View
7
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
World Atlas of Language Structures!• Standard typological reference"• Includes geographical maps"• Ripe for quantitative exploration"
Data without Variables!• Inputs matrices of relative similarity between entities "• Outputs n-dimensional network of optimized coordinates"• Iterative algorithm that minimizes overall error based on similarity scores"
Language-Feature Networks!• Optimized network of languages based on linguistic features"• Short distance: high degree of linguistic similarity; Long distance: little linguistic similarity"• LFNs correspond to feature categories defined by WALS"• Color-coded according to geographic macro-area defined by WALS"
Phonology Language-Feature Network!
• Eurasian and African languages are each tightly clustered"• Absence of languages in the center: high degree of dependency among features "
Conclusions!• Linguistic data should be in a machine readable format"• Quantitative analyses of typological data are straight-forward and insightful with structured data like that in WALS!
This work was originally completed as part of the authorʼs undergraduate honors thesis at Dartmouth College. It was approved by the Math & Social Science Department in May of 2006."
Visualizing Data in the World Atlas of Language Structures: the Language-Feature Network
“Whatʼs Where Why?”!
K onyagi
Mbum
T lapanec
S ebei
Nas ioi
NimboranNambakaengö
Iwam
C huave
Manchu
K urukh
K 'ekchí T otonac (P apantla)Adzera
G oajiro
Ignaciano
C ayapa
C ofán
G uahibo
S iona
Dahalo
Margi
Aizi
B ariba
K ohumono
T eke (S outhern)Zande K oyraboro S enni
Waray (in Australia)Western Desert (Ooldea)
Waris
Dumo
K ashmiri
K onkaniS inhala
Ojibwa (E astern)
Achumawi
P omo (S outheastern)
Y ucatec
AlabamaC hatino (S ierra Occidental)
Mazahua
Mixtec (Molinos)B rao
Atayal
MaranaoS a'banMien
Wu (C hangzhou)
Nung (in V ietnam)
G uambiano
B ribri
J ivaro
Apinayé
C hulupí
Amahuaca
Quechua (C ochabamba)
T icuna
Aché
Angas
Dangaléat (Western)
Dizi
Hamer
Hebrew (Modern Ashenazic)
K anakuruK efa
K ullo
Lamé
Neo-Aramaic (P ers ian Azerbaijan)
T era T igréT uareg (Ahaggar)
Hadza
K adugli
//Ani
Deti
S andawe
Aghem
Akan
AlladianAmo
B eembe
B irom
B isa
B obo F ingB été C iLubaDan
Dogon (T oro S o)
E fik
E jagham
E wondo
F e'fe'
F yem
G beya B ossangoa
G wari
G ã
Ijo (K olokuma)
Isoko
J omang
K is i (S outhern)
K lao
K pan
K pelleLelemi
Lua
Mambila
Mba
Moro
Mumuye
NdutNoni
Ogbia T ampulma
T arok
UMbundu
Y eyi
B erta
Daju (Dar F ur)
Dinka
Ik
IngessanaK omo
Lugbara
Luo
Maasai
Nandi
Nara (in E thiopia)Nobiin
Nyangi
Nyimang
T ama T emein
Y ulu
Arrernte (Mparntwe)
B andjalang (Y ugumbir)
B ardi
Djapu
K ala Lagaw Y aMurrinh-P atha
Wik Munkan
B ainingT oaripi
K iwaiDera
K woma
Y essan-Mayo
S avosavo
Dadibi
Angaatiha
F asu
G adsup
K oiari
Wantoat
Y agaria
R otokas
West Makian
Y areba
Y awa
E ven
K haria
S ora
Itelmen
K ota
T eluguT ulu
B ulgarian
Darai
Irish (Donegal)
OrmuriR omansch (S charans)
K omi-Zyrian
S aami (C entral-S outh)Y ukaghir (T undra)
C addo
Quileute
Aleut (E astern)
Y upik (S iberian)
S hasta
Huave (S an Mateo del Mar)
C herokee
T iwa (Northern)
T zeltal (Aguacatenango)
Mixe (T otontepec)
C hickasaw
Ahtna
C hipewyan
E yak
Hupa
Mazatec (C hiquihuitlán)
B ella C oola
Lushootseed
S huswap
T onkawa
O'odham
Nuuchahnulth
Wappo
G reat Andamanese
B ru (Western)
J eh
Nancowry
Nyah K ur (T ha P ong)
P acoh
P arauk
B ajau
C ham (Western)
IbanIvatan (S outhern)
K aliai-K ove
K edang
Ma'ya
MorP o-Ai
P ohnpeian
