, which may have harmful effects on the surrounding arable land and forest. In Estonia, for each cubic meter of oil shale

mined, 25cubic meters of water must be pumped from the mine area.

1 At the same time, the thermal processing of oil shale needs water for quenching hot products and the control of dust. Water concerns are particularly sensitive issue in arid

regions, such as the western part of the United States and Israel's Negev|Negev Desert, where there are plans

to expand the oil shale industry.

1 Depending on technology, above-ground retorting uses between one

and five barrels of water per barrel of produced shale oil.

1 In situ processing, according to one estimate, uses about one-tenth as much

water.

1 Water represents the major vector of transfer of oil shale industry

pollutants. One environmental issue is to prevent noxious materials

leaching from spent shale into the water supply. The oil shale

processing is accompanied by the formation of process waters and

waste waters containing phenols, tar and several other products, heavily

separable and toxic to the environment.

1 A 2008 programmatic environmental impact statement

issued by the Bureau of Land Management|United States Bureau of

Land Management stated that surface mining and retort operations

produce of waste water per of processed oil shale.

Knossos - Water management

1 The palace had at least three separate water-management

systems: one for supply, one for drainage of runoff, and one for

drainage of waste water.

1 aqueduct (watercourse)|Aqueducts brought fresh water to Kephala hill

from Spring (hydrosphere)|springs at Archanes, about 10km away

1 Sanitation drainage was through a closed system leading to a sanitary

sewer|sewer apart from the hill

1 As the hill was periodically drenched by torrential rains, a runoff system

was a necessity. It began with channels in the flat surfaces, which

were zigzag and contained catchment basins to control the

water velocity. Probably the upper system was open. Manholes provided

access to parts that were covered.

1 *Runoff system.[http://www.minoancrete.com

/knossos13b.jpg JPEG image]. minoancrete.com, Ian Swindale. Retrieved on 2013-05-12. Sloped channels lead from a catchment

basin.

1 *Runoff system.[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~classics/greece2003/updates/week1_

2/0401Knossos8Web.jpg JPEG image]. Dartmouth.edu. Retrieved on

2012-01-02. Note the zig-zags and the catchment basin.

Cover crop - Water management

1 By reducing soil erosion, cover crops often also reduce both the rate and quantity of water that drains off the

field, which would normally pose environmental risks to waterways

and ecosystems downstream (Dabney et al

1 Just before cover crops are killed (by such practices including mowing, tilling, discing, rolling, or herbicide application) they contain a large

amount of moisture

1 While cover crops can help to conserve water, in temperate regions (particularly in

years with below average precipitation) they can draw down soil water supply in the spring, particularly if climatic growing

conditions are good. In these cases, just before crop planting, farmers often face a tradeoff between the benefits of increased cover crop growth and the drawbacks of

reduced soil moisture for cash crop production that season.

Dhaka - Water management

1 Aside from Chittagong, Dhaka has a water-borne sewage system, but this

serves only 22% of the population while another 30% are served with

septic tanks

1 82% of the city's water supply is abstracted from groundwater

through 577 deep tube wells, while four relatively small surface water

treatment plants provide the remaining 18%., p

1 The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the

construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost

of (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet)

Best management practice for water pollution - Stormwater management BMPs

1 Stormwater management BMPs are control measures taken to mitigate

changes to both quantity and quality of urban runoff caused through

changes to land use

Best management practice for water pollution - Stormwater management BMPs

1 Stormwater BMPs can be classified as structural (i.e., devices installed or

constructed on a site) or non-structural (procedures, such as modified landcaping practices)

Formation water - Water management

1 Historically, produced water was disposed of in large evaporation

ponds. However, this has become an increasingly unacceptable disposal

method from both environmental and social perspectives. Produced water is considered an industrial waste and coal seam gas (CSG) producers are

now required to employ beneficial re-uses for produced water.

