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Warm UPDefine these terms using the Mastering the Grade 8 Social Studies TEKS on your own paper.1. Domestic policy2. Foreign policy3. Precedent4. Political parties5. Neutrality
OBJECTIVE
• 8.5 Understands the challenges confronted by the government and its leaders in the early years of the republic.
• 8.5 A Describe major domestic problems faced by the leaders of the new republic.
• 8.5 C Explain the origin (starting place) and development of American Political Parties.
Washington’s Presidency(1789-1797)
Washington’s Presidency(1789-1797)
The 1st President
• Being the fist president, was very hard for Washington.
• He had no example to follow.• He knew the world would be analyzing his
every move.• He believed the president should have
power to act as president, but he feared any time he used his presidential powers he would be viewed by the people as trying to be a king.
• He, also, knew that anything he did would set precedence for future presidents, and it did.
George Washington1st President of
United States of America
Major Challenges for the New President
1. Define authority of Central Government2. Create a stable economic system $$$3. Build a military4. Maintain National Security5. Conduct Foreign relations6. Make treaties with Native Americans
Washington Needs help to meet challenge
President Washington is going to start with adding a cabinet to the executive branch because he can not accomplish those challenges by himself. He needs some people to advise him that are experts in that area.
Washington’s Cabinet
George Washington
Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of Treasury $$$$
Henry Knox –
secretary of War
Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of State
Judiciary Act of 1789
The Judiciary Act of 1789 was passed by Congress.• It set up 13 district
courts (1 per state).• It set up 3 circuit
courts (1 per region). These were appellate courts.
First Chief Justice
John Jay was appointed as the first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
The Bill of Rights Were Adopted
In December 1791, the Bill of Rights were officially added to the Constitution.
Hamilton’s Economic Plan
Repay the Debt
Combing the National and state debt to establish the nation’s credit.
National Bank
·Place to deposit taxes·Provide sound currency·Make loans to National government.
Jefferson is against the National Bank not in Constitution as a Federal power
Whiskey Tax
Tax on whiskey to raise money from Western farmers
New tax caused hostility among western farmer. Farmers refused to pay the tax and threaten the tax collectors. Washington had to send the militia to put down the rebellion
Protective Tariff
Tariff on imported goods to protect American goods.Tariff was defeated because the Southern states opposed the high tariff rates it would make it harder for Southerners to sale their crops to Britain.
War BondsShould war bonds be paid at their full value?Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the treasury, said yes. He
believed full payment was necessary to gain the trust of the people.
Opposition in the South claimed that only speculators would profit from full payments and since most war bonds were issued in the North, they did not feel responsible for paying them back.
In a compromise, the South agreed to paying full value for the war bonds in exchange for moving the capital further south. The new capital would be moved to an independent area called the District of Columbia and the Capital would be called Washington.
Creating a National Bank
Should there be a national bank?Madison and Jefferson said “no”. It would only
benefit the wealthy and the Constitution did not allow for it.
Hamilton disagreed. He argued it was an implied power in the Constitution and Congress did have the power to create a bank.
Washington agreed and signed the bill creating the First National Bank.
The Whiskey TaxThe Whiskey Tax• Whiskey was made from left
over grain grown by farmers.
• Hamilton saw it as extra cash and created a law taxing the whiskey.
• The farmers felt the tax was unfair, because only farmers had to pay it.
$$$$$
The Whiskey Rebellion
A group of farmers protested the whiskey tax by attacking tax collectors homes and burning federal buildings. This is known as the Whiskey Rebellion.
Washington gathered an army and crushed the rebellion.
Washington’s victory proved two things:1. It proved that Washington could raise an
army when needed.2. It sent a message to the people that the
proper way to protest was to contact their congressman.
$$$$$ $$$$$Tariffs
Should there be a tariff?Hamilton proposed a tariff, tax on imports, to
protect American industry.The South, led by Jefferson and Madison, voted
against the tariff concerned that it forced citizens to pay higher prices.
The protective tariff passed anyway, but the South continued to fight against it.
How a Protective Tariff WorksIn America
American-made socks sell for 2.00 a pair
British-made socks sell for 2.50 a pair
When shipped to America, a .75 cents tariff is added to the price of British socks
In Britain
British-made socks sell for 1.75 a pair
This is why the Southern states were against the tariff
What is a tariff?
Come up with your own example of what a tariff process
How a Protective Tariff WorksIn America
American-made socks sell for 2.00 a pair
British-made socks sell for 2.50 a pair
When shipped to America, a .75 cents tariff is added to the price of British socks
In Britain
British-made socks sell for 1.75 a pair
This is why the Southern states were against the tariff
Ticket Out door• 1) list 3 challenges George Washington faced
during his time in office• 2) List 3 things that were accomplished during
his time in office• 3) List domestic issues that arose due to
Hamilton’s Financial Plan• 4) Why did Jefferson & Madison disagree with
the Creation of the Nation Bank.– 1– 2
Hamilton’s Plan Created the formation of the first Political Parties
Federalists vs Democrati c-Republicans
OBJ: 8.5 C Explain the origin and development of American political parties.
