U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EARTHQUAKE … · KAWAGUCHI Nakaminato MATSUSHIRO NAGANOHARA...

Preview:

Citation preview

  • 137 138 139 140 141 142 143

    137 138 139 140 141 142 143

    36

    37

    38

    39

    40

    36

    37

    38

    39

    40

    Epicentral Area

    S E A O F J A P A N

    P A C I F I CO C E A N

    Sado

    Awa Shima

    Tobi Shima

    ToyamaWan

    IshinomakiWan

    SENDAISENDAI

    H O N S H U

    19231921

    1924

    19821965

    1938

    1938

    1938

    1938

    1938

    19381908

    1905

    1959

    1927

    1962

    19781933 1915

    193619371964

    19001981

    1915

    19141968

    19281939

    1989

    SUWA

    KOGA

    MITO

    UEDA

    KUJI

    UOZUUEDA

    Kamo

    MAKI

    Tono

    KADO

    OKAYO

    HONJO

    OYAMA

    KIRYU

    ASHIO

    NikkoDAIGO

    UNAMI

    TAIRA

    KOIDE

    Ojiya

    NAMIEOtani

    SANJO

    Gosen

    CHIDA

    Kaita

    OguniNagai

    TENDOSagae

    INNAI

    Honjo

    AKITA

    OMOTO

    KONOSUAidara

    TAKANO HOKOTA

    KUROGO

    Kasama

    Omachi

    NumataSUZAKANAGANO

    TOYAMA

    Liyama

    YuzawaTOMARI

    TAKADA

    TAJIMA

    Odaira

    NOZAWA

    NIITSU

    KAMEDA

    WATARI

    Ryotsu

    SENDAI

    Takaki

    WAKUYA

    MINATOShinjo

    SAKATA

    FUKURA

    Yokote

    YAMADA

    HIZUME

    MIYAKOWainai

    MONZEN

    Ishioka

    TomiokaISEZAKI

    FUNATSU

    TOCHIGI

    HITACHI

    Imaichi

    TAKAOKA Isohara

    OtawaraONAHAMA

    KuroisoMITSUYA

    NAOETSU

    Kammata

    NAGAOKA

    NIIGATA SHIBATA

    Ofunata

    YASHIMA

    Omagari

    Akasawa

    MORIOKA

    HITOCHI

    TAKAYAWA KUMAGAYA

    FURUKAWATAKASAKI

    MAEBASHI

    Itoigawa

    TOKAMCHI Ishikawa

    KORIYAMA

    KAWAGETA

    NAKUMURA

    YONEZAWA

    MurakamiYAMAGATA

    SHIOGAMA

    WATANOHAWakikawa YOSHIOKA

    FURUKAWA

    IWAEYAMA

    TSURUOKA

    SURISAWA

    MIZUSAWA

    KAMAISHI

    HANAMAKI

    KARLWANO

    Tamagawa

    MATSUYAMA Hamatsuga

    MATSUMOTO

    SHIMODATETsunogawa KARUIZAWA

    ShibukawaUTSUNMIYA

    Hinoemata

    Shirakawa

    MATSUNAMI

    WAKAMATSU

    IZUMOZAKI

    Haramachi

    FUKUSAIMA

    Obanazawa

    KESENNUMA

    Shirahama

    KAWAGUCHI

    Nakaminato

    NAGANOHARAMATSUSHIRO

    KARASUYAMA

    Nihommatsu

    Teradomari

    SHIMO-SEKI

    ISHINOMAKI

    ICHINOSEKI

    Higashidate

    KASHIWAZAKI

    SHIZUKUISHI

    Higashi-inolani

    Zao

    Nasu

    Asama

    Akagi

    Shiga

    Myoko

    Azuma

    Iwate

    Kanpu

    Haruna

    NantaiHiuchi

    Bandai

    Narugo

    Chokai

    Hijiori

    Norikura

    Takahara

    Numazawa

    Kurikoma

    Tateshina

    Yake-dake

    Tate-yama

    Hachimantai

    Omanago GroupNikko-Shirane

    Akita-Yake-yama

    Niigata-Yake-yama

    Akita-Komaga-take

    Washiba-Kumonotaira

    1915

    1901

    Megata

    Adatara

    Kusatsu-Shirane

    Map prepared by U.S. Geological SurveyNational Earthquake Information Center26 October 2003Map not approved for release by Director USGS

