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Vol
cani
sm a
nd h
ydro
ther
mal
ven
ting
on a
hot
-spo
t inf
luen
ced
slow
-spr
eadi
ng m
id-o
cean
ridg
eSo
fia P
anas
iuk1 , M
elis
sa O
. And
erso
n1 , Árm
ann
Hös
kuld
sson
2 , Fer
nand
o M
artin
ez3 , D
omin
ik P
ałga
n4
1 Dep
artm
ent o
f Ear
th S
cien
ces,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Tor
onto
, Can
ada
2 Sch
ool o
f Eng
inee
ring
and
Nat
ural
Sci
ence
s, U
nive
rsity
of I
cela
nd, I
cela
nd
3 SO
EST,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Haw
ai’i
at M
anoa
, Hon
olul
u, U
SA, 4
Inst
itute
of O
cean
ogra
phy,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Gda
ńsk,
Pol
and
Introd
uctio
nRe
sults
Met
hods
Futu
re W
ork
Disc
ussio
n
Figu
re 1
Figu
re 2
Figu
re 4
M
ultib
eam
bat
hym
etry
com
pila
tion
of th
e R
eykj
anes
Rid
ge b
etw
een
560 5
0’N
and
580 2
0’N
. Dat
aset
is fr
om th
e M
arcu
s G
. Lan
gset
h cr
uise
(MG
L130
9) g
ridde
d at
50x
50m
reso
lutio
n ov
erla
in o
n re
gion
al b
athy
met
ry (G
MR
T). T
he n
ames
of r
emna
nt
faul
t zon
es (F
Z), n
ow n
on-tr
ansf
orm
off
sets
(NTO
s) a
re in
dica
ted
besi
de th
e re
spec
tive
FZ.
•Th
e R
eykj
anes
Rid
ge (R
R) i
s a
slow
spr
eadi
ng m
id-o
cean
ridg
e (M
OR
) tha
t ext
ends
~10
00 k
m s
outh
of I
cela
nd (
Fig.
1)
•37
Mya
, the
Rey
kjan
es s
epar
ated
int
o tr
ansf
orm
-faul
t con
nect
ed s
egm
ents
whi
ch h
ave
been
elim
inat
ing
from
nor
th to
sou
th•
The
evol
utio
n of
the
ridge
has
bee
n in
fluen
ced
by b
asem
ent d
epth
gra
dien
ts fo
rmed
by
the
Icel
and
hots
pot
•Th
e so
uthe
rn e
xten
t of t
he ri
dge
is s
till
activ
ely
defo
rmin
g m
akin
g it
a pr
ime
area
for
cur
rent
rid
ge d
ynam
ics
stud
ies
(Fig
. 1)
•N
ear-c
ontin
uous
bat
hym
etric
dat
a at
grid
reso
lutio
ns fr
om 5
0x50
m to
100
x100
m h
as b
een
colle
cted
ove
r sev
eral
rese
arch
cru
ises
•
Unlik
e m
ost M
OR
s, th
is b
athy
met
ric d
ata
exte
nds
far o
ff-a
xis,
pro
vidi
ng in
sigh
ts in
to to
the
evol
utio
n of
the
crus
t ove
r tim
e •
The
goal
of t
his
wor
k is
to in
vest
igat
e th
e te
cton
ic a
nd v
olca
nic
evol
utio
n of
the
RR
thro
ugh
rem
ote
pred
ictiv
e ge
olog
ic m
appi
ng•
The
wor
k w
ill a
llow
for a
reco
nstr
uctio
n of
the
ridge
's s
prea
ding
his
tory
and
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
ridg
e's
geod
ynam
ic c
ontr
ols
•Th
is w
ork
will
hav
e im
plic
atio
ns fo
r und
erst
andi
ng th
e co
ntro
ls o
n th
e di
strib
utio
n of
pot
entia
l mag
mat
ic-h
ydro
ther
mal
sys
tem
s al
ong
slow
-spr
eadi
ng M
OR
s
Map
ping
gui
de w
ith c
riter
ia fo
r cla
ssifi
catio
n ba
sed
on m
ultib
eam
bath
ymet
ry a
nd b
acks
catt
er d
ata.
•Th
e re
mot
e pr
edic
tive
geol
ogic
map
ping
ap
prox
imat
ed th
e te
chni
que
used
in o
ther
se
a-flo
or e
nviro
nmen
ts (K
lisch
ies
et a
l.,
2017
, And
erso
n et
al.,
201
7).
