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Urban problems. Housing problems. ABERDEEN. HOLY CROSS VILLAGES. JOHNSTON ROAD, WAN CHAI. ALDRICH BAY. TSUI PING ESTATE. MEXICO. BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA. MANILA, THE PHILIPPINES. HAITI. Definition. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Urban problems
Housing problems
ABERDEEN
HOLY CROSS VILLAGES
JOHNSTON ROAD, WAN CHAI
ALDRICH BAY
TSUI PING ESTATE
MEXICO
BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA
MANILA, THE PHILIPPINES
HAITI
Definition
Housing is not only a shelter to weather, but also includes access to such basic services as electricity, water and transport. Therefore, problem occurs when the quantity and quality of provision of housing do not reach satisfactory levels.
Functions performed by a house as residence
a shelter that protects the residents from environmental hazards
a place where residents can enjoy privacy a place where essential physical,
psychological and social needs are satisfied.
Criteria to assess the standard of a house
building materials used and the construction method, which determine the house’s ability to protect its residents
living density, as measured by number of people per room. This determines the degree of privacy enjoyed by individuals
availability and quality of facilities in the houses. These are essential for meeting various needs of the residents
RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION
OVERSEAS MIGRANTSCBD
Inner city
LDC City MDC City
Outward migration of higher-income group
Housing problems
Inadequate quantity Housing shortage Overcrowding
Poor quality Slums Squatters Poor sanitation,
pollution, social problems…
Urban decay
Inadequate quantity of housing
common in LDC cities demand for housing exceeds supply, leading
to housing shortage / housing attainability --> overcrowding
Poor quality of housing
common in both LDC and MDC cities urban slums = legal, low-rent housing in inner
city areas squatters = illegal (usually not rent-paying) ho
using in inner city areas / at city margins / on hillslopes
Urban decay
common in both LDC and MDC cities substandard and derelict buildings poor sanitation / inadequate facilities congested / overcrowding living condition / high building
density narrow streets / traffic congestion lack of recreational space / parks / social facilities lack of planning / mixed land use environmental pollution / environmentally degraded poor aesthetic value fire hazards social problems like family conflicts / mental distresses / t
heft / vandalism urban ghetto / racial segregation
1.1.1 Causes and Impacts of Housing Problem in LDCs
Inadequate quantity Large natural increase Rapid rural-urban migration from rural push
factors Over-population and pseudo-urbanization
1.1.1 Causes and Impacts of Housing Problem in MDCs
Housing demand > supply Keen competition of land uses Second World War Overcrowding
rural-urban migration and overseas in-migration
started in the early 20th century The nowadays' most affected destinies are
the USA, UK, South Europe The immigrants usually come from Africa,
China, Eastern Europe, South America and Middle East.
United States - Inflow of foreign-born population from Asia (total) as a percentage of total inflow: 1984 – 37.9%; 2004 – 35.7%
limited space but keen competition among different land users
economic development pushes the urban land value up
forcing many low-income residents and high proportion of minority groups to live in slums in inner city areas
Second World War
many houses were seriously damaged and destroyed during WWII.
The housing stock was badly depleted.
Overcrowding
overcrowding and tenants sub-letting their units mainly occur in older housing near the CBD --> forming slums in inner city areas
Substandard housing
Socially, both slums and squatter housing are a reflection of unequal access to urban resources because squatter residents belong to the low-income, poor, socio-economically and politically marginal group in society.
Slums
they are found in transition zones next to the CBD, where houses are deteriorating, without adequate
amenities the tenants are too poor to improve the living
conditions
Slums
in MDC cities, landlords have moved out to the suburbs (suburbanization of the high-income groups) due to improved transport links
some areas are ghettos of minor racial immigrant groups
some industries have relocated to the suburbs (suburbanization of industrial activities)
local government has little income from tax to improve the living environment
Squatters
they are illegal, temporary housing found on roof tops hillslopes fringing the urban areas and on stilts or boats in the sheltered coastal a
reas near the city
Squatters
they are usually the result of a large influx of new-comers / rural migrants to the city and also be the population growth of the poor
Squatters
squatters settlements are known as “shanty towns” which are characterized by: scrap materials, e.g. wood and metal sheeting insufficient basic services, e.g. sanitation, wat
er, electricity overcrowded settlements
Poor living environment Environmental pollution
due to the mixed land use (workshops and retail units + residential units)
land-use conflicts poor air quality + noise and land pollution
Fire and health hazards these squatter huts are built of wood and cardboard there are no surface roads / electricity supply / water and se
wage facilities creating fire and health risks
Social problems family conflicts mental distresses theft, robberies, crimes, vandalism ethnic and social segregation
Solutions to housing problems
New town development Urban renewal Slums / squatters clearance Provision of more housing
New Town development
new town = a planned community aiming at solving certain problems, e.g. population redistribution
Factors of new town development
to relieve congested urban areas to decentralize industries for land use separation for administration purpose
New town development
The development of new towns / satellite towns general involves the outward movement of urban residents to the peripheral areas.
