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VSL Post-Tensioning Systemshave been used commonlythroughout the world since 1956.They are technically mature andhave earned a reputation forquality and reliability. Today,VSL is a recognized leader inpost-tensioning and relatedengineering.
VSL Post-Tensioning is used invirtually every area of concreteconstruction. While usedprimarily in bridges andbuildings, the system is alsoemployed for the construction ofconcrete containment structures,anchoring in rock and soil,structural strengthening andrepair, lifting and sliding of heavyloads, and many otherapplications.
Harbour Front, Hong Kong
Tsing Ma and Kap Shui Mun Bridges, Hong Kong
Bank of China, Hong Kong
The VSL technology is basedon the principle of post-tensioning. The prestress ispermanently introduced intothe structure after theconcrete has hardened. Thisis achieved by the stressingof suitably arranged, high-strength prestressingtendons. VSL Post-Tensioning generatesfavorable stress conditions inthe structure, enablingefficient use of buildingmaterials while controllingdeformations under serviceconditions.
This publication comprises asummary of the VSL Post-Tensioning Systems and containsimportant information of designand construction. The dimensions
Gateway I, Hong Kong
Rambler Channel Bridge, Hong Kong
T H E C O M P A N Y
Bee-Do Bridge, South Korea
Koshiki Daimyojin Bridge, Japan
strengths may all be accommodated.Your local VSL Representative willfurnish additional details regardingspecific applications.
As a subsidiary of VSLInternational of Switzerland and amember of BOUYGUES S.A. ofFrance, VSL is part of a majorinternational construction groupwith a combined workforce of over80,000. VSL International Ltd.further divides its subsidiaries andlicensees into five Operating Units(OU's). Operating Unit 1 coversSouth East Asia with the regionaloffice in Australia. Operating Unit 2covers North East Asia with theregional office in Hong Kong.Operating Unit 3 covers the UnitedStates with the regional office
With offices throughout the world,VSL offers a comprehensiverange of professional services forany post-tensioning project.These locally based servicesinclude feasibility studies,structural design assistance,contractor consulting and fieldinstallation, all aimed at findingthe best solution and insuring thebest value for money.
The scope of VSL's value-addedservices is tailored to suit clientneeds.
As a technical leader in the post-tensioning industry, VSL workscontinuously, through its qualityassurance program, to refine,improve, and expand the scope ofits systems and services.Subscribing to the philosophy thatwhat is good today may alwaysbe made better for tomorrow, VSLhas always attracted the mosttalented and motivated people, allwith one goal: to be your most
valued construction partner.
in Raleigh. Operating Unit 4.5covers Europe, Middle East, Africaand South America, with theregional office in France. Thisarrangement gives VSL continuousaccess to the latest construction
technologiesemployed throughoutthe world. Our localbased offices allowVSL to be close toour clients and offerour constructionsolutions effectively.
and strengths indicated aresubject to change as VSLcontinuously improves its systems.Additional tendon sizes are availableupon request. Alternate dimensions,special conditions and various
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
VSL Multistrand System Components
Grout tube
Stressing anchorage
Grout tube Grout tube Grout tube Grout tube
Dead end anchorage
The VSL multistrand system is characterized by thefollowing features:
• standardized tendon units with up to 55 strands of13mm (0.5") or 15 mm (0.6") diameter;
• wide selection of anchorage types;• ducts of steel or plastic PT-PLUS™;• grouting with cement mortar or other materials;• economical tendon manufacture on-site or in the
factory;• no need to determine tendon length in advance;• simultaneous stressing of all strands in a tendon
but individual locking of each strand at theanchorage;
• stressing in any number of steps;• simple and reliable equipment for installation,
stressing and grouting.
ASTM A416Grade 270
15.21401.1
16701860260.7
ASTM A416Grade 270
12.798.7
0.77516701860183.7
EN138 orBS 5896 Super
12.9100
0.78515801860186
cicra 195max 2.5
mmmmkg/mMPaMPakNGPa%
Strand type
Nominal diameterNominal areaNominal massYield strengthTensile strengthMin. breaking loadYoung's modulusRelaxation
Tendonunit
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-27
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-48
5-55
No. ofstrands
23456789
10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455
Min.(mm)
36/39
51/54
60/67
75/82
80/87
95/102
95/102
110/117
120/127
130/137
130/137
Duct ID/OD
12.7
367551735919
1102128614701653183720212204238825722756293931233307349036743858404142254409459347764960514453275511569558786062624664306613679769817164734875327715789980838267845086348818900191859369955297369920
10104
Min. Breaking load(kN)
STRAND TYPE 13 mm (0.5")
Nominal(mm)
36/39
51/54
65/72
80/87
95/102
100/107
100/107
110/117
120/127
130/137
135/142
Tendonunit
6-3
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-27
6-31
6-37
6-42
6-48
6-55
No. ofstrands
23456789
10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455
Min.(mm)
36/39
55/62
75/82
90/97
100/107
110/117
120/127
130/137
135/142
150/160
160/170
Duct ID/OD
15.7
5307951060132515901855212023852650291531803445371039754240450547705035530055655830609563606625689071557420768579508215848087459010927595409805
100701033510600108651113011395116601192512190124551272012985132501351513780140451431014575
15.2
521782
10431304156418252086234626072868312833893650391141714432469349535214547557355996625765186778703973007560782180828342860388649125938596469907
1016710428106891094911210114711173211992122531251412774130351329613556138171407814339
Min. Breaking load(kN)
STRAND TYPE 15 mm (0.6")
Nominal(mm)
36/39
65/72
80/87
100/107
100/107
110/117
120/127
130/137
135/142
160/170
170/180
Strand Properties
1) 2) 1) 2)
3)
4) 4)
EN138 orBS 5896 Super
15.71501.1815001770265
13 mm (0.5") 15 mm (0.6")
2
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Tendon Properties
12.9
372558744930
111613021488167418602046223224182604279029763162334835343720390640924278446446504836502252085394558057665952613863246510669668827068725474407626781279988184837085568742892891149300948696729858
1004410230
1) Measured at 0.1% residual strain (0.1% offset method)2) Measured at 1% extension (1% extension under load method)3) After 1000 hrs at 20º C (EN & BS, low relaxation to ASTM)
4) Corrugated plastic PT-Plus™ ducts are also available, refer to page 11
Dimensions
Subject to modification
G
9512515020023025025030532536540095
125150200250250305325365400
FExt. Dia.
39547287
10210710711712713714239547287
107107117127137142
E
5885
1201451501751752002172352505885
120145175175200217235250
D
100100160210215300300320340340340100100160210300300320340340340
C
8511015018020022023025029029032090
110150180220230250270300320
B
606060707792
1001071121221506060607592
100112122142145
A
135165215265290315315370390430465135165215265315315370390430465
5-45-75-125-195-225-275-315-375-425-485-556-36-46-76-126-196-226-276-316-376-42
Tendon unit
Dimensions in mmDimensions are valid for:Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder).Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder).Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Grout connection
Anchor block
Wedges
Strands
Casting
Duct
B D
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Stressing Anchorage VSL Type EC
A C F E
G
A
A
D
458585
110150180200220230250290290320559090
120135180220230250270300320340360
5-15-35-45-75-125-195-225-275-315-375-425-485-556-16-26-36-46-76-126-196-226-276-316-376-426-486-55
A
7011513017523029031537037040550050050075
110135160205270340370435435480580580580
B
152020253540455555607070701515202535405055656570909090
C
4560606060758297
10511211712715560606060707897
107117127147147147187
E
7019019019037047048055055057068068068070
190190190290460590690690690830950950950
FExt. Dia.
363639547287
102107107117127137142363639547287
107107117127137160160170
Tendon unit
Dimensions
Subject to modificationDimensions in mmDimensions are valid for:Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder).Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder).Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Bearing plate (steel)
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Stressing Anchorage VSL Type E
Sleeve
Duct
Grout tube
Anchor block
Strands
Wedges
A D
C B E
F
A
A
Couplers VSL Type K and V
Duct
Casting type EC or
Bearing plate type E
Grout tube
Omega ring
Compression
fittings
Wedges
Tension ring
Sleeve
Coupling
block K
Compression fittings with
retainer plates
Coupling block V
Coupler type K
5-3
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-31
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
D
290
410
510
600
690
1000
230
330
360
470
570
700
E
175
175
175
175
175
175
200
205
205
205
205
205
F
230
330
420
490
570
870
185
250
280
370
460
570
øG
130
170
200
240
260
350
130
150
160
190
240
280
Tendonunit
Coupler type V
Subject to modification
øC130150170200240260310350390395420490150150160200240280310330350440
B110110110110110110110110150150150170128128128128128128128138150170
A430440440510590660860
10101080108013701370380490520630730860930
109010901390
Tendon unit5-35-45-75-125-195-225-275-315-375-425-485-556-26-36-46-76-126-196-226-276-316-37
Dimensions in mmDimensions are valid for:Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder).Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder).Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Couplers Type KFixed coupler.