•R
aw m
ultib
eam
bat
hym
etry
dat
a co
mes
fr
om th
e M
arcu
s G
. Lan
gset
h Cr
uise
(M
GL1
309)
at g
ridde
d re
solu
tion
of 5
0x50
m•
Bath
ymet
ry w
as re
nder
ed i
nto
ArcG
IS a
nd
enha
nced
with
hill
sh
ade
and
slop
e sh
ade
•Ba
cksc
atte
r was
use
d to
de
term
ine
rela
tive
ages
of
erup
ted
crus
t•
Mod
erat
e to
hi
gh
back
scat
ter i
nten
sitie
s re
pres
ent
new
ly
erup
ted
hum
moc
ky
lava
an
d sh
eet
flow
(Fig
. 2)
•Lo
w b
acks
catt
er
inte
nsiti
es
repr
esen
t se
dim
ente
d te
rrai
n •
Line
ar
feat
ures
m
appe
d in
clud
e: m
ajor
an
d m
inor
faul
ts,
erup
tive
fissu
res
and
linea
men
ts
•O
ther
fea
ture
s m
appe
d in
clud
e Ax
ial
Volc
anic
Rid
ges
(AVR
s),
volc
anic
con
es,
flat-t
oppe
d vo
lcan
oes,
and
cra
tere
d vo
lcan
oes
Figu
re 3
L
inea
men
t den
sity
map
s us
ing
equa
lly w
eigh
ed m
appe
d lin
ear
feat
ures
: m
ajor
/min
or
faul
ts, e
rupt
ive
fissu
res,
an
d lin
eam
ents
. Bot
h m
aps
and
feat
ures
the
mse
lves
are
sho
wn
for
com
paris
on.
Inte
rpre
ted
geol
ogy
of t
he c
entr
al s
egm
ent
of t
he M
GL1
309
surv
ey b
etw
een
NTO
s. In
add
ition
to th
e in
terp
rete
d ge
olog
y, fi
gure
4a
also
sho
ws
maj
or
and
min
or
faul
ts. F
igur
e 4b
hig
hlig
hts
poin
t so
urce
vol
cani
c fe
atur
es:
volc
anic
con
es,
flat-t
oppe
d vo
lcan
oes
and
crat
ered
vo
lcan
oes.
•A
tota
l of 4
337
maj
or fa
ults
, 447
0 m
inor
faul
ts, 3
862
erup
tive
fissu
res
and
4200
line
amen
ts w
ere
map
ped
acro
ss th
e st
udy
area
•Fe
atur
es w
ere
binn
ed a
ccor
ding
to th
eir t
rend
into
20-
degr
ee in
terv
al b
ins
, and
line
amen
t den
sity
map
s w
ere
calc
ulat
ed (F
ig. 3
)•
Dar
ker c
olor
ed a
reas
repr
esen
t the
hig
hest
line
amen
t den
sity
and
ligh
ter t
ones
repr
esen
t the
low
est l
inea
men
t den
sity
•
Alm
ost
70%
of
all
linea
r st
ruct
ures
are
orie
nted
bet
wee
n 10
to
70 d
egre
es a
zim
uth
(AVR
long
axi
s tr
ends
= 2
10 , ax
ial v
alle
y tr
end
= 40
0 )•
The
regi
on b
etw
een
two
oppo
site
ly fa
cing
NTO
s ha
ve fe
w N
/S tr
endi
ng s
truc
ture
s co
mpa
red
to o
ther
zon
es c
orre
spon
ding
to th
e sa
me
age
(Fig
3a,
3b)
•Li
near
str
uctu
res
in o
r nea
r the
axi
al v
alle
y ar
e m
ore
N/S
tren
ding
(Fig
. 3a,
3b)
com
pare
d to
thos
e of
f-axi
s w
hich
tren
d to
war
ds th
e N
E/SW
(Fig
. 3c,
3d)
•St
ruct
ural
tren
ds ty
pica
lly d
omin
atin
g of
f-axi
s (3
0 –
70 d
egre
es a
zim
uth)
are
als
o fo
und
in th
e ax
ial v
alle
y (F
ig. 3
c, 3
d)•
Cons
iste
nt h
igh
linea
men
t den
sity
locu
s in
the
cent
er o
f the
two
oppo
site
ly fa
cing
NTO
s (F
ig. 3
a, 3
b, 3
c)
References
1.An
ders
on M
O, C
hadw
ick
WW
Jr, H
anni
ngto
n M
D, M
erle
SG
, Res
ing
JA, B
aker
ET,
But
terf
ield
DA,
Wal
ker S
L, A
ugus
tin N
. G
eolo
gica
l int
erpr
etat
ion
of v
olca
nism
and
seg
men
tatio
n of
the
Mar
iana
bac
k-ar
c sp
read
ing
cent
er b
etw
een
12.7
°N a
nd 1
8.3°
N:
GEO
LOG
Y O
F TH
E M
ARIA
NA
BACK
-AR
C. G
eoch
emis
try,
geo
phys
ics,
geo
syst
ems:
G(3
). 20
17;1
8(6)
:224
0–22
74.