R ukai
T ausug
T etunT sou
B ai
B odo
C hin (T iddim)
F uzhou
Hakka
J ingpho
K aren (S gaw)
LepchaNaxi
Newari (K athmandu)
NishiP hlong
T amangXiamenG elao
K am (Zhanglu)
Lakkia
Lü S han
S ui
Y ay
C ampa (Axininca)
IranxeR es ígaro
WapishanaY ucuna
C acua
C amsá
Akawaio
B akairí
J apreria
P anare
K una
P echHuitoto (Murui)
Itonama
F ulniô
P áez
B arasano (Northern)
S irionó
K abardian
Amharic
Awngi
K otoko
Ngizim
S omali
S oqotri
!XóõJ u|'hoan
B ambara
Dagbani
Doyayo
E weS enadi
T emne
Wolof
K oyra C hiini
Maba
Daga
P awaian
Hamtai
K unimaipa
Una
Azerbaijani
Dagur
K irghiz
Mangghuer
Moghol
Nanai
T uvan
Y akut
K oryak
Albanian
K urdish (C entral)
R utul
T sova-T ush
K hantyNganasan
K iowa
AmuzgoC hinantec (Quiotepec)
Wintu C hehalis (Upper)
S reHmong Njua
Ao
C antonese
Lahu
Qawasqar
Andoke
AikanáAmueshaJ ebero
Ika
S elknam
Abipón
Muinane Ocaina
B ororo
K aingang
Maxakalí
Movima
S áliba (in C olombia)
Arabela
HausaOromo (Harar)
K hoekhoe
IgboNkore-K iga
S ango
Y oruba
F ur
K anuri
Ngiti
Imonda
S elepet
S uena
Ainu
B asque
B rahuiK annada
Nepali
R omanian
S indhi
J apanese
K orean
Lak
Mari (Meadow)
K et
Y urok
Haida
Acoma
Navajo
T lingit
Mixtec (C halcatongo)
Otomí (Mezquital)
Lakhota
Nahuatl (North P uebla)
V ietnamese
K iribati
B urmese
G aro
K ayah Li (E astern)
Ladakhi
Meithei
T hai
Awa P it
Y agua
Alawa
Mbabaram
S entani
B reton
Lithuanian
Wiyot
Diegueño (Mesa G rande)
Y ana P urépecha
T ol
K awaiisu
Luiseño
Nahuatl (T etelcingo)
Makah
B atak (T oba)
J avanese
K waio
R oro
T ibetan (S tandard S poken)
T ehuelche
Nambikuára
Waorani
B ejaK era
T ashlhiyt
Diola-F ogny
Murle B urarraDiyari
Dyirbal
G arrwaK alkatungu
K uku-Y alanji
MalakmalakY anyuwa
Marind
Wahgi
Wois ikaY elî Dnye
Uzbek (Northern)
K oyaB engali
C atalan
K alami
Norwegian
P olish
Avar
S elkupS eneca
K arok
HuastecC hinantec (Lealao)
K lamath
Maidu (Northeast)
T unicaHopi
K wakw'ala
Zuni
Hawaiian
Iaai
Irarutu
LenakelT igak
T iruray
Y apeseB awm
Aymara
C anela-K rahôS hipibo-K onibo
C ubeo
S hiriana
B erber (Middle Atlas )
LuvaleS upyire
S wahili
Zulu
B agirmi
Lango
Maranungku
Ngiyambaa
P itjantjatjara
Alamblak
Arapesh
Dani (Lower G rand V alley)
E kari
K ewaUsan
B ashkir
C huvash
K halkha Mundari
C hukchi
Armenian (E astern)
Hindi
P ashto
P ers ian
Archi
Hunzib
IngushLezgian
Nivkh
Abkhaz
Y ukaghir (K olyma)
Wichita
Oneida
J akaltek
Zoque (C opainalá)
K oasati
Nez P erce
T s imshian (C oast)
Y uchi
Ndyuka
K has i
K hmu'S edang
B atak (K aro)
K ilivila
Maori
P aamese
Mandarin
P aumarí J aqaru
C arib
E pena P edee
P irahã
Araona
T acana
T rumai
G uaraní
Arabic (E gyptian)Iraqw
K rongo
G rebo
K oromfeK unama
G ooniyandiK ayardild
MangarrayiMartuthunira
Maung
Nunggubuyu
T iwi
UngarinjinWambaya
Wardaman
Y idinyY imas
LavukaleveAmele
AsmatK obon
Maybrat
E venki
T urkish
B urushaski
E nglish
F renchG erman G reek (Modern)
Latvian
R uss ian
S panish
G eorgian
F innish
Hungarian
C ree (P lains)
P assamaquoddy-Maliseet
G reenlandic (West)
Maricopa
K utenai
S lave
C oos (Hanis )
Miwok (S outhern S ierra)
S quamish
C ahuilla
C omanche
Y aqui
K hmer
S emelaiC hamorro
Drehu
F ijian
Indones ianMalagasy
P aiwan
R apanui
T aba
T agalogT ukang B es i
Mapudungun
Apurinã
Hixkaryana
C ayuvava
Wari'
R amaWichí
Urubú-K aapor
Warao
S anuma
Nenets
F igure 1: P honology Language-F eature Network
C utoff: at least 9 of 19 features
566 Langauges
P urple: AfricaG reen: Australia-New G uineaB lue: E uras iaR ed: North AmericaYellow: S outh-E ast As ia and OceaniaOrange: S outh America
Nyimang
S anguG baya K araMwera