For coupling to a tendon which has been placed and stressed.
Couplers Type VMovable coupler.
For coupling to a tendon which has already been placed,
but not stressed.
Cast-in casting
type EC
∆L=Elongation of tendon 1
Tendon 1Tendon 2
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Tension ring
Sleeve
A
B
E+1.5D∆L
F
Dead End Anchorage VSL Type H
B
7070
17070
190190270190390190390310430310550350550350430670
Type
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Alter-native
11212121212121212123
Tendonunit5-35-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-55
A
230310150370170350310470310570390670470770470870570
1170870570
C
930930930
11301130113011301130113011301130133013301530153015301530183018301830
D
---
128012801280
-1280128012801280148014801680168016801680198019801980
B
9090
21090
230230330230470230490260510370510370510650370510790
Type
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Alter-native
112121212121212123123
Tendonunit6-36-4
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-31
6-37
6-42
6-55
A
290390190450210430390570390690470810570
1050690
1050810690
14101050690
C
950950950
115011501150115011501150115011501550155018501850185018501850215021502150
D
---
133013301330
-13301330133013301700170020002000
2000020002000230023002300
Strand type 15 mm (0.6")
Dimensions in mmDimensions are valid for:Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder).Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder).Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Subject to modification
A x B
Bulbs
Grout tube
Duct
Tension ring
Seal
Spacer
Strand type 13 mm (0.5")
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Type IType II
DC
Tendon 2
Intermediate Anchorage VSL Type Z and ZU
Intermediate Anchorage Type Z Intermediate Anchorage Type ZUCentre-stressing anchorages are used for ring tendons in circular structures, or for those tendons where the ends cannot be fitted
with normal stressing anchorages.
F
400500700
100013001450
450900
1000135014501500
C
8090
130140180200
90100140160200250
5-25-45-65-125-185-22
6-26-46-66-126-186-22
Intermediate anchorage type Z
Tendonunit
B
607090
140160160
7080
100160180180
D
60658590
110120
657090
100120145
G
560720990
149019102110
62011801400196022802380
H
170200240320360390
180210250340420440
A
130160200280320350
140170210300380400
Dimensions in mm1) Tension ring only on side 22) Dependent upon the shape of the concrete surface.
The values stated apply for surfaces which are not curved.
F
450560650
450560650
C
808895
9092
100
5-25-45-6
6-26-46-6
Intermediate anchorage type Z
Tendonunit B
103103113
105105120
D
606570
656575
G
655815925
655815925
H
200200220
210210240
A
165165185
170170200
Subject to modification
1)
1)
1)
1)
2) 2) 2) 2)
1)
1)
1)
1)
Tendon 1
Stressing jack
Curved stressing chair
∆L = Elongation of tendon 2
E = + required coverC
2
Tendon 2G + ∆ L
Tendon 1
Retainer plate
Grout tube
Wedges
Anchor block Z
Anchor block ZU
Wedges
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Duct
Tension ring with anchors
F + ∆ L
G + ∆ L
B
F + ∆ L B
Minimum Radii of Tendon Curvatures and Minimum Tangent Length
Minimum breaking load of tendon (MN)
Minimum radius of
tendon curvature
Minimum tangent length
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Selected Design Considerations
Spacing and Cover of DuctsIn determining minimum spacing and concrete coverrequirements, reference should be made toapplicable standards and recommendations.
-(µα+kx)= Po e , where= Distance from stressing end (in meters)= Prestressing force at x= Prestressing force at stressing end= Coefficient of friction= sum of all angular deviations (in radians)
over the distance x= Wobble friction coefficient due to minor
unavoidable tendon curvatures(placing tolerances)
k= 0.001 (range 0.0008~0.0012)
k= 0.001 (range 0.0008~0.0012)
Tendon Supports
Recommended spacing:Standard steel ducts 0.8 to 1.2mPlastic ducts PT-PLUS™: 0.8 to 1.0m
Tendon Force LossesThe effective prestressing force at a specific placeand time differs from the initial prestressing forcefor various reasons.Significant factors include:• friction losses due to curvature of the tendon;• shrinkage and creep of the concrete;• relaxation of the prestressing steel;
• draw-in of the wedges during lock-off.
The friction losses along the tendon can be
determined with the following formula:
Px
xPx
Po
µα
k
The friction coefficients µ and k can vary fairly widelyand depend upon various factors, including: thenature and surface condition of the prestressingsteel; the type, diameter and surface condition of theduct; and the installation method.
The following values may be assumed for design:
Tendon in standard steel ducts:µ= 0.2 (range 0.16~0.22)Tendon in plastic ducts PT-PLUS™:µ = 0.14 (range 0.12~0.15)
For calculating the losses due to shrinkage andcreep of the concrete, reference should be made tothe technical literature and to the standardsapplicable to each project.
The relaxation of the prestressing steel dependsprimarily upon the types of steel (relaxation class),the magnitude of the prestress and the temperature.For low relaxation strands commonly used today, themaximum loss is 2.5% after 1000 hours at 20˚ C andan initial stress of 70% of the nominal tensilestrength. Further information can be found in therelevant prestressing steel standards andmanufacturer's literature.
Independent of the type of jack or tendon, a loss dueto wedge draw-in of approximately 6mm occurs atlock-off. If necessary, this can be compensated forby suitable procedures.
Sheathing and Corrosion Protection
For conventional applications, corrugated galvanisedsteel ducts are used.For applications requiring enhanced corrosionprotection and improved fatigue resistance of thetendons, use of the VSL PT-PLUS™ System withcorrugated plastic duct is recommended. This fullyencapsulated and watertight system offers superbcorrosion protection, and the plastic duct eliminatesfretting fatigue between the strand and duct. It also
Strand Position at High Point of Tendon
Strand bundle
Steelduct
e (mm)566
10141714132225
Plasticduct
e (mm)---9
121815322822
Strand Type 13 mm (0.5") Strand Type 15 mm (0.6")
5-15-35-75-125-195-225-275-315-375-425-485-55
Tendonunit
Steelduct
e (mm)478
111312131423261723
Plasticduct
e (mm)---79
22171432282414
6-16-36-46-76-126-196-226-276-316-37
Tendonunit
Strand Type
15 mm (0.6")
Tendon unit
6-76-12
6-19 / 6-226-316-37
Strand Type
13 mm (0.5")
Tendon unit
5-125-195-315-435-55
5976
100130130
7391
116146146
22.5333
Steel Duct
Duct
Dimensions (mm)
d D s
Other units on request
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
provides reduced duct friction. The PT-PLUS™System may, in conjunction with VSL CSAnchorages, be configured with special details andinstallation techniques to provide Electrically IsolatedTendons. These tendons may be electricallymonitored at any time throughout the life of thestructure.All ducts are manufactured in a variety of standardlengths and are coupled on site.
Strand Position at Low Point of Tendon
Centre line of duct
Centre of gravity of strandse
e
Dimensions of Plastic Ducts PT-PLUS™
Plastic Duct PT-PLUS™
Dead End Anchorage VSL Type L
Duct A
Hairpin bar reinforcement
øA
Layout of L-Anchorages:
Hairpin Bar Reinforcement
Required cross-sectional area of hairpin bars:
As • n
As [mm ]
n [ - ]
Po [kN]
øAext. [mm]
T [mm]
X [mm]
Yield strength of hairpin bars: ≥400 MPa
Concrete cover to ducts shall not be less than the
external duct diameter.
2
Rmin.
600600900
110012001400
øBInternal/external
36/3951/5465/7280/8785/92
100/107
øAInternal/external
42/4560/6780/8790/97
95/102110/117
5-45-75-125-195-225-31
Tendonunit
Strand Type 13 mm (0.5")
Rmin.
600600600750
10001300
øBInternal/external
36/3936/3955/6260/6780/87
95/102
øAInternal/external
42/4542/4565/7275/8290/97
110/117
6-26-36-46-76-126-19
Tendonunit
Strand Type 15 mm (0.6")
Subject to modificationDimensions in mmDimensions are valid for:Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 25 MPa (cube), 20 MPa (cylinder).Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 80% of its nominal strength.Maximum prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Duct B
= Po • π= Cross-section area of one hairpin bar
= number of hairpin bars
= Prestressing force in the tendon
= External diameter of duct
= Concrete thickness
= Required anchoring length
according to applicable standard
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Duct sized such that
only two (2) layers of
strand occur in the
loop.
Dead End Anchorage VSL Type LD
When loops with a smaller radius are required,special half round ducts are available upon request.VSL Type LD Loops are available with a 590 mmradius. The tendon sizes available are the same asType L - the difference is in duct configuration asindicated. A tight radius is good for nailing of precastbox segments to piers.