Formation of Political Parties
Replacing the Articles of Confederation
Process of Ratification of the U.S. Constitution
Early development of political Parties
Federalist—Strong Central Government
Anti– Federalist Weak Central Government and strong State
Replacing the Articles of Confederation
Process of Ratification of the U.S. Constitution
Early development of political Parties
Federalist—Strong Central Government
Anti– Federalist Weak Central Government and strong State
U.S. Constitution Approved
Federalist Created a strong Central Government
Anti-Federalist added The Bill of Rights
Election for
President
George Washington Elected President
Unanimously voted for 2 terms as President
Created a Cabinet to help him run the country
Hamilton selected as Secretary of Treasury
Politi cal Parti es Formed
Replacing the Articles of Confederation
Process of Ratification of the U.S. Constitution
Early development of political Parties
Federalist—Strong Central Government Anti– Federalist
Weak Central Government and strong State
U.S. Constitution Approved
Federalist Created a strong Central Government
Anti-Federalist added The Bill of Rights
Election for President
George Washington Elected President
Unanimously voted for 2 terms as President
Created a Cabinet to help him run the country
Hamilton selected as Secretary of Treasury
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Continued Federalist and Anti-Federalist disagreements
Leads to the Early development of Political Parties
U.S. Constitution Approved
Federalist Created a strong Central Government
Anti-Federalist added The Bill of Rights
Election for President
George Washington Elected President
Unanimously voted for 2 terms as President
Created a Cabinet to help him run the country
Hamilton selected as Secretary of Treasury
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Continued Federalist and Anti-Federalist disagreements
Leads to the Early development of Political Parties
Splits Washington’s cabinet
Hamilton’s Plan– created a Nation Bank,Strong Central Government
*National Bank *Assumption of State *Debt *Nation factories
Thomas Jefferson– Democratic RepublicanDisapprove of National Bank, thinks States have more power
Democratic– RepublicanOpposed Hamilton’s economic policiesConcern about powers of states
George Washington Elected President
Created a Cabinet to help him run the country
Hamilton selected as Secretary of Treasury
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Continued Federalist and Anti-Federalist disagreements
Leads to the Early development of Political Parties
Splits Washington’s cabinet
Hamilton’s Plan– created a Nation Bank, Strong Central Government
*National Bank *Assumption of State *Debt *Nation factories
Thomas Jefferson– Democratic RepublicanDisapprove of National Bank, thinks States have more power
Democratic– RepublicanOpposed Hamilton’s economic policiesConcern about powers of states
Washington’s Farwell Address
No PDA
No Political Parties
No Debt
No Alliances
John Adams Elected
Divisions continue to grow with in the country
Political Parties have formed
Federalist-Strong Central Government
Industrial
Democratic - Republican Weak Central Gov’t and Strong State Gov’tFarmers/small guy
Federalists Democratic-Republicans
Main Party Leaders Alexander Hamilton and John Adams
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
Constitutional Views
Loose constructionists: the national government should take all steps needed to govern the nation
Strict constructionist: the national government should only have powers expressly listed in the Constitution
Views on Government
Favored a strong federal government
Favored states’ rights
Views on Foreign policy
Pro-British: Federalists feared the French Revolution as an example of mob rule
Pro-French: Jefferson was sympathetic to the French Revolution
Main Supporters Merchants and manufactures Farmers and skilled craftsmen
Who should vote Only those meeting property qualifications
Vote should be open to all adult males
Events during Washington Presidency
Problems with IndiansIndians were attacking
western settlements.Washington made treaties
with many Indian tribes, but Americans ignored the treaties and continued to move west.
With the British urging them on, the Indians continued to attack various American settlements.
The Battle of Fallen Timbers
In 1794, Washington sent troops to defeat the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
After losing the battle, the Indians signed the Treaty of Greenville in which they agreed to surrender all Indian lands in Ohio.
OBJ: 8.5 E
• Identify the foreign policies of Presidents Washington and explain the impact of Washington’s Farewell address
Problems in Europe
Shortly after Washington became president, in 1789, the French Revolution began.
Many Americans believed America should support the Revolution, because the French supported us in ours.
Other Americans opposed the violence of the French Revolution and its attack on religion and individual liberties. Besides, it was the French king who sent troops to help us during our revolution, not the French people.
The Proclamation of Neutrality
In 1793, France and Britain went to war.
Some Americans supported the British and some supported the French.Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality forbidding Americans to take sides.The British began capturing American cargo ships and forcing the crews to fight for the British navy (impressments).
Trying to Stay NeutralWashington sent John Jay to make
peace with Britain.John Jay created a treaty with the
British known as Jay’s Treaty. In this treaty the British agreed to:
1. finally leave American soil,2. pay for some damages to
captured ships,3. and allow some American trade
in the Caribbean.Most Americans disapproved of this
treaty, because it did not address the issue of impressments.
Jay’s Treaty
Pinckney’s Treaty
Spain feared that Jay’s Treaty would unite the U.S. and Britain against the Spanish Empire in North America.Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to settle the problem.In Pinckney’s Treaty, Spain agreed to allow Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and rights to trade in New Orleans.
Washington’s Farewell
Washington’s farewell address is read in the Senate every year on Washington's Birthday.
As the first President, Washington set several precedents for future presidents:
1. He served two terms. - Franklin D. Roosevelt was the only president to serve more than two terms.2. He set foreign policy in his “Farewell Address” given in Sept. 1796 – “Observe good faith and justice toward all nations… Tis our policy to steer clear of permanent alliances.” This policy was followed for more than 100 years.3. He created a cabinet composed of heads of departments to advise him. – All presidents since have had cabinets.4. He also warned of the dangers of political parties.
Washington Farewell address
NOPDA
ARTIES
EBT
LLIANCES
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