R onga
Masakin
K ongoDay
Nara (in E thiopia)
S usu
MangbetuDongoLangi
Murs iAvokaya
T irmaga
Ndebele (in S outh Africa)
Ila
K amba
B arambu
MbaDagaare
Lingala
WolayttaB ilin
/Xam
Mbere B erta
S hattK ete B aboleB afia
E dolo
Madimadi
P itta P itta
E mmi
T ablaIau
S iane
S alt-Y ui
G ureng G ureng
Malakmalak
F oe
T airora
Wik MunkanY elî Dnye
T obelo
B inandere
G idabal
K unimaip a
Adynyamathanha
Nagatman
Djingili
Arapesh (Abu)
Nend
Madngele
Dera
Womo
Alawa
F asu
P anyjima
Muruwari
B aruya
G ahuku
B unuba
F ore
Anem
K alam
Ayiwo
K oryak
S anta
Y akut
S lovene
Maithili
K oluri
S elkup
Manchu
K abatei
K omi-Zyrian
Malayalam
Udi
R utul
T alysh (S outhern)
Azerbaijani
Nenets
V afs i
T uvanK iliwa
C akchiquel
K yuquot
Huave (S an Mateo del Mar)
P ame
T anacross
P ima B ajo
Hualapai
HalkomelemP assamaquoddy-Maliseet
Mazatec (Huautla)
Nahuatl (North P uebla)
G itksan
Omaha
T utelo
T zotzil
Mohawk
Y up'ik (C entral)
Massachusett
Naga (Zeme)
Motu
Nalik
Mussau
K achari
ManamIdu
Nguna
P angas inan
Ala'ala
B ikol
C hepang
Y ay
T hakali
Y i
Ambae (Lolovoli Northeast)
Hani
Amara
Wedau
Mwotlap
DumiMagar
T ugun
G allong
Musom
Ilocano
Minaveha
S imeulue
T atana'
T hangmi
K waio
T inani
C ampa (Axininca)
Wayamp i
C hácobo
Muisca
T iriyo
Hupda
P iro
Matis K aingang
J ebero
Mosetén
Achagua
Zarma
K enga
S ebei G umuz
B akueri
Aari
K inyarwanda
G amo
Dime
!Xóõ
B abungo
Nubian (K unuz)
Masa
Ingessana
K xoe
E ga
P odoko
Zande
Lelemi
F ula (Nigerian)Mbodomo
S eme
B asaá
Igede
Mbili
T ouss ian
Mongo
K emant
Londo
B aule
Ndumu Qafar
K abyle
R on
Luganda
P aakantyi
Arrernte (Mparntwe)
Y areba
Amanab
K uman
P itjantjatjara
Ngaanyatjarra
G ooniyandi
K aki AeÖmie
G uugu Y imidhirr
K orowai
K iwai
K arkar-Y uri
Warrwa
AlyawarraP awaian
Awa
G umbaynggir
Djap u
K yaka
Ngandi
Hanga HundiMeryam Mir
Usarufa
K uuku Y a'u
T elefol
P ungupungu
Dani (Lower G rand V alley)
B eloruss ian
OsseticP rasuni
B uriat
S ardinianR omansch (S urs ilvan)
T ulu
S avi
C atalan
T urkmen
S inhala
K abardian
K almyk
Assamese
Udmurt
T orwali
Mutsun
Washo
Hidatsa
Mono (in United S tates)
T epehua
Wikchamni
Miwok (S outhern S ierra)
Zuni
S eminole
B ella C oola
C ora
K arok
C ahuilla
Heiltsuk
C hipewyan
C row
T akelma
Mixe (C oatlán)
Maidu (Northeast)
T arao
Nyamkad
Manobo (Western B ukidnon)
C hantyal
C amling
Alune
T hulung
Naga (T angkhul)Dimasa
Ma'anyan
Mor
B ali-V itu
NakanaiB anoni
P unu
J iarong
Lou
Mae
Mekeo
T ungak
E rromangan
C hin (T iddim)
Dong
S eediq
HiligaynonK apampangan
Mais in
Newari (Dolakha)
Hmar
B ajau
Dulong
S iar
T aiof
S aliba (in P apua New G uinea)
Nancowry
Maipure
C ashibo
C ayap a
Iquito
T oba
G avião
Waorani
Amahuaca
Dâw
F ur
Doyayo
Haya
B aka (in S udan)
Nzakara
B aka (in C ameroon)
Acholi
B idiyaB agiro
B ongo
G ula (in C entral African R epublic)
Dagbani
ZayseP are
B ini
J arawa (in Nigeria)
K onni
R unga
B usa
Xhosa
T abwa
S hilluk
Mano
S wati
Laal
S esotho
G oemai
Mofu-G udur
Dhaasanac
Ogbronuagum
G imira
Nabak
Ndjébbana
Waskia
Ngalakan
Dumo
Y uwaalaraay
I'saka
Hamtai
Imonda
K oita
B arai
B adimaya
S entani
Y ukulta
G olin
Iwaidja
S ougb
Wardaman
Nankina
B iri
Ngiyambaa
Mpur
G eorgian
Nivkh
K umauni
Icelandic
B ashkir
P ortuguese
K et
Domari
Nepali
Ukrainian
K halaj
Y ukaghir (T undra)
K oya
Wiyot
T onkawa
Y okuts (Y audanchi)
QuileuteP ipil
C hinook (Lower)
Haida
Apache (Western)
Y uchi
Zoque (C opainalá)
E udeve
T arahumara (C entral)
Acoma
P urépecha
Zapotec (Y atzachi)
Wichita
Lacandón
K oasati
Hakka
C ham (Western)
S is iqa
Mangap-Mbula
R ukai
Nishi