Grout tube
øB
T
Hairpin bar
T
cba
T≥4 • øA ext.T≥4 • øA ext.T≥3 • øA ext.
Stressing
The unique feature of the VSL Post-Tensioningsystem lies in its special procedure for locking thewedges. The wedges always remain in contact withthe strands during the stressing operation. As thepressure in the jack is released, the wedgesautomatically lock in the conical holes of the anchorhead.
Grouting equipment
Placing of anchor block
Positioning of jack
Stressing, measuring, seating of wedges
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Grouting
VSL grouting equipment includes mixer and pump inone unit. Grouting is usually carried out as soon aspossible after stressing.
Placing of anchor block and wedges
Positioning of the jack
Stressing
Seating of wedges
Grouting of tendon
Push Through Machine Hydraulic Pump
ZPE-60III
615180250
126.4632500745-2
to 5-46-26-3
ZPE-12/St2II
550310100
309.418505981515-12
6-66-7
ZPE-200III
960315300
325.720006143055-12
6-66-7
ZPE-460/31II
580485100
804.046605804355-225-316-186-19
ZPE-1250II
1290620150
2168.012500
57717305-37
to 5-556-31
to 6-55
ZPE-1000III
1200790200
1809.510000
55322905-37
to 5-556-31
to 6-43
ZPE-750II
1185520150
1247.07500601
11005-315-376-31
ZPE-500III
1000550200
894.65000559
10645-225-316-18
to 6-22
ZPE-19II
750390100
500.329005802945-185-196-12
ZPE-7/AIII
690280160
203.610645231155-65-76-4
ZPE-3III
475200160
103.6500483475-25-36-2
ZPE-30III
720140250
58.32320549285-1
6-1
ZPE-23FJI
790116200
47.10230488235-1
6-1
(mm)(mm)(mm)(cm )(kN)(bar)(kg)
DesignationTypeLengthDiameterStrokePiston areaCapacity
WeightUsed for 13 mm(0.5") tendon typesUsed for 15 mm(0.6") tendon types
Subject to modification
Type I (ZPE-23 FJ)
Stressing Jack Data
E
E
90100150140200200210250300330365450375
D
116140200180300310330390485585570790660
C
1200110010001100120013002100150015002000230022002250
B
300600550650800700
1100850700
1150135013001350
A min.
-303030305050506080808090
Jack type
ZPE-23FJZPE-30ZPE-3ZPE-60ZPE-7/AZPE-12/St2ZPE-200ZPE-19ZPE-460/31ZPE-500ZPE-750ZPE-1000ZPE-1250
Dimensions in mm
2
M U L T I S T R A N D P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
60˚
B
C
D
E
Type III (ZPE-500)Type II (ZPE-19)
Concrete cover according
to applicable standard
B S P T
Concreting
Grouting
Harbour Front (Hunghom Marine Redevelopment), Hunghom, Hong Kong
Placing tendonsStressing
Owners and designers of thebuildings of today and tomorrowneed to incorporate sufficientflexibility into their structures toaccommodate the changingneeds of the users of thebuilding.
Post-tensioning offers largerspans with reduced structuraldepth, resulting in largercolumn-free areas. Internaltenancy layouts are thus notrestricted by tight column grids.Positive deflection and crackcontrol and, if necessary, crack-free water-tight slabs offer thedesigner the opportunity to
break free of the limitations ofthe passive methods ofreinforced concrete or structuralsteel.
VSL Post-Tensioning is moreeconomical than other systems,especially when fasterconstruction cycles areconsidered. There is lessmaterial handling on site andalso a reduced site labour forcewhich minimises congestion onsite. Most importantly, there isthe quality and service of VSLspecialized high-performanceteams and optimum back-up onsite.
The VSL Post-Tensioning slabsystem has been used in manyprestigious buildings andstructures throughout the FarEast. The system uses up tofive strands in flat-shapedducting and anchorages. Thestrands are individually stressedand are gripped by wedgeaction. After stressing, the ductis subsequently filled with acementitious grout, which isinjected under pressure, so thatthe strands are fully bonded tothe surrounding concrete.
Construction Sequence
B O N D E D S L A B P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Standardflat duct
20 x 75
25 x 90
Tendon Properties Duct Dimensions
Strand type
13 mm (0.5")
15 mm (0.6")
Tendonunit
5-45-56-46-5
ASTM A416Grade 270
735919
10431304
BS 5896Super744930
10601325
Numberof
strands4545
Min. breaking load (kN)
Corrugatedflat duct
25 x 80
25 x 90
= 0.20 (range: 0.16 ~ 0.22)= 0.001 (range: 0.0008 ~ 0.0012)= 0.14 (range: 0.12 ~ 0.15)= 0.001 (range: 0.0008 ~ 0.0012)
ASTM A416Grade 270
15.21401.1
16701860260.7
ASTM A416Grade 270
12.798.7
0.77516701860183.7
EN138 orBS 5896 Super
12.9100
0.78515801860186
cicra 195max 2.5
mmmmkg/mMPaMPakNGPa%
Strand type
Nominal diameterNominal areaNominal massYield strengthTensile strengthMin. breaking loadYoung's modulusRelaxation
1) Measured at 0.1% residual strain (0.1% offset method)2) Measured at 1% extension (1% extension under load method)3) After 1000 hrs at 20º C (EN & BS, low relaxation to ASTM)
Strand Properties
1) 2) 1) 2)
3)
EN138 orBS 5896 Super
15.71501.1815001770265
13 mm (0.5") 15 mm (0.6")
2
Duct Dimension in mm(Height x Width)
Plastic ductPT-PLUS™
35 x 86
not available
Selected Design Considerations
• Spacing of tendon supports: 0.75 to 1.2 m (conventional steel ducts) 0.75 to 1.0 m (plastic ducts PT-PLUS™)
• Minimum radius of curvature: 2.5 m (vertical profile) 6.0 m (horizontal profile)
• Min. straight length at anchorage: 0.75 m
• A wedge draw-in of approximately 6 mm occurs at lock-off
• Friction losses can vary fairly widely from one tendon to another and from one structure to another,depending on factors such as surface condition of strands, type and surface condition of ducts, materialproperties, installation methods and workmanship on-site. In general, the following friction parameters canbe used, without additional consideration for anchorage losses:
- Tendons in standard steel ducts: µ k- Tendons in plastic ducts: µ k
Stressing Anchorage VSL Type S
Subject to modification
Subject to modification
TypeS 5-4S 5-5S 6-4S 6-5
A265265315315
B100100105105
C240240254266
D73738282
E9090
100100
F305305338338
X350350400400
D215215215215
C95959595
B110110110110
A265265265265
TypeS 5-4S 5-5S 6-4S 6-5
Dimensions in mm.Dimensions are valid for a concrete transfer strength of 25 MPa (Cube), 20 MPa (Cylinder).
Couplers VSL Type SK
Recessformer
Strands
Compressionfittings
Coupling block
Wedges
Casting
Flat duct
B O N D E D S L A B P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Grout tube
Wedges
Strands
Anchor block
Casting
Duct
Grout tube
DC
600
B
F
E
Dead End Anchorage VSL Type H and Type P
Type P
Type H
Dimensions in mm.Dimensions are valid for a concrete transfer strength of 25 MPa (Cube), 20 MPa (Cylinder).
Grout tube
Seal
P-plate
Compressionfittings
C370370435435
B75758080
A250300260410
TypeP 5-4P 5-5P 6-4P 6-5
C750750950950
B70709090
A310390390490
TypeH 5-4H 5-5H 6-4H 6-5
B O N D E D S L A B P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Seal
Grout tube
Flat duct
Bulb
A x B
C
A x B
C
B S P T S
Anchorage Reinforcement
Anchorage at Slab Edge
Anchorage at Edge Beam
The above sketches show the preferred arrangement for the local confinement reinforcement at the anchorages. Please consult your local VSLrepresentatives for more details.