1 The broad management options for re-use are Injection well#Waste

disposal|direct injection, environmentally acceptable direct-

use of untreated water, or treatment to a government-issued standard before disposal or supply to users

1 Dissolved gas flotation, Separator_(oil_production)#Separation of Water From Oil|plate coalescers

and Separator (oil production)#Density Difference

(Gravity Separation)|gravity separators are some of the

technologies used in treating wastes from produced water.EPA (1993)

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands)

1 The 'Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management' (Ministerie van Verkeer

en Waterstaat; VW) was a Politics of the Netherlands|Dutch ministry responsible for the Dutch system of water management, Transport in the Netherlands|public and private transport and infrastructure. It is

now part of the new Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment

(Netherlands)|Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment.

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - Responsibilities

1 * Regulation and management of transport of people and goods via roads, trains, boats and

airplanes

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - Responsibilities

1 * Water management by water supply|water works, such as Dike (construction)|dikes, polders and Channel (geography)|channels

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - Organisation

1 The ministry was headed by one minister and one staatssecretaris|

state secretary. The ministry's main office was located in the centre of The Hague. The civil service was

headed by a secretary general and a deputy secretary general, who

headed a system of four directorates general:

1 * Public Works and Water Management

(Rijkswaterstaat)

1 There were two autonomous agencies:

1 * Inspectorate for Transport, Public Works and Water

Management

1 * KNMI (institute)|Royal Netherlands

Meteorological Institute

1 An important other institution was involved in water management in the

Netherlands are the Water board (The Netherlands)|Water boards, which manage local and regional

water works.

1 *NV Luchtvaartterrein Texel (majority interest)

1 *NV Maastricht Aachen Airport|Luchthaven Maastricht (minority

interest)

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - History

1 In 1906 Water Management

became a separate ministry

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - Ministers

1 Since 1967 the following politicians have been minister of Transport,

Public Works and Water Management:

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina

1 Primary challenges in urban water management continue to be flood

control and stormwater management as Buenos Aires is situated in the low-lying pampas region where

heavy rain is expected all year long

1 In response to water pollution and flooding challenges, the 'Government

of Argentina (GoA)' is working with the World Bank to address industrial

water pollution by providing technical assistance and mentoring to the 50

worst industrial polluters which represent 95% of the total effluent

1 Recent history in Buenos Aires urban water management is notable for its move to privatization of the water

and sanitation systems

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Economic and social conditions

1 Argentina enjoyed four years of rapid recovery from the Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)|

economic and social crisis of 2001-02, which was one of the most severe losses of income and

downturns in living standards on record

1 The period in Argentina between 1990 and 1993 was a time of

transition away from social policies, government support devices, and welfare systems to an IMF-backed structural adjustment in economic

and market policies

1 The 'Matanza-Riachuelo river (MR)' basin is home to Argentina’s largest

concentrations of urban poor

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Geography and climate

1 Buenos Aires lies in the Pampa|pampa region of Argentina and is

bordered on the eastern and north-east sides by the Río de la Plata, on the south and southeast side by the Matanza River|Riachuelo and to the northwest, west and Southwest by the Avenida General Paz, which is a

long highway that separates the Buenos Aires Province from the city.

1 The region was formerly transected by small tributaries and some

lagoons, some of which were refilled and others piped. Among the most important small tributary basins are

the 'Maldonado, Vega, Medrano, Cildañez and White'. In 1908 many of these tributaries were channelized as

floods damaged the city's infrastructure. Beginning in 1919,

most creeks were enclosed. Notably, the Maldonado was re-engineered in 1954 to flow underground in tubes and currently runs underneath Juan

B. Justo Avenue.

1 The city has a humid subtropical climate and the average annual temperature is . The city gets of

rainfall per year. Rain can be expected at any time of year with March being the wettest month (5.3inches) and June the driest

month (2.5inches).

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - The Buenos Aires water concession of 1992

1 The signing of the 'Buenos Aires water and sanitation concession in

1992' attracted world wide attention and was the source of considerable controversy for its scale of private

participation in the Argentine water and sanitation sector

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Water supply

1 Over most of its history, Buenos Aires has remained a city with a quality

water supply delivered by the immense Río de la Plata and

surrounding high plains that have abundant high quality groundwater below them. In the outskirts of the

city, the inhabitants have good access to wells and piped water.