G ela
T agalog
B odo
T shangla
Longgu
Lotha
S obeiB rao
Lisu
Nar-P hu
Wolio
Leti
K adazan
K hmu'
Atayal
S udest
Lamaholot
Iduna
B uru
P urki
K okborok
Irarutu
Ladakhi
P umi
Achang
Limbu
Mono-Alu
G apapaiwa
Digaro
Lewo
S herp a
B ribri
B aure
K oreguaje
T ucano
E se E jja
G uaraní
ApinayéE mbera
C ayuvava
C ubeo
P ilagá
T safiki
Mekens
T rumai
Araona
Warekena
B aré
Huitoto (Murui)
K ariri
Mocoví
J avaé
G arífuna
S hona
K oegu
K reshT eso
Didinga
Arabic (Moroccan)
Ik
S o
K ara (in C entral African R epublic)
C hichewa
Mbara
Ijo (K olokuma)
Anywa
B eja
K ikuyu
Hunde
//Ani
B ari
K unama
K wangali B ushoong
Mondunga
S amba Leko
Mandinka (G ambian)
Mumuye
C haha
B ambara
K irma
Oromo (Waata)
Nup e
P ero
Arabic (Iraqi)
Lagwan
Dan
Y uluT igré
Masalit
Mehri
Zulu
Dogon
Amharic
Diyari
Usan
Ambulas
AnggorS uena
Mara
NgankikurungkurrK ugu Nganhcara
Y ale (K osarek)
G arrwa
Arapesh
T haayorre
WembawembaG unbalang
Daga
Y idiny
Hua
Orokaiva
Djambarrpuyngu
Archi
G ujarati
C hechen
F ris ian
K ashmiri
R emo
T ajik
K orku
S erbian-C roatian
K arachay-B alkar
T atar
HunzibAvar
G ondi
Ubykh
Diegueño (Mesa G rande)
P aiute (Northern)
Wapp oOsage
K iowa
Ute
Mandan
S quamish
T unica
Hop i
P omo (S outheastern)
B iloxi
Oneida
Maricop a
Hup a
T lingit
S ius lawOjibwa (E astern)
B lackfoot
S alinan
C hatino (Y aitepec)
Nevome
C hitimacha
B ontok
K aliai-K ove
Nehan
Ifugao (B atad)
P aulohi
Hayu
G aro
Darmiya
Naga (Mao)
B alti
K innauri
Meithei
Lepcha
P atep
T imugon
Halia
R oviana
Aros i
P aamese
P attani
C hang
Ngad'a
S amoan
T awala
Mien
R apanui
T obatiT akia
Agta (C entral)
Nocte
K okota
Urak Lawoi'
S inaugoro
J abêm
Athpare
T eop
S akao
Manadonese
P uluwat
R etuarã
C aribS hiriana
Warao
C anela-K rahô
S hipibo-K onibo
Arawak
Mapudungun
K aró (Arára)
T acana
P alikur
P irahã
Huitoto (Minica)
Ika
Aymara
C arib (De'kwana)
T eribe
Ngäbere
P áezE we
Mbay
Ndut
P okot
Me'en
K ana
UldemeE wondo
F yem
Luvale
Mooré T ubu
Murle
Mbum
Linda
Ngoni
K eraLango
S wahili
P a'a
K orana
G rebo
Musgu
Akan
V ai
G beya B ossangoa
J ukun
Mende
Arabic (Modern S tandard)
R unyankoreNoon
Ndonga
Lamang
Ngiti
MalgwaDiola-F ogny
Nuer
T emne
Iraqw
E ngenni
C haiJ u|'hoan
LeleLuo
Angas
Y oruba
Hatam
Una
R umu
Dyirbal
B ilua
Murrinh-P atha
P oko-R awo
Walman
Wambon
Nunggubuyu
Lavukaleve
Nasioi
Martuthunira
K oiali (Mountain)
Y indjibarndi
K obon
T auya
K ombai
K ewa
K ayardild
Wahgi
Au
Mangarrayi
Y agariaMaranungku
B hojpuri
K olami
P ashto
Y ukaghir (K olyma)
Ingush
Itelmen
C ornish
Albanian
Dutch
K arakalpak
K uvi
R omani (Welsh)
Italian
K urdish (C entral)
C zech
Wakhi
Dagur
Uzbek
B reton
C hukchi
Ainu
MangghuerS hina
Zoque (C himalapa)
Lakhota
C hemehuevi
Nahuatl (Michoacán)
Nahuatl (Huasteca)
C omanche
Mixtec (Y osondúa)
Zapotec (Mitla)
S arcee
G uarijío
OcuiltecoT otonac (Xicotepec de J uárez)
Mixtec (J icaltepec)
Miskito
Luiseño
Hawaiian
C èmuhî
Akha
Angami
Mikir
S ema
B ai
Maleu
K ilivila
S onsorol-T obi
T ondano
P alaungS tieng
Nicobarese (C ar)
B yans i
S emelai
S ikkimese
C hin (Mara)
K haling
T ongan
T ukang B es i
Mis ing
T amang
T ibetan (Modern Literary)
Ao
K ele
K aren (P wo)Mon
Arop-Lokep
C hin (S iyin)
B uma
S re
Minangkabau
E nggano
Drehu
Quechua (Huallaga)
Apalaí
G uajajara
G oajiro
S irionó
K amaiurá
Abipón
R ama
B erber (F iguig)
P äri
B agirmi
Nandi
Arabic (S yrian)
MajangJ ur Mödö
B imoba
B urunge
K oromfe
Mauka
G wari
S upyireMaba
Neo-Aramaic (Arbel J ewish)
Maninka (Western)
Maasai
Margi
Nkonya
K rongo
Noni
Miya
Nubian (Dongolese)
Lunda
Izi
T unen
K anakuru
