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v. The Rise of Segregation
Vocabularydiscriminationpoll taxsegregationJim Crow lawslynch
Guiding Question: How did African Americans resist racism and improve their way of life after Reconstruction?
Resistance and RepressionAfter Reconstruction, most
African American lived in povertyMost were SHARECROPPERS:
landless farmers who gave a large section of their crops to the landlord as rent
CYCLE OF DEBT!
Resistance and Repression1870s Benjamin “Pap”
Singleton urged African Americans to move West to from independent communities
Most went to Kansas. In two months 6,000 African Americans left the rural south for Kansas
Newspapers called it the Exodus. Migrants became known as “Exodusters”
Resistance and RepressionExodusters arrived in Kansas in
1879Others joined poor white
farmersFormed the Farmer’s Alliance1886 African Americans formed
the Colored Farmers National Alliance. 1.2 million members in 1890.
Resistance and Repression1891 many African Americans
joined the Populist PartyPosed a major challenge to the
Democratic party in the SouthIf poor whites joined the
African Americans they would be unbeatable
Democratic leaders started to appeal to racism to make it harder for African Americans to vote.
Resistance and Repression
“Some of our people, some editors especially deny that African Americans are hindered from voting; but what good is lying? They are interfered with, and we are obliged to do it, and we may as well tell the truth” – One Southern Democratic Leader
Resistance and Repression
Question: What did the Democratic Party do to prevent the Populists from gaining too much power?
Resistance and Repression
Answer: It appealed to racism among its poor white followers to prevent them from allying with African American Populists.
Imposing Segregation
Guiding Question:What laws did southern states pass to impose segregation and deny African Americans the right to vote?
Imposing Segregation
After Reconstruction ended, the rights of African Americans declined
Attempts to unify whites and African Americans failed
Movement to diminish civil rights picked up momentum
Taking Away the Vote15th Amendment prohibits
denying citizens the right to vote based on race, color, previous condition of servitude
Does not bar states from using other groundsPoll TaxLiteracy Test
Taking Away the Vote1899 Mississippi began a $2 poll tax
(expensive)Poll tax – a tax of a fixed amount that had
to be paid before a person could voteMississippi also instituted a literacy test,
required voters to be able to read and understand the state’s constitution
Few African Americans born after the Civil War had attended school. Illiterate. Even if you could read, officials would pick the hardest sections.
Other southern states adopted similar restrictions.
Between 1890 – 1900 number of registered African American voters fell.
White voters exempt
Election officials were less strict in applying tax or test to whites; however number of white voters fell significantly
Louisiana introduced the grandfather clause for whites Allowed any man to vote if an
ancestor could vote in 1867Exempted whites from most voting
restrictionsWas designed to increase the
number of white voters
Legalizing SegregationAfrican Americans faced
discrimination in the North, but in the South segregation (separation) was different in the South where laws were passed that rigidly enforced discriminationSegregation – the separation or
isolation of a race , class, or groupDiscrimination – different treatment
or preference or a bias other than individual merit
Legalizing Segregation: Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws – Statues enacted to enforce segregation.1883 Supreme Court overturned the
Civil Rights Act of 1875. That law had prohibited keeping people out of public places on the basis of race and barred racial discrimination in selecting jurors.
The Supreme Court, however, ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment provided only that “no state” could deny citizens equal protection under the law. Private organizations, such as hotels, theaters, and railroads, were free to practice segregation.
Legalizing SegregationPrivate organizations,
hotels, theatres and railroads could segregate.
Southern states passed a series of laws establishing racial segregation
African Americans could no longer ride together in the railroad car
Could not drink from the same water fountain
Plessy v. Ferguson1892 Homer Plessy
challenged the Louisiana lawForced him to ride in a
separate railroad carArrested for riding in white
only car1896 Plessy v FergusonSupreme Court upheld
Louisiana law “separate but equal”. Established 50 years of racial segregation.
Legalizing SegregationWhat was the purpose of the “grandfather clause”?
Legalizing SegregationTo allow whites who could not pay the poll tax to pass literacy requirements to vote.
The African American Response
Guiding Question: How did African American community leaders respond to legalized segregation?
The African American ResponseHistorian Rayford Logan
Opening of 20th century as the low point of African American status
Responded to violence and discrimination in many waysIda B. WellsMary Church TerrellBooker T. WashingtonW.E.B. DuBois
Each used different approaches to address this
Ida B. Wells1800s mob violence increased1890 -1899 154 lynched per year
Lynched – to execute, by hanging, without lawful approval
1892 Ida B. Wells launched a crusade against lynching
A mob drove Wells out of Chicago1895 published a book
denouncing mob violenceCongress rejects anti-lynching
bill, but lynching decreased significantly in 1900s
Mary Church TerrellCollege educated. Born after the Civil WarPresident Benjamin Harrison refused to condemn
lynching, she started lifelong campaign against Lynching, Racism, Sexism
Had help from Jane Addams and Susan B. AnthonyFounded the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)Formed the Women Wage Earner’s Association
Assisted African AmericanNurses, waitresses, domestic workers
Led boycott against Washington D.C. department stores when they refused to serve African Americans
Terrell wantedFuture with promise and hope, no favors – just an equal chance
“History of the Naacp & Civil Rights” Video
Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington proposed
achieving economic rather than political goals
1895 Booker’s goals in front of a mostly white audienceKnown as the Atlanta
CompromiseUrged African Americans to
postpone fight for civil rightsConcentrate on education and
vocations to achieve full equality
W.E.B. DuBoisFounded the civil rights group the Niagara
Movement which, while a failure, was the forerunner of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.
Atlanta Compromise provoked a challenge from W.E.B. DuBois – saw no reason to postpone civil rights
New generation of activist1903 wrote the book The Souls of Black
Folk Saw no advantage to giving up rightsConcerned with protecting voting
rights
DuBois Rejects Compromise“Negroes must insist
continually, in season and out of season.” he wrote, “ that voting is necessary to proper manhood, that color discrimination is barbarism.”
Many African Americans would struggle to win the voteEnd discriminationWould be a long struggle
The African American ResponseWhat was the nature of the compromise urged by Booker T. Washington in the Atlanta Compromise speech?
The African American ResponseAfrican Americans would put on hold their fight for the right to vote; instead they would work for educational and vocational gains.
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