Details at Slab Edge
VSLAB ™ Encapsulated Two Strand System
End anchor head
Bearing plate
Half shell
Duct
Clip
Grout vent
Wedge
Gasket
High performance grout
Encapsulated strandG
40
70
F
130
130
E
105
105
D
90
90
C
150
150
B
163
163
A
163
163
Type
SA5-2
k5-2
Grout cap
E F
G
A C
G
B D
Extra links whereshown for S6-5 only Grout vent
Grout vent
Details at Edge Beam Plan
Place innermost linkshard against castingas shown
Extra links whereshown for S6-5 only
50
Plan
Section A Section B
Internal Stressing Pocket13 mm and 15 mm strand
Details shown are typical and may vary for particular applications
Stressing Jack Clearance Requirements
C(mm)280400280400250320300400
B(mm)260260260260260260400400
A(mm)1100110011001100800800850850
Tendon unit5-45-56-46-55-45-56-46-5
Jack type
ZPE-23FJ
DKP-5
DKP-6
Jack typeABCDStrokePiston areaCapacity
Weight
(mm)(mm)(mm)(mm)(mm)(cm )(kN)(bar)(kg)
ZPE-23FJ790116
-195200
47.1023048823
DKP-661524084
165200
49.2623046730
DKP-5560162105150200
31.0314747319
2
Stressing Jack Data
B O N D E D S L A B P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G S Y S T E M S
B=Strand projection C
A
DKP-5/DKP-6
A
ZPE-23FJ
A B
B
A
B
450
42030
450
175 175 50
Stressing Pocket
External post-tensioning is well suited to bridges due to the resulting economies in construction costs and the highdegree of corrosion resistance provided by the system. External tendons are easy to inspect and can be replaced ifnecessary. They are ideal for strengthening existing structures and have a multitude of applications in addition tobridges.
VSL external tendons consist of:
• strand bundle;• polyethylene duct;• end and intermediate anchorages as well as tendon couplers;• grouting compound.
External tendons, usually guided over deviation saddles, have many similarities to stay cables and permanent soiland rock anchors.
Detailed information about design and construction is given in the VSL publication "External Post-Tensioning".
E X T E R N A L P O S T - T E N S I O N I N G
Stressing anchorage Dead end anchorage
VSL External Post-tensioning System Components
Tendon deviation saddle
Strand bundle and sheathing
Bois de Rosset Viaduct, Switzerland
A wide selection of VSL anchorage types is available to meet the full range of practical requirements. In additionto the anchorages illustrated here, intermediate anchorages and couplers are also available . The strand bundlecan be assembled from uncoated or individually greased and sheathed strands. The anchorages for these twotypes of tendon differ only in detail, the principle remains the same.
Tendon
unit
5-12
5-19
5-31
5-43
5-55
6-7
6-12
6-19
6-31
6-37
A
270
310
370
430
520
250
310
390
430
520
B
125
150
165
200
220
125
150
165
200
220
øC
222
258
320
390
420
222
258
300
390
420
D
110
125
150
180
200
110
125
150
180
200
øE
65 / 3.6
90 / 5.1
110 / 6.3
125 / 7.1
140 / 8.0
63 / 3.6
90 / 5.1
110 / 6.3
140 / 8.0
160 / 9.1
Dimensions (mm)
Notes : 1. Nominal external duct diameter / wall thickness2. Other sizes are available upon request
1)
External prestressing components,
Anchorage Type ECR
External tendons at deviation saddle
E P T
B
A øE
Anchorage Type EC R
øEøC
D
Anchorage Type CS
Dead end anchoragewith split bearing plate
PE sheath Strand
Guide tube/Extension tube
Bundle ofmonostrands
HDPE stay pipe
Guide tube/Extension tube
Bundle ofmonostrands
VSL Staycable System 200
VSL Staycable System 200 SSI
S C
VSL Stay Cable System
VSL Stay Cable System has been developed to fulfil the stringent requirements for the design,construction and maintenance of cable stayed bridges.
VSL Stay Cable System consists of:
• a tendon made of multiple parallel 15mm high tensile steel strands;• each strand having an extruded coating of grease and polyethylene;• each strand having an individual polyethylene guide tube continuous from anchorage to anchorage (option for
system 200 SSI only);• an outer sheath of thick walled polyethylene pipe;• anchorages that are prefabricated in the factory.
The features of the system are:
• high fatigue resistance of 200 MPa at 45% of tendon capacity through 2,000,000 load cycles;• high degree of corrosion resistance with multi-layers of corrosion protection;• excellent corrosion protection of strands during construction provided by extruded coating;• simple erection of stay cable assembly without the weight of the tendon strands;• simple Single Strand Installation of the tendon into the erected stay assembly;• all strands are parallel within guide tubes with no risk of intertwining;• no requirement for on-site grouting of cable;• easy to adjust or monitor the tendon force at any stage of the cable life;• able to remove and replace individual strands or entire cable for inspection or repair at any time without
dismantling the installed anchorages;• Single strand stressing.
Guide pipe
Adjustable stressinganchorage with threadedanchorage head and ring nut
Damper andneoprene boot
Parallel monostrandtendon, guide tubes andstay pipe
PE sheath Strand
Grease
Transition pipeHDPE stay pipe
Grease
øG
(mm)
219/6.3
267/6.3
273/6.3
324/7.1
355.6/8
406/8.8
419/10
419/10
508/11
508/11
559/12.5
O
(mm)
1100
1350
1500
1650
1850
2100
2200
2400
2600
2700
2900
P min
(mm)
90
105
115
135
150
155
175
190
190
220
230
VSL Stay Cable System 200
1) Tendon units 6-4 and 6-7: dimensions on request.2) Strand in accordance with Euronorm 138-79 super; other types of strand
with 15 mm (0.6) diameter see VSL's <Post-Tensioning Systems>.3) Valid for nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 45 MPa (cube), 36
MPa (cylinder). Local zone reinforcement not shown.4) External diameter / wall thickness.
5) Min. height of anchor head allow an adjustability of ± 20 mm.6) Dimensions valid only for load monitoring/adjustment. Min. required
length for removal of cable to be determined acc. to project.7) Threaded holes in bearing plate.
Dimensions in mm
Transitionpipe
Bearingplate
Pregroutedsection
M min
L min
S min Pmin
Protection cap
O 50
Connectionsleeve
Boot
T
L min
M min
Pregroutedsection
Damper
O
Split shim
R
Protectioncap
U Anchorhead DS
Splitshim
505-10 mm
Theoretical cable length
Stressing end Dead end
VSL Stay Cable System 200 SSI
5)M min
(mm)
650
750
850
900
1000
1200
1350
1350
1550
1650
1800
4) E
(mm)
230
280
300
350
370
430
460
460
530
530
580
øC
(mm)
185
230
250
280
300
340
380
380
430
430
480
øB
(mm)
190
235
255
285
310
350
385
385
440
440
490
Minimum
breaking
load
(kN)
3180
5035
5830
8215
9605
11395
14575
16165
19345
22525
24115
2)
Number
of
strands
[-]
12
19
22
31
37
43
55
61
73
85
91
Tendon
Unit
[-]
6-12
6-19
6-22
6-31
6-37
6-43
6-55
6-61
6-73
6-85
6-91
1)
Subject to modification
øA
(mm)
230
285
310
350
380
425
470
470
530
540
590
D
(mm)
290
355
380
450
485
540
590
610
690
720
765
3) F
(mm)
190
230
250
300
320
380
410
400
470
470
520
øH
(mm)
140
180
200
225
250
280
315
315
355
355
400
øI
(mm)
125
160
180
200
225
250
250
280
315
315
355
øK
(mm)
110
140
160
180
200
225
225
250
250
280
280
L min
(mm)
1200
1300
1400
1450
1600
1800
2000
2050
2300
2400
2550
N min
(mm)
550
550
550
550
600
600
650
700
750
750
750
Q
(mm)
85
100
100
125
150
155
175
190
190
220
230
R
(mm)
146
170
170
207
237
247
274
294
303
343
353
S min
(mm)
220
230
230
260
280
290
310
330
330
360
370
6) T
(mm)
25
35
35
40
45
45
55
60
65
75
75
3) U
(mm)
35
40
40
50
55
60
65
70
75
85
85
X
(mm)
M 12
M 16
M 16
M 16
M 16
M 16
M 16
M 20
M 20
M 20
M 20
7)
S T A Y C A B L E S
I
L min
I
Dead end
TendonUnit
6- 46- 76-126-196-226-316-376-436-556-616-736-856-91
Numberof
strands47
1219223137435561738591
Minimumbreakingload (kN)
1060185531805035583082159805
113951457516165193452252524115
G
175225290355380450485540590610690720765
H
15202535354045455560657575
I
260340600870870
10601390155015501850190021002200
K min
370450710
1000100012001530170017002000210023002400
L min
808080
100105125135145160170180200200
M
63687595
100120130140155165175195195
N
80808095100120135145160170180200200
O
131136141172177197217232254269288313313
øF
140/ 4178/ 5
219/ 6,3254/ 6,3273/ 6,3324/ 7,1343/ 8
406/ 8,8419/ 10419/ 10495/ 11495/ 11546/ 12
øD
75/ 4,390/ 5,1
110/ 6,3140/ 8140/ 8
160/ 9,1180/ 10,2200/ 11,4225/ 12,8225/ 12,8250/ 14,2250/ 14,2280/ 15,9
øC
120155185230250280300340380380430430480
øB
125160190235255285310350385385440440490
øA
150190230285310350380425470470530540590
Dimensions in mm
4) 4) 3) 3)
2)
4)øE
75/ 4,3110/ 10140/ 8
180/ 10,2200/ 11,4225/ 12,8250/ 14,2280/ 15,9315/ 17,9315/ 17,9355/ 13,7355/ 13,7400/ 15,4
Stressing end
H
min. 220 M
K min
H
min. 220ON
K min
Threaded anchor head DRwith ring nut T Guide
pipeDamper
Theoretical cable length
Connection sleeve
50Boot
min. 150
N min
Guidetube
50X
Bearingplate
Guidepipe
Transitionpipe
Bearingplate T Q min 100
G R O U N D A N C H O R S
The VSL anchors are of similar construction, whetherintended for installation in rock or in soil, and consistbasically of the following three parts:• bond length;• free length;• anchor head for attaching to the component to be
anchored.