1 The La Plata sub-basin's catchment area is 130,200km2 and constitutes

(4.2%) of the world’s fifth largest river basin – the La Plata, extending over 3.1 million km2, five countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay,

and Uruguay), almost 50 major cities, and supporting over 100 million

inhabitants

1 Over many decades a significant proportion of the water-supply of the

'Buenos Aires Metro Area (BAMA)' was obtained from three major

groundwater reservoirs found at different depths, quantities and

qualities

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Drinking water

1 'Aguas y Saneamientos Argentinos (AySA)' is the primary water service

provider in the metropolitan area serving the city of Buenos Aires and

17 municipalities, while 'Aguas Bonaerenses' serves the remaining

municipalities

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Stormwater and drainage

1 Due to rapid urbanization, topographic elements, and the

occurrence of severe storm events in Buenos Aires, flooding has become one of the most serious problems affecting the normal life of Buenos

Aires citizens

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Stormwater and drainage

1 Each of the three most important catchments ('Maldonado, Medrano and Vega') are drained by a large drainage pipe that follows in the

direction of the former watercourses

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Wastewater treatment

1 AySA has four wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that currently treat

only 5.3% of wastewater before discharging it into the La Plata River. To improve this situation, AySA is in the midst of constructing another wastewater treatment plant 'Del

Bicentenario', which will increase the City’s treatment capacity by 120,000

m3 per hour (current output is 2,249,494 m3/day).

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Pollution

1 The 'Matanza-Riachuelo river (MR)', a tributary of the Río de la Plata (La

Plata River), is the most contaminated river basin in

Argentina and considered one of the most polluted water bodies in the

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Flooding and drainage

1 The 'Urban Flood Prevention and Drainage Program (APL)' is the result

of a government commitment to flood prevention and risk

management

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Institutional weakness

1 The 1992 'Buenos Aires water concession' was meant to attract private companies

who could bring the needed infrastructure and service upgrades,however, growth of

service networks has been lower than planned, particularly in low-income sectors of metropolitan Buenos Aires. Governance

issues, institutional weaknesses and lack of control mechanisms are responsible for the

failure of the Buenos Aires water concession.

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Legal initiatives

1 'Law 26128' was approved in 2006 by the National Congress of

Argentina and created 'MR River Basin Authority (ACUMAR)'. Law

26128 also designated the 'Secretary of Environment' to be the acting

authority. Law 26128 was a result of the GoA giving a high priority to the environmental and social recovery of

the MR basin. Additionally, this recently passed legislation is a response to the lack of a strong

institutional framework.

1 In 2004, a group of residents living in the CMR area filed a claim against

the national government, the Province of Buenos Aires, the

government of Buenos Aires, and 44 businesses for damages suffered as a result of pollution from the Matanza-Riachuelo River. The lawsuit resulted

in a landmark decision from the Supreme Court in 2008, which ruled

on the side of the residents and determined that the defendants were

liable for restoration

1 and future prevention of environmental damage in the river

basin. 'The Environment and Natural Resources Foundation (FARN)'

participated in the case as a third party, along with various other civil society organizations. Throughout the entire process, FARN played a

vital role in analyzing the defendants’ submissions,

1 submitting briefs and amparos (claims of constitutional violations), and coordinated the efforts of the different organizations. Since the

ruling, in which the Supreme Court named FARN as a permanent

independent monitoring body for Riachuelo cleanup, the organization has maintained its leadership role.

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Institutional framework

1 [http://www.agba.com.ar/index.html/ 'AGBA'] (Aguas del Gran Buenos

Aires) is the conglomerate of water and sewer companies that provide

service to 1.65 million inhabitants in the Buenos Aires Metro Area or

BAMA. AGBA is made of the following subsidiary companies: Impregilo

(43%), Dragados (27%), Aguas de Bilbao Bizkaia (20%) and the

remaining 10% is owned by the employees who are organized under the name Programa de Participación

Accionaria del Personal (PPAP).

1 [http://www.acumar.gov.ar/ 'ACUMAR'] is the 'Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin Authority' and includes 17 different governments offices

such as the Secretary of Environment of the Federal Government, multiple provinces of Buenos Aires, the city of

Buenos Aires, and the 14 municipalities involved in the basin and the civil society. ACUMAR has

been legally provided with sufficient management and enforcement

power in addressing the coordination issues of the MR river basin.

