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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
STUDIES ON BROODSTOCK NUTRITION OF MALAYSIAN FRESHWATER GIANT PRAWN MACROBRACHIUM
ROSENBERGII (DE MAN)
NITYA NANDA DAS
FPSS 1995 8
STUDIES ON BROODSTOCK NUTRITION OF MALAYSIAN FRESHWATER
GIANT PRAWN MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII (DE MAN)
NITY A NANDA DAS
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITI PERTANIAN MALAYSIA
1995
STUDIES ON BROODSTOCK NUTRITION OF MALAYSIAN FRESHWATER
GIANT PRAWN MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII (DE MAN)
BY
NITY A NANDA DAS
Dissertation submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science,
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
August, 1995
DEDICATION
To the sacred memory of my father
NARAYAN CHANDRADAS
who left us for ever during the
liberation period of Bangladesh
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to extend my most sincere gratitude and deep appreciation to
Dr. Che Roos Saad who provided me with invaluable guidance, objective
criticism and encouragement throughout the course of the study. I am also
indebted to the members of my supervisory committee, Prof. Ang Kok Jee,
Prof. Law Ah Theem and Dr. Sharr Azni Harmin, for their constructive
suggestions and guidance during the study period.
I would like to express my gratitude to the Dean of the Faculty of Fisheries
and Marine Science and the Dean of Graduate School, Universiti Pertanian
Malaysia who helped me in every possible way. I also record my appreciation to
En. Abdul Aziz Bin Bahsir, Senior Assistant Registrar, Graduate School, UPM
for his assistance.
I also appreciate the assistance of Dr.Hishamuddin Bin Omar, Mr. Ahsan
Bin Habib, En. Razali Seman , En. Zakaria Md. Sah, colleagues and well
wishers who were instrumental in the successful completion of the project.
The financial supports given by Rotary InternationallRotary Foundation,
USA is gratefully acknowledged. I also acknowledge the co-operation of Mr.
Bhag Singh and Mr. M. Palaniappan and Dr. J.J. Augustin for editing the
manuscript
Words are not enough to express my heartfelt feelings to my parents for
providing me with their untiring guidance and supports since my childhood. My
wife, Shipra and daughters Nishu and Rupu have extended their moral support
and encouragement to me all the while in striving towards this achievement.
ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .... . . . ... . . ... ...... . . . . . . ...... ... . . ....... . ..... . . .iii
LIST OF TAB LES .................... .... ....................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................ .......... .................... xi
LIST OF P LATES ............................................................... xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................. xiii
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
ABSTR AK . . . ..... .... . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . ... . . . ...... . . ...... . . .. . ... ........ xviii
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION ... . . . .. ... . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ... 1
Background of the study ......... . .......................... . .. .. . . ..... . 1
Statement of the problem ...................................... . ......... 3
Significance of the study ........ . . . .................... . . ................ 7
Objectives . . ... . . .. . . ... . . . . ..... . ... . .. . . . . . .......... . . ... . . ........ .... 12
II LITERATURE REVIEW . . . ............. .............................. 13
Least cost feed formulations ............... . . ................... . .. . ... 13
Optimum dietary protein and energy requirements .............. .... 14
Macrobrachium spp . . . ..... . . . . . ....... . ... ...... .............. 14
Penaeus spp ..... . .. .. . . . . .... . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . 20
Fish . . .. . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . ... . .. . . ... ... . 24
III MATERIA LS AND METHODS ............. . ........................ 26
Proximate analyses ....... . . . ......... . . ...................... . . . . . . . . ... 26
Crude protein . . . . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . 26
Lipids . . ... .. ... . . ... . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .... ... 26
Moisture determination .... .................. .................. 27
Ash determination . . . ... . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . ........ ............ 27
Crude fibre . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . . ... ... . . .... . . . . . . . . . .. . 28
IV
Gross energy determination . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ... ..... . . . .. 28
Amino acid analysis .. . ....... . . . . ....................... . . . . .. . . . . .... . . 30
Fatty acid analysis ... . ... . . ........ . ... . . . . ..... . . . . . ... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Feed preparation .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . .... . . . . . .......... . . 31
Fibreglass experimental tank. ..... .. . .. . ...... ............. ... ......... 32
Biological filter .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . ... . .............................. 32
Feeding rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Water quality monitoring ..... . ....... . . . . . . . . .......................... 34
N OPTIMUM PROTEIN REQUIREMENT BY BROOD STOCK MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII IN A RECIRCULATING WATER SySTEM . . ....... . . .... . . ..... . . . ... . . .................. . .. . .. 35
Materials and methods .............. .. . . . . ............ . . . .. . ............ 36
Least cost feed formulations . . ........... . . . . ................. 36
Experimental diets ......................... . . ..... . .... . . .. . . . . .40
Experimental animals and acclimatization .................. .40
Stocking density . . . . . ........ . ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Experimental procedure . . . .................. .. . .......... . . . . . 4 1
Determination of eggs quality ......................... . . .... .42
Statistical analysis ........................ . ......... . ...... . .. .45
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Discussion . . . .... . . . .. .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .... . . . . ... . . . . .. 55
V OPTIMUM PROTEIN: GROSS ENERGY REQUIREMENT BY BROODSTOCK M.