Depending upon the intended application andservice life of the anchor, the type of rock or soil andthe magnitude of force to be transmitted, each ofthese parts must be capable of satisfying the mostvaried requirements. These factors thereforeinfluence the individual components of which theanchor will be constructed and the dimensions of theanchoring length and of the borehole.
The anchor head is the main characterisic feature ofthe VSL anchor. It always consists of a stressinganchorage selected from the VSL prestressingsystems. The other parts of the anchor may,however, be adapted to the particular requirementsin regard to their length, load-carrying capacity, formand individual components. Depending upon itsconstruction, the VSL anchor may then be used as atemporary or permanent anchor, as a test anchor orsurveillance anchor, in certain circumstances it maycomprise special protective measures againstcorrosion and mechanical damage. Furtherinformation about the soil and rock anchors will befound in the following VSL publications, which areobtainable on request:• VSL Measuring Technique;• VSL Soil and Rock Anchors - Examples from
Practice.
Strengthening of a gravity dam
Tie-down for a tall building
Securing a slope
Section B.B
Permanent VSL Strand Anchor Fully Encapsulated
Section A.A
Bore hole
Bore hole
Spacer
Bare clean strand
Bearing plate
Anchor block
Section A.AGrout tube
Corrugated sheath
Internal spacer
External spacerBore hole
Section B.B
Bore holeExternal spacer
Smooth sheath
Grout tubes
Greased and plasticcoated strand
Anchor block
Smooth sheath (Polyethylene) orcorrugated sheath
Temporary VSL Strand Anchor
G R O U N D A N C H O R S
Bare clean strandGrout tubes
Grout
External spacer
Bare clean strand
Bearing plate
Greased and sheathed strand
Internal spacer
Corrugated sheath (Polyethylene)
Bore hole
Nose cone
Grout tube
Bare clean strand
Spacer
Bore hole
Greased and sheathed strand (optional)
Grout (free length optional)
Grout tubes
Greased and sheathedstrand (optional)
Grout tubes
Fig. a: VSL anchorage Type ER
A B C
Diagrammatic
Presentation
Anchor block for surveillance anchors:
Alternative
Type E with thread
Stressing jackwith coupling
None
Type E normal
Stressing jack
Required
VSL anchor head
Force measure-ment with
Protection of strand
Type E normal
Load cell, installedpermanent or onlywhen measuring
None
Fig. b: VSL anchorage Type EA
Stressing Anchorage
VSL Anchorage Type E
The VSL stressing anchorage Type E, is composedbasically of an anchor block, wedges and bearingplate. A protective cap may also be fitted over theanchorage, if the latter must be accessible forsurveillance purposes.
All the strands of an anchor are stressedsimultaneously, but they are locked off individually bywedges in the conical bores in the anchor block. Therange of VSL anchorages Type E enables tendons of1 to 55 strands to be stressed, the principle ofanchoring being the same from the smallest to thelargest unit.
The VSL stressing anchorages Type E are designedin principle to meet all the special requirementswhich may be demanded of an anchor. Theserequirements must certainly be known in advance toenable the anchor to be designed in detailaccordingly. This is particularly necessary when theanchor is:• a surveillance anchor;• required to be restressed later;• required to be detensioned and again restressed;• required to be removed after use.
Surveillance Anchors
A surveillance anchor is an anchor at whichobservations are carried out periodically and enablesthe stressing force to be read at any time. The tableshows diagrammatically various forms ofconstruction of the anchorage. The choice of asuitable type will depend upon the access availableto the anchor, its required service life andeconomical considerations. For alternatives B and C,an anchor head of Type E is used, with a thread onit's external cylindrical surface.
Restressing of Anchors
Where force losses are to be expected as aconsequence of soil movements or structuraldeformations, the anchor should be so constructedthat it can be restressed.
Alternatives A and B in the table are also suitable forrestressing. To restress, the anchor block is lifted offfrom the bearing plate and shims are inserted betweenthem. A third solution is to use VSL anchorage TypeER, which has a ring nut enabling the prestressing
force to be adjusted (Fig. a).
Detensioning and Restressing of Anchors
Where an anchor is to be detensioned later, anarrangement is required consisting of a different typeof wedge and an accessory device incorporated inbetween the jack and the anchor head. With thisarrangement the wedges can be released and againlocked at any time thus enabling the anchor to becompletely detensioned in one or more stages.
Where strands must be cut off and not project beyondthe anchor block, a VSL anchorage Type EA can beused (Fig. b). This works on the principle of anadjusting ring nut and a coupler being used for
destressing.
Removable Anchors
For temporary rock or soil anchors which are requiredto be removed after use, the VSL Removable AnchorSystem can fulfill such a special requirement.
After destressing of the anchor, the entire strandtendon can be removed. All that is left behind in theground is a small piece of steel component and thegrout column with plastic sheathing which would notaffect neighbouring foundation activities in the future.
For details of the VSL Rock and Soil Anchor Systemsplease contact your local VSL branch office.
G R O U N D A N C H O R S
VSL Permanent Ground Anchors (Strand Type)
Jacktype
required
ZPE-7/AZPE-12/St2
ZPE-19ZPE-460/31
ZPE-750ZPE-750
ZPE-1000ZPE-1000ZPE-1250
Drillhole
dia. (mm)
130150175200215275310325350
Ultimatecapacity
(kN)
1060185531805035715582159805
1139514575
Numberof
15mm strands
47
12192731374355
7084
102130130160160210260
7590
110140140170170220270
85100125165165195195256270
6580
100125125150150200250
Note: Where block outs, voids or drill hole casing are required,drill hole diameters and bearing plate dimensions should be confirmed with the local VSL office.
VSL Permanent Ground Anchors (Stressbar Type)
Drill hole sizes are based on 10mm external cover *VSL Deformed Tie Bar**VSL Threadlok Bar
505050506565658080808080
100
65656565858585
100100100100100125
Jacktype
required
ZPE-3ZPE-3ZPE-3ZPE-3ZPE-3ZPE-3ZPE-60ZPE-7/AZPE-7/AZPE-7/AZPE-200ZPE-200ZPE-19
Drill holedia. mm
5050505075757587
100100100100125
Drill holedia. mm
75757575878787
100100112112112165
Bardia.mm
15*15**202023
**2526293236384056
Ultimatecapacity
(kN)
190191188325450295575715870
1050122512952460
Drill holedia. mm
100100100100125125125150150150150150175
Corrugatedsheath mmID OD
SmoothID OD
CorrugatedID OD
Sheath Diameter (mm)
Permanent Encapsulated Epoxy Coated Temporary
G R O U N D A N C H O R S
Minimumdrill holedia. mm
100125150175
Ultimatecapacity
kN
1362223235345022
No. of13 mmstrands
7121927
VSL Temporary Ground Anchors
13mm Strand
Jacktype
required
ZPE-7 / AZPE-12 / St2ZPE-19ZPE-460 / 31
Minimumdrill holedia. mm
100125150175
Ultimatecapacity
kN
1855318050357155
No. of15 mmstrands
7121927
VSL Temporary Ground Anchors
15mm Strand
Jacktype
required
ZPE-12/St2ZPE-19ZPE-460/31ZPE-500
H E A V Y L I F T I N G
Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong
Lifting of portal beams, formwork and steel trusses
(weight 270 ~ 420 tonnes)
Loire River Bridge, France
Lifting of 162 m long steel portal (2,400 tonnes) for the main span
Today's civil engineering structures and industrial plants are often assembled from large, heavy prefabricatedcomponents. This may be done for economic or technical reasons, or to save construction time. For projects inwhich cranes or other conventional handling equipment cannot be used because of excessive weight,dimensions or space limitations, VSL Heavy Lifting will often provide the most effective solution.
VSL Heavy Lifting provides builders, engineers and owners with a broad range of advantages, including:• custom-designed solutions for each project;• the highest level of safety, based upon sound engineering practices and over two decades of experience;• economy and efficiency through the use of advanced an reliable hydraulic equipment.