    EARTHQUAKE SUMMARY MAP XXXU.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORU.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

    M6.6 Honshu, Japan Earthquake of 23 October 2004

    125 130 135 140

    145

    125 130 135 140

    145

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    Tectonic Setting

    SOUTHKOREA

    NORTHKOREA

    RUSS

    IAC H I N A

    J A P A N

    P A C I F I CO C E A N

    S E A O F J A P A N

    E A S TC H I N A

    S E A

    P H I L I P P I N ES E A

    HONSHU

    HOKKAIDO

    KYUSHUSHIKOKU

    R y u k

    y u I

    s l a

    n d

    s

    I z u I s l a n d sB

    o n i n I s l a n d s

    S E A O FO K H O T S K

    DETAILED MAP

    P A C I F I CP L A T E

    P H I L I P P I N EP L A T E

    A M U RP L A T E

    TOKYOTOKYO

    R y u k

    y u

    T r

    e n

    c h

    Kuril

    Tr

    ench

    J a

    p a

    n T

    r e

    n c

    h

    I z u T r e n c h

    B o n i n T

    r e n c h

    S o

    u t h H o n s h u R

    i d g e

    YellowSea

    SAPPOROSAPPORO

    SEOULSEOUL

    PYONGYANGPYONGYANG

    83 mm/yr

    O K H O T S KP L A T E

    125 130 135 140

    145

    125 130 135 140

    145

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    Seismicity 1900 - 2002

    SOUTHKOREA

    NORTHKOREA

    RUSS

    IAC H I N A

    J A P A N

    P A C I F I CO C E A N

    S E A O F J A P A N

    E A S TC H I N A

    S E A

    P H I L I P P I N ES E A

    HONSHU

    HOKKAIDO

    KYUSHUSHIKOKU

    R y u k

    y u I

    s l a

    n d

    s

    I z u I s l a n d sB

    o n i n I s l a n d s

    S E A O FO K H O T S K

    DETAILED MAP

    P A C I F I CP L A T E

    P H I L I P P I N EP L A T E

    A M U RP L A T E

    TOKYOTOKYO

    YellowSea

    SAPPOROSAPPORO

    SEOULSEOUL

    PYONGYANGPYONGYANG

    O K H O T S KP L A T E

    A1

    A2

    A3

    A1'

    A2'

    A3'

    EXPLANATION

    Main Shock

    23 October 2004

    Depth Classes

    0 - 69 km

    70 - 299

    300 - 700

    Magnitude Classes

    5.00 - 5.49

    5.50 - 5.99

    6.00 - 6.49

    6.50 - 6.99

    7.00 - 7.49

    7.50 - 8.00

    Plate Boundary

    Continental Convergent

    Continental Rift

    Continental LL Transform

    Continental RL Transform

    Oceanic Convergent

    Oceanic Spreading

    Oceanic LL Transform

    Oceanic RL Transform

    Subduction

    Volcano

    0 100 200 300 40050

    Kilometers

    SCALE 1:15,000,000Albers Equal-Area Projection

    0 100 200 300 40050

    Kilometers

    SCALE 1:15,000,000Albers Equal-Area Projection

    DISCUSSION

    The islands of Japan lie on a ring of seismically active plate boundaries that surround the Pacific Ocean known as the Ring of Fire. Earthquakes throughout Japan are caused by the relative motion of several major and minor tectonic plates, including the Pacific plate, the Philippine Sea plate, the Okhotsk plate, and the Amur plate. Earthquakes result from slippage on the interface between the plates and on faults at some distance from the plates' boundaries. The 23 October 2004 earthquake had a thrust fault mech-anism and occurred within the Okhotsk plate, about 350 km west of the Japan Trench, where the Pacific plate subducts beneath the over-riding Okhotsk plate. Within the past 30 years, there have been several significant earthquakes in the vicinity of this earthquake, including a June 1964 magnitude 7.4 earthquake(about 125 km to the north) that killed 36 people and an April 1995 magnitude 5.4 shock (about 90 km to the north) that injured at at least 39 people. During the 20th century, Japan suffered nine devastating earthquakes that killed more than 1000 people each. These include the 1923 magnitude 7.9 earthquake that triggered the great Tokyo fire and killed 143,000 people and the more recent 1995 magnitude 6.9 Kobe earthquake that killed 5,500 people.