F ula (C ameroonian)
Moru
Lendu
Duka
MoroB irom
G okana
S omali
Hebrew (Modern)
G ude
B erber (Middle Atlas )
T urkana
T era
C optic
K oyraboro S enni
B erber (R if)
Igbo
T ennet
T iwi
K uot
B ininj G un-Wok
West Makian
Alamblak
T idore
S are
S iroi
Ungarinjin
S ahu
Namia
Asmat
Olo
K halkha
Mansi
R omanian
K annada
Norwegian
Hungarian
E venki
T eluguK orean
P anjabi
Latvian
Urdu
P olish
R uss ian
Hindi
Mundari
Lithuanian
T sova-T ushB urushaskiLezgian
Irish
G reek (Modern)
P ers ian
Marathi
J akaltek
Y aqui
Nahuatl (T etelcingo)
NisghaC hinantec (Quiotepec)
G reenlandic (West)
Zapotec (Is thmus)
S eri
T iipay (J amul)
S lave
Nez P erce
T rique (C opala)
Menomini
O'odham
C herokee
C hontal Maya
T arahumara (Western)
K utenai
T lapanec
T epehuan (Northern)
Makah
Mam
K hasi
T boli
G urung
K ayah Li (E astern)
K hmer
K iribati
Nias
Mandarin
Ambai
K airiru
K aulong
B atak (T oba)
Lao
Y apese
Nuaulu
T inrin
Newari (K athmandu)
Niuean
Hmong Njua
Mamanwa
V ietnamese
Lahu Lai
S edang
Mokilese
Mizo
Muna
C hamorro
ApataniMaru
Lalo
K aren (B we)
R awang
T ahitian
Malagasy
S undaneseWichí
R es ígaro
C ocamaApurinã
Hixkaryana
Wari'
Urubú-K aapor
B arasano
S anuma
Y agua
P aumarí
T ariana
Macushi
E pena P edee
Mupun
Lugbara
Nkore-K iga
Ngizim
Dinka
K is i
K hoekhoe
K oyra C hiini
Arabic (E gyptian)
K anuri
S ango
Hausa
Wolof
K arimojong
Ma'di
Obolo
B uduma
Oromo (Harar)Adioukrou
Arabic (G ulf)
Ngambay
Maung
Awtuw
Abun
MaybratS ulka
Amele
K woma
G erman
F rench
S panish
E nglish
Welsh
Lamani
Armenian (Western)
T urkish
B ulgarian
S wedish
J apanese
B asque
Danish
T amil
F innish
G aelic (S cots )
Abkhaz
C huvash
E stonian
Mixtec (P eñoles)
Otomí (Mezquital)
C hatino (S ierra Occidental)
Mixtec (C halcatongo)C hinantec (P alantla)Mixtec (Ocotepec)
C hoctaw
T ümpisa S hoshone
T s imshian (C oast)
T zutujil
C oos (Hanis )
Navajo
Huastec
K lamath
C hinantec (Lealao)C hinantec (C omaltepec)
Y urok
Ndyuka
K aren (S gaw)
K osraean
K ham
Nung (in V ietnam)
Indones ian
R otuman
Iaai
Manggarai
J ingpho
P ohnpeianAnejom
B urmese
T hai
T igak
Iban
Acehnese
Woleaian
Lampung
F ijian
B awm
T olai
T aba
T etun
P alauan
C antonese
Lenakel
B atak (K aro)
Loniu
S io
G umawana
F utuna-Aniwa
C hrau
Maori
Quechua (Imbabura)
Awa P it
F igure 2: Word Order Language-F eature Network
C utoff: at least 8 of 14 features
998 Languages
P urple: AfricaG reen: Australia-New G uineaB lue: E uras iaR ed: North AmericaYellow: S outh-E ast As ia and OceaniaOrange: S outh America
Word Order Language-Feature Network!
K onyagi
Mbum
T lapanec
S ebei
Nas ioi
NimboranNambakaengö
Iwam
C huave
Manchu
K urukh
K 'ekchí T otonac (P apantla)Adzera
G oajiro
Ignaciano
C ayapa
C ofán
G uahibo
S iona
Dahalo
Margi
Aizi
B ariba
K ohumono
T eke (S outhern)Zande K oyraboro S enni
Waray (in Australia)Western Desert (Ooldea)
Waris
Dumo
K ashmiri
K onkaniS inhala
Ojibwa (E astern)
Achumawi
P omo (S outheastern)
Y ucatec
AlabamaC hatino (S ierra Occidental)
Mazahua
Mixtec (Molinos)B rao
Atayal
MaranaoS a'banMien
Wu (C hangzhou)
Nung (in V ietnam)
G uambiano
B ribri
J ivaro
Apinayé
C hulupí
Amahuaca
Quechua (C ochabamba)
T icuna
Aché
Angas
Dangaléat (Western)
Dizi
Hamer
Hebrew (Modern Ashenazic)
K anakuruK efa
K ullo
Lamé
Neo-Aramaic (P ers ian Azerbaijan)
T era T igréT uareg (Ahaggar)
Hadza
K adugli
//Ani
Deti
S andawe
Aghem
Akan
AlladianAmo
B eembe
B irom
B isa
B obo F ingB été C iLubaDan
Dogon (T oro S o)
E fik
E jagham
E wondo
F e'fe'
F yem
G beya B ossangoa
G wari
G ã
Ijo (K olokuma)
Isoko
J omang
K is i (S outhern)