2.Ea
son
DE,
Dun
n R
A, P
ablo
Can
ales
J, S
ohn
RA.
Seg
men
t-sca
le v
aria
tions
in s
eaflo
or v
olca
nic
and
tect
onic
pro
cess
es fr
om
mul
tibea
m s
onar
imag
ing,
Mid
-Atla
ntic
Rid
ge R
ainb
ow re
gion
(35°
45′-3
6°35
′N):
SEG
MEN
T-SC
ALE
VAR
IATI
ON
S AT
RAI
NBO
W,
MAR
. Geo
chem
istr
y, g
eoph
ysic
s, g
eosy
stem
s: G
(3).
2016
;17(
9):3
560–
3579
.3.
Hey
R, M
artin
ez F
, Hös
kuld
sson
Á, B
ened
ikts
dótt
ir Á.
Pro
paga
ting
rift m
odel
for t
he V
-sha
ped
ridge
s so
uth
of Ic
elan
d: V
-SH
APED
R
IDG
ES S
OUT
H O
F IC
ELAN
D. G
eoch
emis
try,
geo
phys
ics,
geo
syst
ems:
G(3
). 20
10;1
1(3)
. htt
p://
dx.d
oi.o
rg/1
0.10
29/2
009g
c002
865.
doi
:10.
1029
/200
9gc0
0286
54.
Hey
R, M
artin
ez F
, Hös
kuld
sson
Á, E
ason
DE,
Sle
eper
J, T
hord
arso
n S,
Ben
edik
tsdó
ttir
Á, M
erku
ryev
S. M
ultib
eam
inve
stig
atio
n of
th
e ac
tive
Nor
th A
tlant
ic p
late
bou
ndar
y re
orga
niza
tion
tip. E
arth
and
pla
neta
ry s
cien
ce le
tter
s. 2
016;
435:
115–
123.
5.Kl
isch
ies
M, P
eter
sen
S, D
evey
CW
. Geo
logi
cal m
appi
ng o
f the
Men
ez G
wen
seg
men
t at 3
7°50
′N o
n th
e M
id-A
tlant
ic R
idge
: Im
plic
atio
ns fo
r acc
retio
n m
echa
nism
s an
d as
soci
ated
hyd
roth
erm
al a
ctiv
ity a
t slo
w-s
prea
ding
mid
-oce
an ri
dges
. Mar
ine
geol
ogy.
201
9;41
2:10
7–12
2.6.
Mar
tinez
F, H
ey R
, Hös
kuld
sson
Á. R
eykj
anes
Rid
ge e
volu
tion:
Eff
ects
of p
late
kin
emat
ics,
sm
all-s
cale
upp
er m
antle
con
vect
ion
and
a re
gion
al m
antle
gra
dien
t. Ea
rth-
scie
nce
revi
ews.
202
0;20
6(10
2956
):102
956
•Yo
unge
r cr
ust
(on-
axis
ter
rain
) is
dom
inat
ed b
y N
/S t
rend
ing
stru
ctur
es a
nd o
lder
cru
st (o
ff-a
xis
terr
ain)
is d
omin
ated
by
NE/
SW tr
endi
ng s
truc
ture
s•
Sign
ifica
nt n
umbe
r of s
truc
ture
s ex
empl
ifyin
g “o
lder
tren
ds” i
n th
e on
-axi
s te
rrai
n su
gges
ting
that
old
er r
idge
dyn
amic
s m
ay
still
inf
luen
ce m
oder
n sp
read
ing
•Th
e ce
ntra
l seg
men
t has
two
kink
s ne
ar th
e co
nnec
tions
bet
wee
n th
e in
terp
rete
d N
TOs
(Fig
.4a,
4b)
. The
se k
inks
are
als
o tr
aced
by
the
norm
al fa
ults
whi
ch s
tand
-in a
s m
ajor
rid
ge b
ound
ing
faul
ts•
Thes
e fa
ults
reg
ain
thei
r lin
earit
y of
f-axi
s m
eans
tha
t th
e or
ient
atio
n of
the
axia
l val
ley
has
chan
ged
sign
ifica
ntly
•Br
ittle
str
uctu
res
form
in re
spon
se to
str
ess
field
s; a
cha
ngin
g te
cton
ic s
tres
s fie
ld c
ould
hav
e ca
used
the
shift
in o
rient
atio
n •
Ther
e is
pre
fere
nce
for h
umm
ocky
and
pill
ow la
va s
tyle
vol
cani
sm w
ith m
inim
al p
oint
sou
rce
volc
anis
m in
the
cent
ral r
idge
se
gmen
t bet
wee
n op
posi
tely
poi
ntin
g N
TOs
•Th
is s
egm
ent a
lso
corr
espo
nds
to th
e lo
catio
n of
gre
ates
t lin
eam
ent
dens
ity (
Fig.