1 '[http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/ SAyDS]' (Secretaría de Ambiente y

Desarrollo Sustentable) is the Secretariat of the Environment and

Sustainable Development.

1 '[http://www.aysa.com.ar/ AySA]' (Agua y Saneamiento Argentinos S.A.) is the National Water and

Sanitation utility of Argentina and works with ACUMAR on

implementation of water projects within their concessions of Buenos

Aires.

1 [http://www.etoss.org.ar/desarrollo/sitioetoss05/index.htm/ ' ETOSS']

(Ente Tripartito de Obras y Servicios Sanitarios) is a regulatory body

whose principal mission is that of the regulation and control of the utility contract and the overseeing of the

interaction between the various actors involved in the utility contract.

ETOSS consists of representatives from the national government, the province of Buenos Aires, and the

city of Buenos Aires.

1 The 'United Coordinator for the Technical Management and International Finance' handles (Unidade Coordinación para la

Gestión Técnica y Financiera Internacional-UCOFI) financial management and

procurement responsibilities for the entire Matanza-Riachuelo World Bank project in

Buenoa Aires and has experience and knowledge of managing projects financed

by international financial institutions.

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Tariffs and reinvestment

1 AySA’s tariff system is based on a fixed rate plus metered consumption system. The rate structure classifies

users according to category (residential or nonresidential), the zone where the building is located, and the services provided; sewer

services cost twice the amount of the fixed fee for drinking water service; finally, low-income costumers are eligible for a subsidy. As of 2007,

only 12.8% of the connections were

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Tariffs and reinvestment

1 billed under a metering system, thereby encouraging relatively high

consumption. In 2010, AySA collected US$103,478,000 from users and re-invested US$195,144,000. AySA’s

users are 88% residential (the majority of which are concentrated in

the lowest socio-economic strata), 10.8% nonresidential, and 1.2%

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Multi-lateral assistance

1 In the mid-1990s, the government completed a comprehensive MR

'Environmental Management Plan (EMP)' and received a US$250 million

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) loan to help finance

implementation of the EMP objectives

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Multi-lateral assistance

1 The World Bank is engaged with the GoA in a multi-phase US$ 840 million project with the following

objectives (i) improve sewerage services in the MR River Basin and other parts of the Province and City of Buenos Aires by expanding transport and treatment

capacity; (ii) support a reduction of industrial discharges to the MR River, through the provision of industrial conversion grants to small and medium

enterprises; (iii) promote improved decision-making for environmentally sustainable land use and drainage planning, and to pilot urban drainage and land use

investments, in the M-R River Basin; and (iv) strengthen ACUMAR’s institutional framework for ongoing and

sustainable clean-up of the MR River Basin.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-water-management-toolkit.html

Irrigation in Mexico - On-farm water management

1 Agricultural producers who are interested in organizing a common irrigation systems form Water User

Associations (WUA)

1 WUA consist of water users and its functions are the delivery of

irrigation water and operation and maintenance of canals and dispute

settlement. WUAs can also construct their own infrastructure or participate in government-financed construction

projects.

1 WUAs shall keep and update a register of members and their respective water rights.

1 WUAs can be granted water rights. In order to be granted water rights,

WUAs must adopt an internal statute that indicates, among others:

conditions for water distribution and management, internal organization

of the WUA, rights and duties of members, provisions on financial

management (income and expenditures), provisions for the transfer of water rights among

members and provisions on dissolution of the WUA.

1 WUAs sources of income are revenues from the collection of service charges and

membership dues.

Alewife Brook Reservation - Storm water management wetland

1 Started in 2011, the City of Cambridge is constructing a 3.4-acre storm water management wetland in the reservation, just west of Alewife

Station

Albany, Georgia - Water Management Infrastructure

1 The Albany Water, Gas Light Commission (WGL) is a municipally-owned and operated utility system

furnishing water, gas, and electricity to its broad–based customers. Albany

WGL, was founded in 1892 as the Albany Water Works, as the largest

municipal user in Georgia.[http://choosealbany.com/ab

out-us/partners/ accessed January 30, 2012]

1 The public water supply source for Albany-Dougherty County is

groundwater obtained from four aquifers:

1 * Upper Floridan (locally called the Ocala) Aquifer

1 * Claiborne (formerly Tallahatta) Aquifer

1 * Providence Aquifer

1 The water quality is considered to be excellent, needing only chlorination

and fluoridation treatment.