ROSENBERGII IN A RECIRCULATING WATER SySTEM ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... 60
Materials and methods ......... . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . ....................... 6 1
Least cost feed formulations .... . . ...... ...................... 6 1
Experimental animals and acclimatization ................... 65
Fibreglass experimental tank .................................. 65
Determination of eggs quality ................................. 7!
v
Amino acid and fatty acid analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1
S tatistical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
R esults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Discussion . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 1
VI OPTIMUM PROTEIN : GROSS ENERGY REQUIREMENT BY BROODSTOCK M. ROSENBERGII KEEPING PROTEIN LEVEL CONSTANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 0
Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10
R e sults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 28
VII OPTIMUM PROTEIN : GROSS ENERGY REQUIREMENT IN POND CONDITION BY THE BROODSTOCK MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1 3 3
Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 33
Collection, counting and identification of planktons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 5
Collection, counting and identification of benthos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 36
R esults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 37
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 60
VITI GENER AL DISCUS SION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 68
IX SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
B IBLIOGR APHy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 6
APP ENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 97
A. Optimum solution for the formulation of 30% protein and gross energy 400 kcal/100 g diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 97
VITAE .............. . ...... . . .......... . .... . . ........................ . ... . ...... 200
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table page
1 Proximate analyses of feed ingredients, egg and muscle of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/100 g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2 Composition of the experimental diets for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/I00 g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3 Proximate composition of the experimental diets for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/I00 g) expressed in percent dry weight and cost of the diets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4 The effects of dietary protein level on muscle composition of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/ 100 g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5 The effects of dietary protein level on egg composition of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/100 g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 5 1
6 Effects of broodstock diets on the spawning and egg qUality of Macrobrachium rosenbergii . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . 5 2
7 Essential amino acid expressed in percent dry weight of total amino acid of the pond reared broodstock M rosenbergii egg and their composition at 30%, 35% and 40% of protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8 Essential amino acid (EAA) composition of feed ingredients (g/100 g protein) expressed in percent
dry weight . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 .
9 Comparison of the essential amnio acid content and constraints of diet 1, diet 2, diet 3 and diet 4 with those values obtained from Lindo programme (Lindo, release, 5 .3, 1 99 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 67
10 Comparison of the essential amnio acid content and constraints of diet 5, diet 6, diet 7 and diet 8 with those values obtained from the Lindo programme(Lindo, release 5.3, 1991) . . . . 68
1 1 Comparison of the essential amnio acid content and constraints of diet 9, diet 10, diet 1 1 and diet 12 with those values obtained from the Lindo programme (Lindo, release 5 .3,1991) . . . . . . . . . . 69
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12 Composition of the experimental diets for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/lOO g) expressed in percent dry weight -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 75-76
1 3 Proximate composition and energy content of the experimental diets for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/lOO g) expressed in percent dry weight and cost of the diets .... ............................ ............ 77 -78
14 The effects of experimental diets on muscle composition of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/100 g) expressed in percent dry weight ....... . . .......... . . . . . . ... . . .... ..... ...... . . . . . 81 - 82
1 5 The effects of experimental diets on egg composition of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/I00 g) expressed in percent dry weight ... . ... . . .. .. . . .... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . 8 3-84
16 Essential amino acid (EAA) compositio and essential amino acid index (EAAl) of the diets . . .. . . . . .. . . ... . .... .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .... .. . . . . . . . . .. 86-88
17 AlE ratio of experimental diets of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90-91
18 Essential amino acid composition of the brood stock eggs Macrobrachium rosenbergii fed experimental diets . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . 93-95