3)
•Th
is r
egio
n co
uld
be m
ore
mag
mat
ical
ly r
obus
t an
d ha
ve h
ighe
r cr
usta
l pe
rmea
bilit
y •
The
grad
ually
div
ergi
ng N
TOs
coul
d th
in th
e cr
ust,
expl
aini
ng th
e m
ore
mag
mat
ical
ly fo
cuse
d ce
nter
•Th
is m
agm
atic
ally
robu
st c
entr
al s
egm
ent o
ffer
s th
e m
ost p
oten
tial f
or m
agm
atic
-hyd
roth
erm
al s
yste
ms
Fi
gure
5
Seis
mic
eve
nt d
ensi
ty m
appi
ng s
how
s lo
calit
ies
with
hi
gher
ea
rthq
uake
oc
curr
ence
s, p
ossi
ble
zone
s of
hi
gher
tec
toni
c di
smem
berm
ent
and
high
er c
rust
al p
erm
eabi
lity
(Dat
a fr
om G
loba
l CM
T Pr
ojec
t).
The
natu
re o
f th
e re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n N
TOs
and
the
evol
utio
n of
the
rec
ently
rec
onst
ruct
ed s
outh
ern
exte
nt o
f th
e R
eykj
anes
Rid
ge
need
s fu
rthe
r st
udy.
To
in
vest
igat
e th
e ge
odyn
amic
co
ntro
l an
d in
terp
lay
betw
een
NTO
ge
omet
ry,
ridge
de
form
atio
n,
and
mag
mat
ical
ly f
ocus
ed c
ente
rs, t
he fo
llow
ing
wor
k w
ill b
e un
dert
aken
:
• T
he g
eolo
gic
map
of t
he c
entr
al s
tudy
are
a co
vers
the
Rey
kjan
es R
idge
’s a
xial
val
ley
betw
een
the
Mer
lin a
nd M
orga
nore
NTO
s (F
ig. 4
)•
The
left
Nor
th A
mer
ican
pla
te a
ppea
rs m
ore
faul
ted
and
tect
onic
ally
dis
mem
bere
d th
an th
e rig
ht E
uras
ian
plat
e of
f-axi
s •
Pro
xim
al o
ff-a
xis
faul
ts o
n bo
th p
late
s sh
ift o
rient
atio
n w
ith th
e co
rres
pond
ing
bend
in th
e ax
ial v
alle
y an
d re
sum
e a
cons
tant
orie
ntat
ion
off-a
xis
• T
he s
outh
ern
Rey
kjan
es a
xial
val
ley
is d
omin
ated
by
hum
moc
ky a
nd p
illow
lava
flow
s w
ith a
bund
ant p
oint
sou
rce
volc
anis
m
• A
16
km s
egm
ent o
f the
axi
al v
alle
y be
twee
n th
e tw
o op
posi
tely
faci
ng N
TOs
is m
arke
d by
an
abse
nce
of s
igni
fican
t poi
nt s
ourc
e vo
lcan
ics
The
Rey
kjan
es R
idge
is s
till a
ctiv
ely
defo
rmin
g de
spite
hav
ing
mos
tly re
orga
nize
d ba
ck to
its
orig
inal
line
ar g
eom
etry
. Thi
s is
evi
denc
ed
by th
e or
ient
atio
n ch
ange
s in
line
ar s
truc
ture
s pr
ogre
ssiv
ely
off-a
xis
and
varia
bilit
y in
geo
mor
phol
ogy
alon
g th
e ax
is.
1. T
ime
corr
elat
ed a
naly
sis
of ri
dge
segm
ents
and
ridg
e bo
undi
ng fa
ults
2. D
etai
led
map
ping
of A
xial
Vol
cani
c Rid
ges
and
thei
r mor
phol
ogic
al
diff
eren
ces
alon
g th
e so
uthe
rn R
eykj
anes
R
idge
val
ley
3. In
tegr
atin
g m
ultib
eam
bat
hym
etry
and
ba
cksc
atte
r dat
a w
ith o
ther
geo
phys
ical
da
tase
ts, p
relim
inar
y re
sults
(Fig
. 5)
Recommended