Anuradhapura Kingdom - Irrigation and water management

1 Rainfall in the dry zone of Sri Lanka is limited to

50-75inches

1 Construction of large scale reservoirs began in the 1st century AD under the direction of

Vasabha

1 The water resources of the dry zone were further exploited during the times of Upatissa I and Dhatusena

South Florida Water Management District

1 It is the largest water management district in the state, managing water

needs for 7.7 million residents

1 The Governing Board consists of Daniel O’Keefe, Chair; Kevin Powers,

Vice Chair; Rick Barber, Sandy Batchelor, Mitch Hutchcraft, James

Moran, Juan Portuondo, Timothy Sargent and Glenn Waldman.

1 The Executive Director of the agency is Blake C. Guillory.

South Florida Water Management District - History

1 In 1947, after years of drought, the state was deluged by rainfall

averaging 100 inches along the lower east coast, almost twice the norm

1 Today, the South Florida Water Management District is the oldest

and largest of the state’s five water management districts.

1 A book detailing the first forty years of the South Florida Water

Management District titled Into the Fifth Decade was written by Thomas

E. Huser.http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/historical/fcd5decades/fcd5decade

1 In the year 2000, the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan began to

undo some ecosystem damage caused by the CSF Project.

South Florida Water Management District - Operations

1 The regional water management system – with nearly 2,000 miles of canals and more than 2,800 miles of levees/berms, 69 pump stations, 645

water control structures and more than 700 culverts – helps to protect regional water supplies and provide

flood control.

South Florida Water Management District - Operations

1 Weather extremes dramatically affect South Florida's water supply

and flood protection actions. In response, the District actively

operates and maintains the water management system, promotes

water conservation and works with communities to develop alternative

water supplies.

South Florida Water Management District - Public areas

1 Many of the lands protected by the District are open to the public for recreational use.

1 * Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National

Wildlife Refuge

1 * Atlantic Ridge Preserve State Park

in Martin County

1 * Catfish Creek (Florida) in Polk

County

1 * Chandler Slough in Okeechobee County

1 * Halpatiokee Regional Park in Martin County

1 * Harold A. Campbell Public Use Area

1 * Hungryland Wildlife and Environmental Area

1 * Lake Kissimmee - Bird Island, Drasdo, Gardner-Cobb Marsh, Lightsey, Strum Island

1 * Lake Russell (Florida) in Osceola

County

1 * Okaloacoochee Slough Wildlife

Management Area

1 * Queen's Island (Florida) in St. Lucie County

1 * Southern Glades Wildlife and Environmental Area

Storm Water Management Model

1 Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH (June 2007)Rossman, Lewis A., Storm Water Management Model Quality Assurance Report,

Dynamic Wave Flow Routing, EPA/600/R-06/097, September 2006 is a dynamic rainfall-surface runoff|runoff-groundwater|subsurface runoff

Scientific modelling|simulation model used for single-event to long-term (continuous)

simulation of the surface/subsurface hydrology quantity and water quality|quality from

primarily urban/suburban areas

Storm Water Management Model - Program Description

1 The EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is a dynamic rainfall-runoff-routing simulation model used

for single event or long-term (continuous) simulation of runoff

quantity and quality from primarily urban areas

Storm Water Management Model - Program Description

1 EPA SWMM is public domain software that may be freely copied and distributed.

Storm Water Management Model - History

1 SWMM was first developed between 1969–1971 and has undergone

several major upgrades since those years

1 EPA SWMM 5 provides an integrated graphical environment for editing

watershed input data, running hydrologic, hydraulic, real time

control and water quality simulations, and viewing the results

in a variety of graphical formats. These include color-coded thematic

drainage area maps, time series graphs and tables, profile plots,

scatter plots and statistical frequency analyses.