19 Effects of brood stock diets on the fecundity and egg quality of Macrobrachium rosenbergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6
20 Fatty acid composition of the experimental diets expressed as percent dry weight of total fatty acid . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . .. . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 97 -98
21 Effects of different dietary lipids on brood stock M. rosenbergii egg fatty acid composition expressed in percent dry weight of total fatty acid . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99-100
22 Comparison of the essential amino acid content and constraints of diet 1 and diet 2 with those values obtained from the Lindo pro gramme(Lindo , release5.3, 1991) ..................... 113
23 Composition of the experimental diets for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/100 g) expressed in percent dry weight.. . .. ..... .. . . . . . . . . .. ..... 114
24 Proximate composition and energy content of the experimental diets for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (g/lOOg) expressed in percent dry weight and cost of diets . . . . . . ... . .. . . ... . . ... . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . 115
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25 The efffects of experimental diets on muscle composition of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (gl lOO g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 17
26 The effects of experimental diets on egg composition of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (gl l OO g) expressed in percent dry weight. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 9
27 Essential amino acid (EAA) composition and essential amino acid index (EAA 1) of the diets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 20
28 AlE ratio of the experimental diets of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 22
29 Essential amino acid composition of the broodstock eggs of Macrobrachium rosenbergii ......... 124
30 Effects of broodstock diets on the fecundity and egg quality ofM.rosenbergii . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 25
3 1 Fatty acid composition of the experimental diets expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 26
32 Effects of different dietary lipids on broodstock M. rosenbergii egg fatty acid composition expressed in percent dry weight of total fatty acid . . . . . . . . 127
33 Composition of the experimental diets for M.rosenbergii (gl 100 g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
34 Proximate composition and energy content of the experimental diets for M.rosenbergii (gl 100 g) expressed in percent dry weight
and cost of the diets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 40
35 The effects of experimental diets on muscle composition of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (gl lOOg) expressed in percent
dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 1
36 The effects of experimental diets on egg compositionof broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii ( gl 100g) expressed in percent dry weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
37 Essential amino acid (EAA) composition and essential essential amino acid index (EAAl) of the diets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 45
38 AlE ratio of the experimental diets of brood stock Macrobrachium rosenbergii . . . . ............ . 1 47
IX
39 Essential amino acid composition of the broodstock eggs of Macrobrachium rosenbergii fed experimental diets ........................ 148
40 Effects of brood stock diets on the fecundity and egg quality of M. rosenbergii .. . . . . . . ............ . .. . . 1 49
41 Fatty acid composition of the experimental diets of broodstock M. rosenbergii expressed in percent of total fatty acid ........... . ..... ................ 1 50
42 Effects of different dietry lipids on brood stock M rosenbergii egg fatty acid composition expressed in percent dry weight of total fatty acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 2
43 Abundance of phytoplankton in experimental ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1 5 3
44 Abundance of zooplankton in the experimental pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1 5 4
45 Abundance of benthic fauna in th experimental pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 55
46 Comparison of essential amino acid composition of the brood stock diet M. rosenbergii eggs under different environments .............................. 156
47 Comparision of fatty acid composition of the brood stock M. rosenbergii eggs under different environments ................... 1 57 - 1 58
48 Comparison of egg per gram of female (epgt) and hatching rate of M. rosenbergii egg under experimental and riverine conditions ......... ...... 159
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Relationship between relative fecundity (RF.) and egg EAAI of the experimental diets of broodstock M. rosenbergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2 Linear regression analysis of relationship between: (A) percentage of 20 :5n-3 in egg lipids and fecundity; (B) percentage of 22: 6n-3 in egg lipids and fecundity; (C) percentage of 20:4n-6 in egg lipids and fecundity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3 Linear regression analysis of relationship between: (A)percentage of 20 : 5n-3 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching; (B) percentage of 22: 6n-3 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching; (C) percentage of 20: 4n-6 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . . . . . . 106
4 Relationship between relative fecundity (RF.) and egg EAAI of the experimental diets of broodstock M. rosenbergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1