    0 50 100 150 20025

    Kilometers

    SCALE 1:1,500,000Albers Equal-Area Projection

    NEAR WEST COAST OF HONSHU, JAPAN

    23 October 2004 08:56:01 UTC37.229 N., 138.773 E.Depth 16 kmMagnitude Mw = 6.6 (HRV)

    A strong earthquake located near the western coast of northern Honshushook parts of northern Japan, particularly Niigata Prefecture, where itcaused at least 25 deaths, several thousand injuries, and significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. The deaths occurred principallyin the epicentral area near Ojiya, Nagaoke, and Tokamachi. Some esti-mates cited over 2,800 homes destroyed and more than 1,000 buildingsdamaged. Water, sewage, gas, and electrical power systems were seri-ously disrupted throughout the region and many towns were cut off bydamage to highways and railway tracks. The earthquake occurred onlydays after the passage of Typhoon Tokage; strong shaking on rainsoak-ed hillsides resulted in numerous mudslides and rockfalls . Two cars on the East Japan Railways bullet train traveling from Tokyo to Niigata de-railed in the epicentral area. Press accounts reported that tall buildings swayed in Tokyo approximately 190 km to the south. Felt in Chiba, Fu-kushima, Gumma, Kanagawa, Miyagi, Saitama, and Tokyo Prefectures.

    EXPLANATIONMain Shock

    23 October 2004

    Aftershocks

    Urban Area

    SENDAIPopulated Place

    Ishikawa

    Highway

    Freeway

    Connector

    Major Road

    Railroad

    Volcano

    Azuma

    125 130 135 140

    145

    125 130 135 140

    145

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    Generalized Seismic Hazard

    SOUTHKOREA

    NORTHKOREA

    RUSS

    IAC H I N A

    J A P A N

    P A C I F I CO C E A N

    S E A O F J A P A N

    E A S TC H I N A

    S E A

    P H I L I P P I N ES E A

    HONSHU

    HOKKAIDO

    KYUSHUSHIKOKU

    R y u k

    y u I

    s l a

    n d

    s

    I z u I s l a n d sB

    o n i n I s l a n d s

    S E A O FO K H O T S K

    DETAILED MAP

    P A C I F I CP L A T E

    P H I L I P P I N EP L A T E

    A M U RP L A T E

    TOKYOTOKYO

    YellowSea

    SAPPOROSAPPORO

    SEOULSEOUL

    PYONGYANGPYONGYANG

    O K H O T S KP L A T E

    EXPLANATION

    Main Shock

    23 October 2004

    Seismic Hazard

    0.0 - 0.2 m/sec

    0.2 - 0.4

    0.4 - 0.8

    0.8 - 1.6

    1.6 - 3.2

    3.2 - 6.4

    6.4 - 9.4

    Plate Boundary

    Continental Convergent

    Continental Rift

    Continental LL Transform

    Continental RL Transform

    Oceanic Convergent

    Oceanic Spreading

    Oceanic LL Transform

    Oceanic RL Transform

    Subduction

    Volcano

    Seismic hazard is expressed as peak ground acceleration (PGA) on firm rock,in meters/sec, expected to be exceededin a 50-yr period with a probability of 10 percent.

    MAJOR EARTHQUAKES 1900 - 1999 EPICENTRAL AREA

    YR MO DY LAT LON DEPTH MAG

    1900 5 11 38.700 141.100 5.0 7.0 1901 6 15 39.000 143.000 35.0 7.0 1905 7 6 37.400 141.800 35.0 7.1 1908 1 15 37.300 141.800 35.0 7.3 1914 3 14 39.500 140.400 5.0 7.0 1915 3 8 39.000 142.000 0.0 7.0 1915 11 1 38.300 142.900 35.0 7.5 1915 11 1 38.000 143.000 35.0 7.0 1921 12 8 36.000 140.200 35.0 7.0 1923 6 1 36.000 142.000 35.0 7.1 1924 8 14 36.133 141.892 35.0 7.0 1927 8 5 37.873 142.191 35.0 7.1 1928 5 27 39.813 142.999 35.0 7.1 1933 6 18 38.280 142.510 35.0 7.2 1936 11 2 38.337 142.151 35.0 7.1 1937 7 26 38.396 142.170 35.0 7.1 1938 5 23 36.458 141.755 35.0 7.7 1938 11 5 37.108 142.081 35.0 7.8 1938 11 5 37.009 142.045 35.0 7.9 1938 11 6 37.287 142.283 35.0 7.7 1938 11 6 36.867 142.625 35.0 7.0 1938 11 13 36.727 142.360 35.0 7.0 1939 5 1 39.839 139.969 35.0 7.0 1959 1 22 37.560 142.483 35.0 7.2 1962 4 12 38.073 142.741 24.5 7.2 1964 6 16 38.434 139.226 13.1 7.5 1965 9 17 36.336 141.327 43.5 7.1 1968 6 12 39.501 142.893 31.2 7.1 1978 6 12 38.224 142.009 53.3 7.7 1981 1 18 38.708 142.788 47.3 7.0 1982 7 23 36.307 141.763 27.4 7.0 1989 11 1 39.923 142.757 29.0 7.4 2003 10 31 37.829 142.634 10.0 7.5