1 This latest re-write of EPA SWMM was produced by the Water Supply and Water Resources Division of the U.S

Storm Water Management Model - Model parameters

1 The simulated model parameters for subcatchments are surface roughness,

depression storage, slope, flow path length; for Infiltration: Horton: max/min rates and decay constant; Green-Ampt: hydraulic conductivity, initial moisture deficit and suction head; Curve Number: NRCS (SCS) Curve number; All: time for saturated soil to fully drain; for Conduits:

Manning’s roughness; for Water Quality: buildup/washoff function coefficients, first

order decay coefficients, removal equations

Storm Water Management Model - Hydrology and Hydraulics Capabilities

1 SWMM 5 accounts for various hydrologic processes that produce surface and subsurface runoff from

urban areas. These include:

1 Time-varying rainfall for an unlimited number of raingages for both design

and continuous hyetographs

1 evaporation of standing surface water on watersheds

and surface ponds

1 snowfall accumulation, plowing and melting

1 rainfall interception from depression storage in both impervious and pervious areas

1 infiltration of rainfall into unsaturated soil

layers

1 percolation of infiltrated water into groundwater layers

1 interflow between groundwater and pipes and ditches

1 nonlinear reservoir routing of watershed overland flow.

1 Spatial variability in all of these processes is achieved by dividing a

study area into a collection of smaller, homogeneous watershed or subcatchment areas, each containing

its own fraction of pervious and impervious sub-areas. Overland flow can be routed between sub-areas,

between subcatchments, or between entry points of a drainage system.

1 SWMM also contains a flexible set of hydraulic modeling capabilities used to route runoff and external inflows

through the drainage system network of pipes, channels, storage/treatment units and

diversion structures. These include the ability to:

1 handle drainage networks of unlimited size

1 use a wide variety of standard closed and open conduit shapes as well as

natural or irregular channels

1 model special elements such as storage/treatment units, outlets, flow dividers, pumps, weirs, and orifices

1 apply external flows and water quality inputs from surface runoff,

groundwater interflow, rainfall-dependent infiltration/inflow, dry weather sanitary flow, and user-

defined inflows

1 utilize either steady, kinematic wave or full dynamic wave flow routing methods

1 model various flow regimes, such as backwater, surcharging, pressure, reverse flow, and surface ponding

1 apply user-defined dynamic control rules to simulate the operation of pumps, orifice openings, and weir

crest levels

1 In addition to modeling the generation and transport of runoff flows, SWMM can also estimate the

production of pollutant loads associated with this runoff. The

following processes can be modeled for any number of user-defined water

quality constituents:

1 Dry-weather pollutant buildup over different land uses

1 pollutant washoff from specific land uses during

storm events

1 direct contribution of wet and dry

rainfall deposition

1 reduction in dry-weather buildup due

to street cleaning

1 reduction in washoff load due to BMP's

and LID's

1 entry of dry weather sanitary flows and user-specified external inflows at

any point in the drainage system

1 routing of water quality constituents

through the drainage system

1 reduction in constituent concentration through treatment in

storage units or by natural processes in pipes and channels.

Storm Water Management Model - Low Impact Development (LID) Components

1 The Low Impact Development (LID) function is new to SWMM

5.0.019/20/21/22 and we have run many configurations and found no

problem for the hydrology and hydraulics. It is integrated within the

subcatchment and allows further refinement of the overflows,

infiltration flow and evaporation in Rain Barrels, Vegetative Swales,

Porous Pavement, Bio Retention Cell and Infiltration Trench.

1 You can define a variety of sub processes in each LID such as:

Surface, Pavement, Soil, Storage, and Drain.

1 Each type of LID has limitations on the type of sub process allowed by SWMM 5

1 New as of July 2013, the EPA's [http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/wq/

models/swc/ National Stormwater Calculator] is a Windows desktop

application that estimates the annual amount of rainwater and frequency

of runoff from a specific site anywhere in the United States

Storm Water Management Model - Integrated Hydrology/Hydraulics

1 One of the great advances in SWMM 5 was the integration of

Urban/Suburban Subsurface Hydrology with the Hydraulic computations of the drainage

network

Storm Water Management Model - Integrated Hydrology/Hydraulics

1 An example of this integration was the collection of the disparate SWMM 4 link types in the Runoff, Transport

and Extran Blocks to one unified group of closed conduit and open

channel link types in SWMM 5 and a collection of Node types.