5 Linear regression analysis of relationship between (A) percentage of 20 : 5n-3 in egg lipids and fecundity; (B) percentage of 22 : 6n-3 in egg lipids
and fecundity; (C) percentage of 20 : 4n-6 in egg lipids and fecundity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 1 3 1
6 Linear regression analysis of relationship between (A) percentage of 20 : 5n-3 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching; (B) percentage
of 22 : 6n-3 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching; (C) percentage of 20 : 4n-6in egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7 Relationship between relative fecundity (RF) and egg EAAI of the experimental diets of brood stock M. rosenbergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 46
8 Linear regression analysis of relationship between (A) percentage of 20 : 5n-3 in egg lipids and fecundity; (B) percentage of 22 : 6n-3 in egg lipids and fecundity; (C) percentage of 20 : 4n-6 in egg lipid and fecundity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 66
9 Linear regression analysis of relationship between:(A) percentage of 20 : 5n-3 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching; (B) percentage of 22 : 6n-3 in the egg lipids and percent of eggs hatching; (C) percentage of 20 : 4n-6in egg lipids and percent of eggs hatc hing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 67
Xl
LIST OF PLATES
Plate page
1 Experimental tanks with recycling water system ................... .43
2 Water filtration system of the experimental tanks .................. .43
3 Partitioning of the experimental tanks . . ................ . . ............ 44
4 Arrangement of incubators used in the hatching . . . ................. 44 of M rosenbergii eggs
5 Nylon netting cages fixed to the bottom of the experimental pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 134
Xll
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ANOV A = Analysis of variance
AQB = Aquabind
BHT = Butylated hydroxy toluene
CAP = Calcium propionate
COP= Copra meal
DP = Digestible protein
DO = Dissolved oxygen
DHA = Docosahexenoic acid
EAA = Essential amino acids
EAAI= Essential amino acid index
EFA= Essential fatty acids
EP A= Eicosapentaenoic acid
Epgf = Egg per gram of female
FM = Fish meal
ha = hectare
HUFA= Highly unsaturated fatty acids
Kcal = Kilo calorie
LI:�IDO = Linear interactive and discrete optimizer
MN = Mineral
MT = Matric tonne
NRC= National Research Council
NFE = Nitrogen-free extract
PIE = Protein! Energy
PIGE = Protein! Gross energy
% = Percent
PO = Palm oil
PER = Protein efficincey ratio
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PUFA = Polyunsaturated fatty acids
P30 = Protein 30 percent
PL = Post larvae
ppm = Parts per million
RF = Relative fecundity
RM = Ringgit Malaysia
SD = Standard deviation
SE = Standard error
SEAFDEC = Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre
SBM = Soybean meal
VC = Vitamin C
VITP = Vitamin premix
WF = Wheat flour
XlV
Abstract of dissertation presented to the Senate of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
STUDIES ON BROODSTOCK NUTRITION OF MALA YSIAN FRESHWATER GIANT PRAWN MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII (DE MAN)
by
Nitya Nanda Das
August 1995
Chairman : Dr. Che Roos Saad
Faculty : Fisheries and Marine Science
A study of the essential amino acid constraints of diets based on the egg
essential amino acid content of broodstock of M. rosenbergii (de Man) was
conducted using a linear interactive and discrete optimizer software in least cost feed
formulation for the broodstock.
Four experiments using different formulation of diets under different
environmental conditions were conducted and the following results were obtained:
In the first experiment three types of isocaloric (400 kcal!lOO g diet) formulated
diets having 30% protein (P30), 40% protein (P40) and 50% protein (P50) along
with a commercial control diet (30% protein with gross energy 446 kcal/lOO g diet)
were used to determine their suitability as feed for M. rosenbergii brood stock. The
fecundity of prawns fed diet P30 and P40 were not significantly different (P>O .05)
but were significantly different from prawns fed P50 and the control diet (P<0.05).
The experimental diet P40 (with P:GE ratio of 99.33) was numerically superior to
diets with P30 or P50 in terms of prawns fecundity ( 1354.20 eggs/g body weight)
and hatching rate (86.42%).
In the second experiment 12 types of diets with various protein (P30, P35,
P40) and gross energy (400 kcal/lOO g diet, 440 kcal/lOO g diet, 473 kcal!lOO g
xv
diet , 520 kcal/lOO g diet) for each protein level along with the commercial diet were
tested. The overall results obtained in assessing various protein levels in
combination with gross energy levels involving 13 test diets showed that prawns
fed P40 with an gross energy level of 400 kcal/IOO g diet attained the highest
fecundity (1354.92 eggs/g body weight) and hatching rate (90.30%). However, no
significant differences were observed among the fecundity of prawns fed diets
P35 ( gross energy 473 kcal/IOO g diet), P40 (gross energy 400 kcall100 g diet )
and P40 (gross energy 440 kcal/IOO g diet ). The hatching rates attained by prawn
fed with diet P40 with gross energy 400 kcal/IOO g diet 90.30%, P40 gross energy
440 kcal/IOO g diet (82.33%) and P35 with gross energy 473 kcal/IOO g diet
(80.23%) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those prawns fed by the other
ten diets. Therefore, 40% protein diet with gross energy level of 400 kcalll00 g
diet is recommended as brood stock feed for M. rosenbergii in view of its superior
performance and cost.