Unique Solutions
VSL will plan lifting, lowering or sliding operations anddesign the necessary temporary structures to suit yourrequirements. Sound engineering, clear thinking, the abilityto innovate, and years of successful experience give you aguarantee of reliable and cost-effective solutions.
New Airport Passenger Terminal Building Roof sliding, Hong Kong
Pump
Flat Jack
Safety
Safety is VSL's first priority. Our specialisedhydraulic lifting equipment is designed for the highestlevel of reliability, and all equipment is rigorouslytested and serviced through VSL's quality controland maintenance programme. VSL field services arealso based upon a total commitment to safety, theextensive experience of our personnel and VSL'sexceptional record provide further assurance ofreliable performance.
Flexibility
VSL's heavy lifting equipment includes a largeselection of hydraulic jacks, pumps, control units,monitoring devices and jacking frames. This range ofequipment gives us the capability to perform virtuallyany project requiring lifting, lowering or sliding.
Type
120c150c220c250c270c300c350c420c480c600c750c870c920c
*1150c
Outsidediameter D
mm
120150220250270300350420480600750870920
1150
Maximum forceat 13.5MPa
kN
85155390525605780
1080160521703470540073858975
13635
Effective area atzero extension
10 mm
6.411.52939455880
119161257400547665
1010
TThickness **
mm
2525252525252525252525252525
EMaximum travel
mm
2525252525252525252525252525
Installationgapmm
3838383838383838383845454550
* 1150c Flat Jacks are specially produced to order and require longer lead times** Flat Jack thickness may vary ±3mm
3 2
H E A V Y L I F T I N G
Segment Erection, Normandy Bridge, France
Flat Jacks
Flat jacks are widely used for a multitude of civil engineering and construction applications such as:• under pinning;• prestressing of columns;• counteracting sinking foundations;• prestressing of road works or airport runways;• prestressing concrete in confined spaces;• lifting and lowering of bridge superstructures for bridge bearing adjustments;• counteracting loads applied during backfilling;• lifting heavy weights;• pile testing.
The VSL flat jack is constructed of two moulded steel sections welded together to form a containment vessel.Hydraulic fluid or grout is injected at pressures of up to 13.5MPa into the peripheral ring, moving the lifting platesaparts, so that a force is applied with a maximum lifting stroke of 25mm per jack. Other shapes of flat jacks areavailable upon request.
Plan
Closed
Fully Inflated
Hong Kong Stadium, Hong Kong
VSL Bar Configurations
20ft.
5.85
5.85
5.85
5.85
40ft.
11.85
5.85+6.0
11.85
11.85
Export containersComponents
available
••
Hot
rolled
•
•
Cold
rolled
••
Left
hand
••
•
Right
hand
••
•
Short
CTS
••
Fully
CTA
•
•
•
VSL Bar
system
CT Stress Bar
15-40mm CT Bar
56-73mm CT Bar
Deformed Bar
15mm Tie Bar
Threadlok Bar
20-25mm
Thread Details Architectural Max. Bar Length m
S T R E S S B A R
Bar Systems
VSL has been manufacturing and designing bar systems in Australia for use by the construction industry since1971. These have proven to be one of the most popular tools of Engineers wishing to induce and control loadsand forces in structures.The systems range from High Tensile Cold Worked Stressbar to Low Tensile Architectural Tendons, all withcompact and easy to assemble fittings.A range of diameters is available to give a wide selection of bar forces. The prestressing force is anchored at theend of the bar by a rolled thread, nut, washer and bearing plate. Where necessary bars can be joined withthreaded couplers, and clevis fittings may be used where pin connections are required.The VSL bar system complies with the requirements of AS1313, AS1314, BS4486, ASTM-A722 and ISO 6934.
Application
VSL bar systems are ideal for the economic application of post-tensioning forces on relatively short tendons.Through the use of threaded connections and anchorages they are simple to use and lend themselves to manyapplications.
Typical Applications are:
Buildings
• Prestressed Beams and Columns
• Precast Connections
Bridges
• Stay Cable Hangers• Prestressed Segments• Strengthening (Timber & Steel Bridges)
• Tension Piles and Caissons
Wharves & Jetties
• Stressed Deck Planks• Tie Backs
Characteristic Properties
VSL Bar Properties are nominally as listed in the Tables.
Corrosion Protection
All bars and fittings must receive protection when installed under permanent conditions. In normal concreteconstruction the use of galvanised duct, injected with grout, provides good protection. Anchorage recesses must
also be filled with cement mortar to protect these ends.
Bars
When bars are used in an exposed environment then one of the following coating systems may be used:• single coat of inorganic zinc;• three coat epoxy paint system;• molybond coated bar ends only;• greased and sheathed in poly tube;• galvanising - (Threadlok Bar only).A combination of the above systems may also be specified. Consideration must also be given to the threaded
ends to ensure correct installation of fittings after coating.
Fittings
Fittings may be treated as above but with preference given to galvanising.
Temporary Bar Anchors
Anchors used in a temporary environment may be used without protection apart from grout cover.
Permanent Bar Anchors
These anchors require installation into corrugated polyethylene sheathing to provide multiple levels of protection.This is accomplished by the internal grout and sheathing barrier. Additional protection may also be used byincorporating the above bar coatings.
Anchors
• Permanent and Temporary Ground Anchors• Uplift Anchors (Dam & Foundation)• Roof Bolting• Slope Stabilisation• Crane Bases
• Light Towers
Specialist Engineering
• Heavy Lifting• Formwork Ties or Hangers• Frame Ties• Pile Testing• Architectural Ties
S T R E S S B A R
VSL CT StressbarCharacteristic Properties
Nominal
area
sq. mm
177
314
415
531
661
804
1018
1134
1257
2463
4185
Nominal
mass
kg/m
1.52
2.39
3.46
4.40
5.44
6.59
7.86
9.23
9.72
20.74
34.68
Nominal tensile
strength
MPa
1080
1030
1080
1080
1080
1080
1030
1080
1030
1000
1000
Nominal 0.1%
proof stress
MPa
930
835
930
930
930
930
835
930
835
810
810
Nominal
Dia.
mm
15
20
23
26
29
32
36
38
40
56
73
Minimum
elongation
%
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Appr. Modulus
of elasticity
kN/sq.mm
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
205
205
Major Dia.
of thread
mm
17.2
21.2
25.2
28.2
31.2
34.4
37.4
40.4
41.4
58.5
76.5
Thread
pitch
mm
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0.1% Proof
165
260
385
495
615
750
850
1055
1050
1995
3390
Max. force
190
325
450
575
715
870
1050
1225
1295
2460
4190
Note: 1. Relaxation properties, as per AS1313, are 4% maximum at 1000 hrs when loaded to 70% of minimum breaking load.2. Fatique results exceed two million cycles when loaded over a stress range of 80 N/sq.mm. (For unbonded tendon only).3. Minimum bending diameter = 200 x Bar Dia.
Recommended MinimumBar
Dia.
15, 20
23, 26
29, 32, 36
38, 40
56
73
B
125
150
150
175
220
320
A
125
150
150
175
220
320
C
75
80
100
112
250
250
A
100
130
130
150
200
300
B
100
130
130
150
200
300
C
70
75
90
100
200
200
Normal bar
Dia.
15, 20
23, 26, 29
32, 36, 38
46
56
73
E
180
270
612
410
Weight
kg
13.5
56
249
295
Capacity
kN
295
996
1980
4570
Jack
model
RH303
ZLP-100/80
ZLP-200
ZPE-460/31
D
121
280
200
485
Stroke
76
80
300
100
Jack Dimension (mm)
Hydraulic Stressing Jack and Accessories
Recess Details (mm) Jack Details
F
390
560
1120
750
G
75
150
110
250
H
125
150
200
300
Jack
model
RH303
ZLP-100/80
ZLP-200
ZPE-460 / 31
Jack Clearance Details (mm)
DEL
F
Stroke
Characteristic StrengthkN
S T R E S S B A R
C
200
Permanent VSL Stressbar Anchor Fully Encapsulated
A
Temporary VSL Stressbar Anchor
S T R E S S B A R
Spherical nut
Hot-Dip galvanizedprotective cap
Spherical washer
Hot-Dip galvanizedbearing plate withtrumpet
Protective grease
CT Stressbar
Grout
Grout tube outer
Grout tube inner
Protective grease
Nitroseal PX220
Internal spacersat 1500 max. centres
O-ring
External spacersat 1500 max. centres
Corrugated sheathing(Polyethylene)
Grout tube outerGrout tube inner
Bore hole
Corrugated sheathing(Polyethylene)
CT Stressbar
Internal spacers
Section A-A
Grout tube
Grout
CT Stressbar epoxycoated if required
Greased bar over free length
Bearing plate
Spherical washer
Spherical nut
Section B-B
Bore hole
Spacers
Heat shrink
CT Stressbar
A
A
H.D.P.E. smooth or corrugated boresheathing over free length
B
B
Heat shrink& sleeve
H.D.P.E. smooth sheathingover free length
Spacers at 1500 max. centres
Steel nose cone
Grout tube
VSL RETAINED EARTH is a composite soil reinforcing system which employs welded wire mesh to improve theshear and compressive strength of an earth backfill.