Storm Water Management Model - SWMM5 Components

1 The SWMM 5.0.001 to 5.1.001 main components are: rain gages,

watersheds, lid/bmp, nodes, links, pollutants, landuses, time patterns,

curves, time series, controls, transects, aquifers, unit hydrographs,

snowmelt and shapes

Storm Water Management Model - SWMM5 Components

1 The major overall components are called in the SWMM 5 input file and C code of the simulation engine: gage, subcatch, node, link, pollut, landuse, timepattern, curve, tseries, control,

transect, aquifer, unithyd, snowmelt, shape and lid

Storm Water Management Model - SWMM 3,4 to 5 converter

1 The SWMM 3 and SWMM 4 converter can convert up to two files from the earlier SWMM 3 and 4 versions at

one time to SWMM 5

Storm Water Management Model - SWMM Platforms

1 There are a number of software packages that utilize the SWMM platform. These include:

1 *[http://www.xpsolutions.co

m/software/xpswmm/ XPSWMM]

1 *[http://www.autodesk.com/products/autodesk-autocad-civil-3d/features/all/gallery-view Autodesk

Storm and Sanitary Analysis]

Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture

1 London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute

was published in 2007 by International Water Management Institute and Earthscan in an attempt to answer the question: how can water in agriculture be developed and managed to help end poverty and hunger,

ensure environmentally sustainable practices, and find the right balance

between food and environmental security?

Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture - History

1 Compiled after consultation with more than 700 individuals, numerous

organisations and networks, it was the first critical evaluation of:

1 * water management challenges facing communities

1 * successful methods of managing water in farming around the

world.

1 The assessment confirmed that agriculture consumes more water resources than any other sector.

[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/5269296.stm Map details global water stress], BBC, 21 August 2006 A key

finding was that a third of the world's population live in water-scarce areas

Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture - Trends affecting demands for water

1 The report's authors forecast that the need for water would double within 50 years, due to global population rise, more people choosing to eat a diet of meat and vegetables rather than primarily consuming cereals,

and climate change.[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/assessment/files_new/newsroom/NewYo

rkTimes_Need_2006.pdf Need for Water Could Double in 50 Years, U.N

Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture - How feeding the future world will be possible

1 The conclusion made by the report's authors was that only by changing

the way we use water within agriculture would we be able to meet

the acute water, environment and poverty challenges facing us over the

next 50 years

Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture - How feeding the future world will be possible

1 Upgrading these rainfed lands through better water management

held the greatest potential to increase productivity and decrease

poverty.[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/assessment/files_new/newsroom/ScienceDaily_2007.pdf Water Management: Urgent Need For More Food With Less

Water], Science Daily, March 27, 2007

Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture - Shaping future water policy

1 * Change the way we think about water and agriculture. Rain should be

viewed as the ultimate source of water to be managed, and

agriculture as part of an agro-ecosystem that provides food but also delivers other environmental services, such as maintaining soil

fertility.

1 * Fight poverty by improving access to agricultural water and its use. This

would be achieved by promoting livelihood gains by smallholder

farmers, for example by securing water access through rights and

developing multiple-use water supply systems.

1 * Manage agriculture to enhance ecosystem services. This would involve using good agricultural

practices to enhance other ecosystem services.

1 * Increase the productivity of water. The outcome would be higher yields and value from smaller volumes of water, thus reducing demand and

environmental impacts.

1 * Upgrade rainfed agriculture by improving soil moisture and using supplemental irrigation. This holds

the greatest potential for lifting people out of poverty and increasing

water productivity, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

1 * Adapt yesterday's irrigation for tomorrow's needs. Modernisation

would require a mix of technological and management upgrades.

1 * Reform the reform process, targeting state institutions. Water managements investments should

embrace irrigated and rainfed agriculture, plus fisheries and

livestock practices.

1 * Deal with trade-offs and make difficult choices. Informed multi-

stakeholder negotiations would be essential.

Environment of Afghanistan - Water management

1 The primary threat to Afghanistan's water supply is the Drought in

Afghanistan|droughts, which created food shortages for millions in the

recent past.