K lao
K pan
K pelleLelemi
Lua
Mambila
Mba
Moro
Mumuye
NdutNoni
Ogbia T ampulma
T arok
UMbundu
Y eyi
B erta
Daju (Dar F ur)
Dinka
Ik
IngessanaK omo
Lugbara
Luo
Maasai
Nandi
Nara (in E thiopia)Nobiin
Nyangi
Nyimang
T ama T emein
Y ulu
Arrernte (Mparntwe)
B andjalang (Y ugumbir)
B ardi
Djapu
K ala Lagaw Y aMurrinh-P atha
Wik Munkan
B ainingT oaripi
K iwaiDera
K woma
Y essan-Mayo
S avosavo
Dadibi
Angaatiha
F asu
G adsup
K oiari
Wantoat
Y agaria
R otokas
West Makian
Y areba
Y awa
E ven
K haria
S ora
Itelmen
K ota
T eluguT ulu
B ulgarian
Darai
Irish (Donegal)
OrmuriR omansch (S charans)
K omi-Zyrian
S aami (C entral-S outh)Y ukaghir (T undra)
C addo
Quileute
Aleut (E astern)
Y upik (S iberian)
S hasta
Huave (S an Mateo del Mar)
C herokee
T iwa (Northern)
T zeltal (Aguacatenango)
Mixe (T otontepec)
C hickasaw
Ahtna
C hipewyan
E yak
Hupa
Mazatec (C hiquihuitlán)
B ella C oola
Lushootseed
S huswap
T onkawa
O'odham
Nuuchahnulth
Wappo
G reat Andamanese
B ru (Western)
J eh
Nancowry
Nyah K ur (T ha P ong)
P acoh
P arauk
B ajau
C ham (Western)
IbanIvatan (S outhern)
K aliai-K ove
K edang
Ma'ya
MorP o-Ai
P ohnpeian
R ukai
T ausug
T etunT sou
B ai
B odo
C hin (T iddim)
F uzhou
Hakka
J ingpho
K aren (S gaw)
LepchaNaxi
Newari (K athmandu)
NishiP hlong
T amangXiamenG elao
K am (Zhanglu)
Lakkia
Lü S han
S ui
Y ay
C ampa (Axininca)
IranxeR es ígaro
WapishanaY ucuna
C acua
C amsá
Akawaio
B akairí
J apreria
P anare
K una
P echHuitoto (Murui)
Itonama
F ulniô
P áez
B arasano (Northern)
S irionó
K abardian
Amharic
Awngi
K otoko
Ngizim
S omali
S oqotri
!XóõJ u|'hoan
B ambara
Dagbani
Doyayo
E weS enadi
T emne
Wolof
K oyra C hiini
Maba
Daga
P awaian
Hamtai
K unimaipa
Una
Azerbaijani
Dagur
K irghiz
Mangghuer
Moghol
Nanai
T uvan
Y akut
K oryak
Albanian
K urdish (C entral)
R utul
T sova-T ush
K hantyNganasan
K iowa
AmuzgoC hinantec (Quiotepec)
Wintu C hehalis (Upper)
S reHmong Njua
Ao
C antonese
Lahu
Qawasqar
Andoke
AikanáAmueshaJ ebero
Ika
S elknam
Abipón
Muinane Ocaina
B ororo
K aingang
Maxakalí
Movima
S áliba (in C olombia)
Arabela
HausaOromo (Harar)
K hoekhoe
IgboNkore-K iga
S ango
Y oruba
F ur
K anuri
Ngiti
Imonda
S elepet
S uena
Ainu
B asque
B rahuiK annada
Nepali
R omanian
S indhi
J apanese
K orean
Lak
Mari (Meadow)
K et
Y urok
Haida
Acoma
Navajo
T lingit
Mixtec (C halcatongo)
Otomí (Mezquital)
Lakhota
Nahuatl (North P uebla)
V ietnamese
K iribati
B urmese
G aro
K ayah Li (E astern)
Ladakhi
Meithei
T hai
Awa P it
Y agua
Alawa
Mbabaram
S entani
B reton
Lithuanian
Wiyot
Diegueño (Mesa G rande)
Y ana P urépecha
T ol
K awaiisu
Luiseño
Nahuatl (T etelcingo)
Makah
B atak (T oba)
J avanese
K waio
R oro
T ibetan (S tandard S poken)
T ehuelche
Nambikuára
Waorani
B ejaK era
T ashlhiyt
Diola-F ogny
Murle B urarraDiyari
Dyirbal
G arrwaK alkatungu
K uku-Y alanji
MalakmalakY anyuwa
Marind
Wahgi
Wois ikaY elî Dnye
Uzbek (Northern)
K oyaB engali
C atalan
K alami
Norwegian
P olish
Avar
S elkupS eneca
K arok
HuastecC hinantec (Lealao)
K lamath
Maidu (Northeast)
T unicaHopi
K wakw'ala
Zuni
Hawaiian
Iaai
Irarutu
LenakelT igak
T iruray
Y apeseB awm
Aymara
C anela-K rahôS hipibo-K onibo
C ubeo
S hiriana
B erber (Middle Atlas )
LuvaleS upyire
S wahili
Zulu
B agirmi
Lango
Maranungku
Ngiyambaa
P itjantjatjara
Alamblak
Arapesh
Dani (Lower G rand V alley)
E kari
K ewaUsan
B ashkir
C huvash
K halkha Mundari
C hukchi
Armenian (E astern)
Hindi
P ashto
P ers ian
Archi
Hunzib
IngushLezgian
Nivkh
Abkhaz
Y ukaghir (K olyma)
Wichita
Oneida
J akaltek
Zoque (C opainalá)
K oasati
Nez P erce
T s imshian (C oast)