A RETAINED EARTH structure is a stable, unified gravity mass which may be designed for use in a broad varietyof civil engineering applications. In projects ranging from commercial retaining walls to highway bridgeabutments, VSL RETAINED EARTH has found widespread use and acceptance as a major construction system.The effective principle of RETAINED EARTH involves the transfer of stresses from the soils to the reinforcingmesh through bearing. Bearing pressure is developed on the projected areas of the mesh crossbars, and thepressure is in turn transferred to the longitudinal bars. The longitudinal bars are thus placed in tension, whichenables the soil mass to withstand loads in the direction of the reinforcement.
In addition to the significant performanceadvantages, the VSL RETAINED EARTHsystem is also extremely economical todesign and construct. The system consistsof only three components, reinforcingmesh, precast facing panels and backfillmaterial. This simplicity allow constructionto proceed easily and rapidly.Cost savings of up to 50% are regularlyrealised when compared with traditionalstabilisation systems.
Fast, Easy and Economical
The construction of a RETAINED EARTHstructure is extremely straightforward. Afive-man crew using standard constructionequipment will average 75 square metres ofwall per shift, and can place up to 140square metres per shift.
Perspective View
VSL RETAINED EARTH
Retaining Wall
F5 Freeway, Heathcote NSW
R E T A I N E D E A R T H
Complete Capabilities
VSL provides the client with a complete range of design and engineeringservices for a RETAINED EARTH structure. VSL employs the mostadvanced Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems available.
Services provided include analysis of external stability, internal stability,bridge load, overturning and base sliding. In addition, VSL furnishes allpreliminary drawings, shop drawings and complete erection sequencingdocuments as required.
R E T A I N E D E A R T H
Complete Flexibility
The VSL RETAINED EARTH concrete facing panels are available in a broadrange of textures and colours. Because local materials are used in theproduction of these precast panels, the exposed surface can easily becoloured to complement the natural surroundings. Standard RETAINEDEARTH panel treatments include raised relief, sandblast finish, exposedaggregate, and conventional smooth face concrete. These are only a veryfew of the possibilities however. Non-concrete faces, such as welded meshor steel faced are also available and can be used to make temporarystructures.
Temporary wall with welded mesh face
Fractured fin finishAshlar finish
Raised relief finishSteel face finish
S Y S T E M F O R M W O R K
VSL Climbform and Table Formwork Systems
THE VSL Climbform System is a self climbing heavy duty construction platform used primarily to lift static panelvertical wall formwork. The system provides the wall designer with complete flexibility in both the structural designand selection of finishes.
Standard features include:
• custom designed formwork panels which may be ganged in any shape or size to lift as one unit;• form heights ranging from 2.5 to 4.0 metres;• unobstructed access to the forms for:
- cleaning and oiling- fixing of door frames and blockouts- reinforcement and reinforcing fabric fixing, including prefabricated reinforcement;
• truss members of fixed height assembled in "Meccano like fashion" to form a platform of any plan shapeor size;
• easy levelling and plumbing of the external platform,which is typically supported on four, six or eightseatings;
• variation of wall thickness by moving the internal orexternal forms;
• parking the internal platforms at mid-lift to facilitateblockout and reinforcement fixing;
• cycle times as low as three days;• access to external walls for curing;• hanging access stairway.
Central Plaza Building, Hong Kong
VSL Formtravellers have been developed inconjunction with the in-house design of balanced orfree cantilevering bridge structures. The formtravellerof either overhead truss or underslung type, is ahydraulically driven falsework system with built inworking platforms and formwork panels. VSL servicesinclude design, supply, 1st assembly andcommissioning, or a total turnkey packageincorporating the operation of the system with thepost-tensioning application.
VSL System Formwork services include the design ofthe formwork systems, hire of the Climbform andSlipform Systems, prefabrication of forms andplatforms, supervision and 1st assembly of theformwork and running of the systems.
S Y S T E M F O R M W O R K
Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong
Climbformed piers and Slipformed pylons
Alsons Cement Plant, Philippines
Optional features include:
• support of concrete placing booms on the platform;• access hatches and/or temporary platforms to
install precast stairs;• external trailing platforms for:
- patching of the tie-bolt holes- concrete finishing and curing- welding of beam stubs/brackets to support
steel floor beams;• provision to allow manhoists to service the top
working platform;• provision to locate tower cranes within internal
and corridor platforms;• collapsible door formers.
The VSL Climform System is recognised as the mostpowerful commercial formwork system available inthe world today and has been specified on thelargest and tallest vertical structures in Asia andAustralia.
The VSL Slipform System has been used in theconstruction of silos, storage tanks, containmentstructures, chimneys, cooling stacks and bridge piersand pylons for over 20 years. Slipforming isadvantageous when rapid construction between 2and 6 m per 24 hours is required which results fromcontinuous working and forms a monolithic structurefree from construction joints. The system is raised byhydraulic jacks with upper working platforms forreinforcement fixing and concrete placement and asuspended scaffolding for finishing works.
Phu Luong Bridge, Vietnam
As a specialist involved in the design and construction of bridges, VSL has considerable experience and expertisein:
• conceptual, preliminary and final detailed design of bridge structure;• developing construction methods with full engineering;• full design and detailing for formwork and erection systems;• on-site construction of selected elements of the structure, from post-tensioning through to entire bridge
superstructures.
The application of this knowledge by VSL assists owners, developers, main contractors and consultants with initialdesign concepts, alternative designs and construction methods. The result for the project is that:
• the cost is minimised;• the methods are simplified;• the time is reduced;
Some of the very different projects successfully carried by VSL are:
Phu Luong Bridge,
VIETNAM
Balanced Cantilever Construction
VSL Scope of Work:
Design of the four lane main superstructureconsisting of a main span of 102 m and side spansof 65m.
Design, supply and commissioning of the travellingformwork system and supply of the post-tensioning,
bearings and movement joints.
Tsing Ma Bridge,
HONG KONG
Pylons and Approach Pier Construction
VSL Scope of Work:
Construction of two number 206m high concretepylons by slipforming including all concreting andreinforcement fixing. Heavy lifting of steel trusses forportal beams up to 420 tons. Design, supply andoperation of the 4 VSL Climbforms Systems for the60m high approach piers.
B R I D G E E N G I N E E R I N G
• the quality is enhanced;• the safety is improved;• the value of the structure is increased;
Ma On Shan Pipe Bridge,
HONG KONG
Incremental Launch Construction
VSL Scope of Work:
Alternative design and construction of superstructureincluding casting of segments, reinforcement fixing andpost-tensioning. The bridge has a length of 330m andspans of 33m for carrying 2 No. 1.2m diameter pipes
crossing the river to the waste water treatment plant.
Decking Over Roadway, Lam Tin,
HONG KONG
Precast Girder Construction
VSL Scope of Work:
Supply and erect 87 No. 300 ton, 3m deep precastbeams.Design, supply and operation of the erection gantry and
launching.
Seoul Expressway Phase 1,
KOREA
Precast Segmental Construction
VSL Scope of Work:
Design and commissioning of formwork for the 3,600precast box girder segments. The production on CAD ofsegment fabrication shop drawings. The design of theerection truss and full erection of the segments. Supplyand installation of permanent and temporary post-
tensioning.
Hung Hom By-Pass,
HONG KONG
Precast Segmental Construction
VSL Scope of Work:
Supply and installation of post-tensioning, bearings andmovement joints. Supply and operation of the erectiongantry for the erection of 1650 No. precast segments.The spans vary from 26 to 45 m with segment weight40~83 tons.
B R I D G E E N G I N E E R I N G
Structural Bearings
Positioned between two structures to accommodateload transfer and relative movements which maycause damage. Bearings can be divided into twotypes, namely elastomeric and mechanical (disc orpot bearings). VSL services include design, testing,
supply and installation.
Slip Joints
The slip joint has been developed to fill the need fora reliable and easily applied slip joint material onload bearing brickwork or under cast concrete slabs.It is designed to centralise loads and accommodateshrinkage and movement. Composed of polishedstainless steel sliding against PTFE coated high
grade natural rubber.
Movement Joints
Single Element
Used in building, pedestrian and vehicular structuresto seal the gap between two structures so that theycan move independently without adversely affectingeach other. The joints are of either aluminium orsteel with a flexible seal spanning between them andcan accommodate movement ranges between 15
mm to 40 mm.