New town development
However, not all the residents are willing to move though they are suffering from rather poor living environment because they cannot afford the higher rent in the new to
wn they have to spend more time on journey-to-w
ork they have to pay higher transport cost in jorne
y-to-work
New town development
Therefore, new town development / satellite towns must be associated with the process of industrial decentralization. In this way, people moving outward may find their new jobs in the surrounding areas easily.
Urban renewal
Redevelopment = the demolition of bad housing
Rehabilitation = involves improvement of existing old buildings and environment rather than demolition of buildings
What is rehabilitation?
Rehabilitation includes the renovation and management of buildings, such as improving external appearance of buildings by
cleaning and repairing fitting new windows and new doors installing indoor toilets and baths redesigning recreational areas
Rehabilitation
causes less disruption to residents less social disruption and resentment involves less financial cost, especially compe
nsation helps preserve and restore buildings of cultur
al, historical and architectural value the living environment is greatly upgraded
slum / squatter clearance
replaced by public housing to solve the problems of landslides / fire haza
rds / poor living conditions
building more adequate houses
through public organizations, e.g. Housing Authority / Housing Society in Hong Kong
or private sectors / developers
Poor quality Urban slums Squatters
On the roof tops Hillslopes fringing the urban areas On boats in the sheltered coastal areas
Environmental pollution Workshops and retail units intermingle with residen
tial units
Fire hazards Built of wood and cardboard
Social problems Family conflicts Mental distresses Theft, robberies, crimes, etc
1.1.2 Solutions to housing problems in LDCs
To upgrade the squatters and shanty town
To increase job opportunities, esp in rural areas
To control the migratory flows
Birth control
1.1.3 Case study: Kuala Lumpur
The city has grown rapidly since WWII
1947:176,000; in the late 1970s: 820,000 poverty is also widespread
Housing problems in Kuala Lumpur
Increasing pressure on urban resources and services
High population densities and Inadequate amenities
Squatter settlements
Living conditions in many squatter camps are poor
Solutions to the squatter problem in Kuala Lumpur
Relocation housing schemes
low-cost housing schemes, notably in the Klang Valley
multi-storey apartment buildings
Not welcome Upgrading schemes
supplied with services such as roads, water and electricity
Sites and services schemes
Difficulties encountered
Expensive Time-consuming Uncontrollable rural-urban migration
Long term solution?
The housing problems are virtually the result to poverty…….
1.2 Housing Problems in MDCs
keen competition from industrial and commercial landuse =>$↑↑↑
influx of destitute third world immigrants
Slums: old, crowded, sanitarily poor and structurally dangerous but their rents are low
transition zones next to the CBD
Ghettos: the Blacks, Puerto Rican and Chinese
sub-urbanization=> urban decay socio-economic problems:unemployment, he
alth hazards, juvenile delinquency, social unrest and inadequate public services…
Large influx of new comers: Squatters Less welfare: homeless
在英國,露宿者的數量在 80年代上升了一倍,露宿者區在倫敦中部的鐵路橋底擴張。在1979 年,英國的地區組織統計有 56,750 個露宿單位;在1989 年,其數目則上升至 126,680 ,有時露宿者則更認為實際數字則超越一百萬。有關機構認為這劇烈增長,部分是由於第三世界移民的湧入。
1.2.2 Solutions to housing problems in MDCs
Building more houses Urban renewal Rehabilitation New town project
Building more houses
only the start of a solution
Urban renewal
demolition of buildings the renewal is bound to be piecemeal in nature
not all the individual landowners are willing to sell their land
expensive and time-consuming
Rehabilitation
improvement
New town project
A new town or satellite town is a planned community aiming at solving certain problems, e.g. population redistribution. It should be accompanied the industrial decentralization and facilities.
suburb areas
comprehensive planning and heavy expenditure
1.2.3Case study: the London Dockland
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