Y uchi
Ndyuka
K has i
K hmu'S edang
B atak (K aro)
K ilivila
Maori
P aamese
Mandarin
P aumarí J aqaru
C arib
E pena P edee
P irahã
Araona
T acana
T rumai
G uaraní
Arabic (E gyptian)Iraqw
K rongo
G rebo
K oromfeK unama
G ooniyandiK ayardild
MangarrayiMartuthunira
Maung
Nunggubuyu
T iwi
UngarinjinWambaya
Wardaman
Y idinyY imas
LavukaleveAmele
AsmatK obon
Maybrat
E venki
T urkish
B urushaski
E nglish
F renchG erman G reek (Modern)
Latvian
R uss ian
S panish
G eorgian
F innish
Hungarian
C ree (P lains)
P assamaquoddy-Maliseet
G reenlandic (West)
Maricopa
K utenai
S lave
C oos (Hanis )
Miwok (S outhern S ierra)
S quamish
C ahuilla
C omanche
Y aqui
K hmer
S emelaiC hamorro
Drehu
F ijian
Indones ianMalagasy
P aiwan
R apanui
T aba
T agalogT ukang B es i
Mapudungun
Apurinã
Hixkaryana
C ayuvava
Wari'
R amaWichí
Urubú-K aapor
Warao
S anuma
Nenets
F igure 1: P honology Language-F eature Network
C utoff: at least 9 of 19 features
566 Langauges
P urple: AfricaG reen: Australia-New G uineaB lue: E uras iaR ed: North AmericaYellow: S outh-E ast As ia and OceaniaOrange: S outh America
• Australia-New Guinea and SE Asia and Oceania are the most internally similar"• SE Asia and Oceania languages are typical with respect to languages of the rest of the world"• South American languages are not internally linguistically similar, but their distribution on the network is not uniform"
K onyagi
Mbum
T lapanec
S ebei
Nas ioi
NimboranNambakaengö
Iwam
C huave
Manchu
K urukh
K 'ekchí T otonac (P apantla)Adzera
G oajiro
Ignaciano
C ayapa
C ofán
G uahibo
S iona
Dahalo
Margi
Aizi
B ariba
K ohumono
T eke (S outhern)Zande K oyraboro S enni
Waray (in Australia)Western Desert (Ooldea)
Waris
Dumo
K ashmiri
K onkaniS inhala
Ojibwa (E astern)
Achumawi
P omo (S outheastern)
Y ucatec
AlabamaC hatino (S ierra Occidental)
Mazahua
Mixtec (Molinos)B rao
Atayal
MaranaoS a'banMien
Wu (C hangzhou)
Nung (in V ietnam)
G uambiano
B ribri
J ivaro
Apinayé
C hulupí
Amahuaca
Quechua (C ochabamba)
T icuna
Aché
Angas
Dangaléat (Western)
Dizi
Hamer
Hebrew (Modern Ashenazic)
K anakuruK efa
K ullo
Lamé
Neo-Aramaic (P ers ian Azerbaijan)
T era T igréT uareg (Ahaggar)
Hadza
K adugli
//Ani
Deti
S andawe
Aghem
Akan
AlladianAmo
B eembe
B irom
B isa
B obo F ingB été C iLubaDan
Dogon (T oro S o)
E fik
E jagham
E wondo
F e'fe'
F yem
G beya B ossangoa
G wari
G ã
Ijo (K olokuma)
Isoko
J omang
K is i (S outhern)
K lao
K pan
K pelleLelemi
Lua
Mambila
Mba
Moro
Mumuye
NdutNoni
Ogbia T ampulma
T arok
UMbundu
Y eyi
B erta
Daju (Dar F ur)
Dinka
Ik
IngessanaK omo
Lugbara
Luo
Maasai
Nandi
Nara (in E thiopia)Nobiin
Nyangi
Nyimang
T ama T emein
Y ulu
Arrernte (Mparntwe)
B andjalang (Y ugumbir)
B ardi
Djapu
K ala Lagaw Y aMurrinh-P atha
Wik Munkan
B ainingT oaripi
K iwaiDera
K woma
Y essan-Mayo
S avosavo
Dadibi
Angaatiha
F asu
G adsup
K oiari
Wantoat
Y agaria
R otokas
West Makian
Y areba
Y awa
E ven
K haria
S ora
Itelmen
K ota
T eluguT ulu
B ulgarian
Darai
Irish (Donegal)
OrmuriR omansch (S charans)
K omi-Zyrian
S aami (C entral-S outh)Y ukaghir (T undra)
C addo
Quileute
Aleut (E astern)
Y upik (S iberian)
S hasta
Huave (S an Mateo del Mar)
C herokee
T iwa (Northern)
T zeltal (Aguacatenango)
Mixe (T otontepec)
C hickasaw
Ahtna
C hipewyan
E yak
Hupa
Mazatec (C hiquihuitlán)
B ella C oola
Lushootseed
S huswap
T onkawa
O'odham
Nuuchahnulth
Wappo
G reat Andamanese
B ru (Western)
J eh
Nancowry
Nyah K ur (T ha P ong)
P acoh
P arauk
B ajau
C ham (Western)
IbanIvatan (S outhern)
K aliai-K ove
K edang
Ma'ya
MorP o-Ai