Movement Joints
Multi Element
Used in highway and bridge structures with largemovements due to the effects of concrete shrinkage,thermal and seismic effects or differential settlementand ground movements. Typical movement rangesfrom 65 mm per single seal upto 1 m whenconnected together. VSL services include design,supply, 1st installation and long term maintenance.
S T R U T U R A L P R O D U C T S
1
3
15
21
23
25
29
31
35
37
39
41
POST-TENSIONING SYSTEM
I N D E X
BEARINGS, MOVEMENT JOINTS& SYSTEM FORMWORK
ISO 9002: 1994Certificate No: CC416
ISO 9001: 1994Certificate No: CC421
The Company
Multistrand Post-Tensioning
Bonded Slab Post-Tensioning
External Post-Tensioning
Stay Cables
Ground Anchors
Heavy Lifting
Stressbar
Retained Earth
System Formwork
Bridge Engineering
Structural Products
VSLTHE COMBINATION OF A WORLD-CLASS SPECIALIST CONTRACTOR
WITH THE RESPONSIVENESS OF A LOCALLY BASED PARTNER
HEADQUARTERS
VSL International Ltd.Bernstrasse 9
LYSSACH - CH 3421Switzerland
Phone: 41-34-447 99 11Fax: 41-34-445 43 22
http:\\ www.vsl-intl.com
South East Asia /Australia( Operating Unit 1 )
REGIONAL OFFICEVSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.6 Pioneer AvenueTHORNLEIGH, NSW 2120AustraliaTel. 61 - 2 - 9484 59 44Fax. 61 - 2 - 9875 38 94
AUSTRALIA - QueenslandVSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.VIRGINIATel. 61 - 7 - 326 564 00Fax. 61 - 7 - 326 575 34
AUSTRALIA - New South WalesVSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.THORNLEIGHTel. 61 - 2 - 9484 59 44Fax. 61 - 2 - 9475 38 94
AUSTRALIA - Southern DivisionVSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.NOBLE PARKTel. 61 - 3 - 9795 03 66Fax. 61 - 3 - 9795 05 47
BRUNEI DARUSSALAMVSL Systems (B) Sdn. Bhd.BANDAR SERI BEGAWANTel. 673 - 2 - 380 153/2 - 38182Fax. 673 - 2 - 381 954
GUAMVSL Prestressing (Guam) Inc.TUMONTel. 67 - 1646 80 61Fax. 67 - 1649 08 50
INDONESIAPT VSL IndonesiaJAKARTATel. 62 - 21 - 570 07 86Fax. 62 - 21 - 573 68 49
MALAYSIAVSL Engineers (M) Sdn. Bhd.KUALA LUMPURTel. 60 - 3 - 242 47 11Fax. 60 - 3 - 242 93 97
NEW ZEALANDPrecision Precasting (Wgtn.) Ltd.OTAKITel. 64 - 6 - 364 81 26Fax. 64 - 6 - 364 83 44
SINGAPOREVSL Singapore Pte. Ltd.SINGAPORETel. 65 - 336 29 23Fax. 65 - 337 64 61
THAILANDVSL (Thailand) Co., Ltd. - BANGKOKTel. 66 - 2 - 237 32 88/89/90Fax. 66 - 2 - 238 24 48
North East Asia( Operating Unit 2 )
REGIONAL OFFICEVSL North East Asia1508 Devon House979 King's RoadQuarry Bay, HONG KONGTel. 852 - 2590 22 22Fax. 852 - 2590 95 93
HONG KONGVSL Hong Kong Ltd.QUARRY BAYTel. 852 - 2590 22 88Fax. 852 - 2590 02 90
JAPANVSL Japan CorporationTOKYOTel. 81 - 33 - 346 89 13Fax. 81 - 33 - 345 91 53
KOREAVSL Korea Co., Ltd.SEOULTel. 82 - 2 - 574 82 00Fax. 82 - 2 - 577 00 98
MAINLAND CHINA258 Qianshan Road, Hefei,ANHUI PROVINCEPostal Code: 230031Tel. 86 - 551 - 5577421Fax. 86 - 551 - 5576018
PHILIPPINESVSL Philippines Inc.MANILATel. 63 - 2 - 633 1739Fax. 63 - 2 - 633 1740
TAIWANVSL Taiwan Co., Ltd.TAIPEITel. 886 - 22 - 759 68 19Fax. 886 - 22 - 759 68 21
VIETNAMVSL HanoiRepresentative OfficeHANOITel. 84 - 4 - 8245 488Fax. 84 - 4 - 8245 717
Europe, Middle East,South America and Africa( Operating Unit 4.5 )
REGIONAL OFFICERepresentative OfficeL'Odyssée - Bát. A2-12 Chemin des Femmes91886 MASSY Cedex - FranceTel. 33 - 1 - 69 19 43 16Fax. 33 - 1 - 69 19 43 17
ARGENTINAVSL Sistemas Especiales deConstrucción S.A.BUENOS AIRESTel. 54 - 1 - 322 06 09Fax. 54 - 1 - 322 09 19
AUSTRIAGrund-und Sonderbau GesmbHVIENNATel. 43 - 1 - 878 17 0Fax. 43 - 1 - 878 17 762 od 782
BOLIVIAPrestress VSL of Bolivia Jauregui Ltd.LA PAZTel. 591 - 2 - 321 874Fax. 591 - 2 - 371 493
CHILEVSL SistemasSANTIAGOTel. 56 - 2 - 233 10 81Fax. 56 - 2 - 233 67 39
CZECH REPUBLICVSL Systemy (CZ) s.r.o.PRAGUETel. 420 - 2 - 67 07 24 20Fax. 420 - 2 - 67 07 24 06
FRANCEVSL France S.A.EGLYTel. 33 - 1 - 69 26 14 00Fax. 33 - 1 - 60 83 89 95
GREAT BRITIANBalvac Whitley Moran Ltd.DERBYSHIRETel. 44 - 1773 54 26 00Fax. 44 - 1773 54 27 00
GREECEVSL Systems A/EATHENSTel. 30 - 1- 363 84 53Fax. 30 - 1- 360 95 43
INDIAKillick Prestressing Ltd.BOMBAYTel. 91 - 22 - 578 44 81Fax. 91 - 22 - 578 47 19
NETHERLANDSCivielco B.V.AT LEIDENTel. 31 - 71 - 576 89 00Fax. 31 - 71 - 572 08 86
Stronghold Benelux B.V.Tel. 31- 70 -511-5145Fax. 31- 70 -517-6624
USA-North America( Operating Unit 3 )
REGIONAL OFFICEVSL CorporationCrosspointe II Plaza2840 Plaza Place - Suite 200RALEIGH, NC 27612 USATel. 1 - 919 - 781 6272Fax. 1 - 919 - 781 6892
MIDWESTVSL CorporationDALLAS, TXTel. 1 - 972 - 647 - 0200Fax. 1 - 972 - 641 - 1192
NORTHEASTVSL CorporationWASHINGTON, D.C.Tel. 1 - 703 - 451 - 4300Fax. 1 - 703 - 451 - 0862
SOUTHEASTVSL CorporationMIAMI, FLTel. 1 - 305 - 592 - 5075Fax. 1 - 305 - 592 - 5629
WESTVSL CorporationSAN JOSE, CATel. 1 - 408 - 866 - 5000Fax. 1 - 408 - 374 - 4113
NORWAYVSL Norge A/SSTAVANGERTel. 47 - 51 - 56 37 01Fax. 47 - 51 - 56 27 21
PERUPretensado VSL del Peru SALIMATel. 51 - 1476 - 04 23/26Fax. 51 - 1476 - 04 77
PORTUGALVSL Prequipe S.A.LISBONTel. 351 - 1 - 793 85 30Fax. 351 - 1 - 793 09 01
Stronghold PortugalPORTOTel. 351 - 2 - 370 00 21Fax. 351 - 2 - 379 39 73
SOUTH AFRICASteeledale Systems (Pty) Ltd.JOHANNESBURGTel. 27 - 11 - 613 77 41/9Fax. 27 - 11 - 613 74 04
SPAINCTT StrongholdBARCELONATel. 34 - 3 - 200 87 11Fax. 34 - 3 - 209 85 90
SWEDENInternordisk SpánnarmeringAB, DANDERYDTel. 46 - 8 - 753 02 50Fax. 46 - 8 - 753 49 73
SWITZERLANDVSL (Switzerland) Ltd.LYSSACHTel. 41 - 34 - 447 99 11Fax. 41 - 34 - 445 43 22
UNITED ARAB EMIRATESRepresentative OfficeDUBAITel. 971 - 4 - 555 220Fax. 971 - 4 - 518 244
Your post-tensioning specialist contractor:
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