    RELATIVE PLATE MOTIONS

    The relative motion of adjacent tectonicplates is depicted on the map by short vectors located at selected points on the plate boundary. In this presentation, one plate (the fixed reference plate) is assum-ed to be rigid. The vector therefore rep-resents the direction of the moving plate relative to the reference plate. The rate of relative motion is labelled next to the vector.

    The components of the vector perpen-dicular and parallel to the plate margin approximate convergent/divergent and transverse direction of motion between the plates, respectively. As viewed from the fixed plate, an inward directed com-ponent suggests convergence at and near the plate boundary that may be ex-pressed as crustal folding, uplift, thrustfaulting, or plate subduction. Similarly, an outward directed component sug-gests plate divergence such as would be expected at a zone of crustal spread-ing. Transcurrent or transform faultingwould be expected when the predom-inant vector component is parallel to theplate margin.

    DISCLAIMER

    Base map data, such as place names and politicalboundaries, are the best available but may not be current or may contain inaccuracies and thereforeshould not be regarded as having official significance.

    1200 km 1100 km 1000 km 900 km 800 km 700 km 600 km 500 km 400 km 300 km 200 km 100 km 0 km

    1200 km 1100 km 1000 km 900 km 800 km 700 km 600 km 500 km 400 km 300 km 200 km 100 km 0 km

    600 km

    500 km

    400 km

    300 km

    200 km

    100 km

    0 km

    600 km

    500 km

    400 km

    300 km

    200 km

    100 km

    0 km

    A1 A1'

    1200 km 1100 km 1000 km 900 km 800 km 700 km 600 km 500 km 400 km 300 km 200 km 100 km 0 km

    1200 km 1100 km 1000 km 900 km 800 km 700 km 600 km 500 km 400 km 300 km 200 km 100 km 0 km

    600 km

    500 km

    400 km

    300 km

    200 km

    100 km

    0 km

    600 km

    500 km

    400 km

    300 km

    200 km

    100 km

    0 km

    A2 A2'

    1200 km 1100 km 1000 km 900 km 800 km 700 km 600 km 500 km 400 km 300 km 200 km 100 km 0 km

    1200 km 1100 km 1000 km 900 km 800 km 700 km 600 km 500 km 400 km 300 km 200 km 100 km 0 km

    600 km

    500 km

    400 km

    300 km

    200 km

    100 km

    0 km

    600 km

    500 km

    400 km

    300 km

    200 km

    100 km

    0 km

    A3 A3'

    EXPLANATIONDepth Classes

    0 - 69 km

    70 - 299

    300 - 600

    Magnitude Classes

    5.0 - 5.9

    6.0 - 6.9

    7.0 - 7.9

    Volcano

    Depth Profiles

    SCALE 1:15,000,000Albers Equal-Area Projection

    0 100 200 300 40050

    Kilometers

    Perspective View

    Vertical Exaggeration 3X

    DATA SOURCES

    EARTHQUAKES AND SEISMIC HAZARD USGS, National Earthquake Information Center NOAA, National Geophysical Data Center IASPEI, Centennial Catalog (1900 - 1999) Handbook of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program

    PLATE TECTONICS Bird, P., 2003, An updated digital model of plate boundaries: Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., v. 4, no. 3, pp. 1027 - 1080.

    BASE MAP NIMA and ESRI, Digital Chart of the World USGS, EROS Data Center

    NEWS SOURCES

    Associated Press Reuters.Com

Recommended