1 The resulting agricultural crises between 1995 to 2001 have driven

major migrations from rural to urban areas.

1 In response to drought, deep wells for irrigation have been drilled which decreased the under ground water level, further draining groundwater

resources, which rely on rain for replenishment.

1 By 2003, about 99% of the Sistan wetlands were dry, another result of continued drought and lack of water

management.

1 The wetlands, an important habitat for breeding and migrant waterfowl including the dalmatian pelican and

the marbled teal, have provided water for agricultural irrigation for at

least 5,000 years. They are fed by the Helmand River, which ran at 98%

below average in drought years 2001-2003. As in other areas of the

country, the loss of natural vegetation resulted in soil erosion; here, sandstorms submerged as many as 100 villages by 2003.

1 Some of the major reservoir|water reservoirs and dams

include the following:

Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania - Water management and sanitation

1 See Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania for more information on

Tanzanian water management practices and sanitation.

Marina Bay, Singapore - Water management

1 In 2004, the Public Utilities Board publicly announced plans to

construct a new downtown reservoir by damming the Marina Channel

Natural Resources Conservation Service - NRCS National Ag Water Management Team

1 (AGWAM) Serves 10 states in the Midwest United States in helping to reduce Nitrate levels in soil due to

runoff from fertilized farmland

Natural Resources Conservation Service - Water management

1 Irrigation water management is the most efficient way to use and recycle water resources for land owners and

farmers

Kobar - Waste water Management

1 * The absence of a public sewage network means that in Kobar residents are forced to use

unhygienic cesspits for the disposal of waste water, and/or discharge

waste water in the streets.

1 This is particularly common in winter, as citizens cannot afford the high cost of sewage tankers during this period. These methods facilitate environmental damage, health

problems, and the spread of epidemics and diseases in the village. This waste water also

contaminates the groundwater and water collected in household cisterns

(rainwater harvesting cisterns) because

1 most cesspits are built without lining, allowing waste water to enter into

the ground and avoiding the need to use sewage tankers. The untreated waste water collected from cesspits by sewage tankers is disposed of in open areas without concern for the

damage it causes to the environment and to residents' health.

Cormery - Drinking Water Management

1 The town of Cormery is part of the :fr:SIPTEC (Syndicat

Intercommunal de Truyes-Esvres-Cormery)|SIPTEC (Syndicat

Intercommunal de Truyes-Esvres-Cormery).

Suisun Marsh - Water management

1 The wetland managers for both the private hunting clubs and the state's

public land take water from major and minor sloughs throughout the marsh. Montezuma Slough, one of

the largest, is open at both ends, and its flood tide current is longer and stronger than its ebb tide current,

causing a net west-to-east flow which draws higher saline water eastward

from Grizzly Bay.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-water-management-toolkit.html

1 The flood tide pushing through the slough takes half an hour longer to traverse the marsh than does the matching flood tide following the

more direct route in the main Suisin Bay

channel.[http://www.saltwatertides.com/dynamic.dir/californiasites.html

Tide Location Selection for California] Thus, high tide at the east end of

the slough arrives out of phase with high tide in the main channel, and

rather than being pushed back, as it would be in the main channel or in a dead-end slough, the slough water keeps flowing eastward, drawing

more saline water with it.

1 To meet the salinity requirements stipulated by the California Water

Resources Control Board to support beneficial uses in Decision-1485, the California State Water Project and the

federal Central Valley Project built the Montezuma Slough Salinity

Control Gates

1 Because the Salinity Control Gates are more effective than anticipated

other proposed salinity control measures were abandoned. The gates operate as needed from

October through May.p. 44

Low-impact development (Canada/US) - Alternative to conventional stormwater management practices

1 A concept that began in Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince

George's County, Maryland in 1990, LID began as an alternative to

traditional stormwater Best management practice for water

pollution|best management practices (BMPs) installed at construction

projects.PGDER (1997)

Low-impact development (Canada/US) - Alternative to conventional stormwater management practices

1 The LID design approach has received support from the U.S

For More Information, Visit:

• https://store.theartofservice.com/the-water-management-toolkit.html

The Art of Servicehttps://store.theartofservice.com

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