P ohnpeian
R ukai
T ausug
T etunT sou
B ai
B odo
C hin (T iddim)
F uzhou
Hakka
J ingpho
K aren (S gaw)
LepchaNaxi
Newari (K athmandu)
NishiP hlong
T amangXiamenG elao
K am (Zhanglu)
Lakkia
Lü S han
S ui
Y ay
C ampa (Axininca)
IranxeR es ígaro
WapishanaY ucuna
C acua
C amsá
Akawaio
B akairí
J apreria
P anare
K una
P echHuitoto (Murui)
Itonama
F ulniô
P áez
B arasano (Northern)
S irionó
K abardian
Amharic
Awngi
K otoko
Ngizim
S omali
S oqotri
!XóõJ u|'hoan
B ambara
Dagbani
Doyayo
E weS enadi
T emne
Wolof
K oyra C hiini
Maba
Daga
P awaian
Hamtai
K unimaipa
Una
Azerbaijani
Dagur
K irghiz
Mangghuer
Moghol
Nanai
T uvan
Y akut
K oryak
Albanian
K urdish (C entral)
R utul
T sova-T ush
K hantyNganasan
K iowa
AmuzgoC hinantec (Quiotepec)
Wintu C hehalis (Upper)
S reHmong Njua
Ao
C antonese
Lahu
Qawasqar
Andoke
AikanáAmueshaJ ebero
Ika
S elknam
Abipón
Muinane Ocaina
B ororo
K aingang
Maxakalí
Movima
S áliba (in C olombia)
Arabela
HausaOromo (Harar)
K hoekhoe
IgboNkore-K iga
S ango
Y oruba
F ur
K anuri
Ngiti
Imonda
S elepet
S uena
Ainu
B asque
B rahuiK annada
Nepali
R omanian
S indhi
J apanese
K orean
Lak
Mari (Meadow)
K et
Y urok
Haida
Acoma
Navajo
T lingit
Mixtec (C halcatongo)
Otomí (Mezquital)
Lakhota
Nahuatl (North P uebla)
V ietnamese
K iribati
B urmese
G aro
K ayah Li (E astern)
Ladakhi
Meithei
T hai
Awa P it
Y agua
Alawa
Mbabaram
S entani
B reton
Lithuanian
Wiyot
Diegueño (Mesa G rande)
Y ana P urépecha
T ol
K awaiisu
Luiseño
Nahuatl (T etelcingo)
Makah
B atak (T oba)
J avanese
K waio
R oro
T ibetan (S tandard S poken)
T ehuelche
Nambikuára
Waorani
B ejaK era
T ashlhiyt
Diola-F ogny
Murle B urarraDiyari
Dyirbal
G arrwaK alkatungu
K uku-Y alanji
MalakmalakY anyuwa
Marind
Wahgi
Wois ikaY elî Dnye
Uzbek (Northern)
K oyaB engali
C atalan
K alami
Norwegian
P olish
Avar
S elkupS eneca
K arok
HuastecC hinantec (Lealao)
K lamath
Maidu (Northeast)
T unicaHopi
K wakw'ala
Zuni
Hawaiian
Iaai
Irarutu
LenakelT igak
T iruray
Y apeseB awm
Aymara
C anela-K rahôS hipibo-K onibo
C ubeo
S hiriana
B erber (Middle Atlas )
LuvaleS upyire
S wahili
Zulu
B agirmi
Lango
Maranungku
Ngiyambaa
P itjantjatjara
Alamblak
Arapesh
Dani (Lower G rand V alley)
E kari
K ewaUsan
B ashkir
C huvash
K halkha Mundari
C hukchi
Armenian (E astern)
Hindi
P ashto
P ers ian
Archi
Hunzib
IngushLezgian
Nivkh
Abkhaz
Y ukaghir (K olyma)
Wichita
Oneida
J akaltek
Zoque (C opainalá)
K oasati
Nez P erce
T s imshian (C oast)
Y uchi
Ndyuka
K has i
K hmu'S edang
B atak (K aro)
K ilivila
Maori
P aamese
Mandarin
P aumarí J aqaru
C arib
E pena P edee
P irahã
Araona
T acana
T rumai
G uaraní
Arabic (E gyptian)Iraqw
K rongo
G rebo
K oromfeK unama
G ooniyandiK ayardild
MangarrayiMartuthunira
Maung
Nunggubuyu
T iwi
UngarinjinWambaya
Wardaman
Y idinyY imas
LavukaleveAmele
AsmatK obon
Maybrat
E venki
T urkish
B urushaski
E nglish
F renchG erman G reek (Modern)
Latvian
R uss ian
S panish
G eorgian
F innish
Hungarian
C ree (P lains)
P assamaquoddy-Maliseet
G reenlandic (West)
Maricopa
K utenai
S lave
C oos (Hanis )
Miwok (S outhern S ierra)
S quamish
C ahuilla
C omanche
Y aqui
K hmer
S emelaiC hamorro
Drehu
F ijian
Indones ianMalagasy
P aiwan
R apanui
T aba
T agalogT ukang B es i
Mapudungun
Apurinã
Hixkaryana
C ayuvava
Wari'
R amaWichí
Urubú-K aapor
Warao
S anuma
Nenets
F igure 1: P honology Language-F eature Network
C utoff: at least 9 of 19 features
566 Langauges
P urple: AfricaG reen: Australia-New G uineaB lue: E uras iaR ed: North AmericaYellow: S outh-E ast As ia and OceaniaOrange: S outh America
Recommended