In the third experiment three types of isonitrogenous (P40) diets with gross
energy levels 350 kcall100 g diet, 375 kcal/IOO g diet and 400 kcal/IOO g diet along
with a commercial diet were tested. The study showed that prawns fed the diet P40
with gross energy level of 400 kcal/lOO g diet had the highest fecundity (1377.12
eggs/g body weight), hatching rate (92.10%) and they were significantly different
in all the treatments (P<0.05).
I n the fourth experiment four types of diets with protein and gross energy
levels of P35 with gross energy 473 kcal/IOO g diet, P40 with gross energy level of
350 kcall100 g diet, P40 with gross energy level of 375 kcal/IOO g diet and P40
with gross energy level of 400 kcalll00 g diet along with a control were tested
under pond condition. Prawns fed with P35 diet (473 kcal/lOO g diet ) attained
the highest fecundity (1372.10 eggs/g body weight ) and highest hatching rate
(85.42%), which were significantly different in all the treatments (P<0.05).
Prawns fed the diet P40 (400 kcal/IOO g diet ) had the second highest fecundity
XVI
(1336.20 eggs/g body weight ) and hatching rate 82.36%, and thirdly P40 diet
(375 kcal/100 g diet ) had 1278.57 eggs/g body wt and hatching rate of 71.50% ,
followed by P40 ( 350 kcal/100 g diet ) had a fecundity of 1105.35 eggs/g body
wt and hatching rate of 60.85% . Lastly the prawns fed the control diet had a
fecundity of only 1069.45 eggs/g body weight with a hatching rate of 56.30%.
The essential amino acids index (EAAI) were calculated and were found to be
a possible method of evaluating the broodstock diet of M. rosenbergii as a higher
index indicates higher egg production in water recirculating system. I n pond
condition however, higher EAAI does not indicate higher egg production which
might be due to different envoronmental conditions and different food items.
Studies of fatty acids showed that 20:5n-3 fatty acids gave the highest correlation
for fecundity. Similarly, 22:6n-3 ratty acids gave the highest correlation for
hatching rate. In pond condition 20:5n-3 fatty acids gave the highest correlation for
both fecundity and hatching rate. Considering in view of its superior performance
and cost factor, a P40 with an energy level of 400 kcal/100 g diet for the water
recirculating system and a P35 with an energy level of 473 kcal/100 g diet for the
pond culture system are recommended as broodstock feed for M. rosenbergii.
XVIl
Abstrak dissertasi dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Pertanian Malaysia sebagai memenuhi syarat untuk mendapatkan Ijazah Doktor Falsafah
KAHAN PEMAKANAN INDUK UDANG GALAH MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGIl (DE MAN) DI MALAYSIA
Oleh
Nitya Nanda Das
Ogos 1995
Pengerusi: Dr. Che Roos Saad
Fakulti : Perikanan dan Sains Samudra
Satu kajian keperluan asid amino dalam makanan yang berasaskan kepada
jumlah keperluan asid amino dalam telur induk: M. rosenbergii (de Man) telah
dilakukan dengan menggunakan perisian pengoptimum interaktif linear dan diskret
dalam perumusan makanan kos terendah untuk: induk udang galah.
Empat kajian dengan menggunakan perumusan makanan yang berbeza dan
keadaan persekitaran yang berlainan telah dilakukan dan hasil yang didapati adalah
seperti berikut: Dalam kajian pertama, tiga jenis makanan yang berisokalorik (400
kcal/lOOg diet) telah disediakan yang mana mengandungi 30% protein (P30), 40%
protein (P4O) dan 50% protein (P50) bersama-sama satu makanan komersil sebagai
makanan kawalan (30% protein dan tenaga gros 446 kcal/lOO g diet) telah
digunakan untuk: mengetahui kesesuaian sebagai makanan untuk induk udang galah
(M. rosenbergii). Tidak terdapat perbezaan yang bererti (P>0.05) bagi fekunditi
dan kadar penetasan telur untuk udang yang memakan makanan P40 dan P30, tetapi
terdapat perbezaan yang bererti (P<O.05) bagi kedua-dua rawatan ini dengan udang
yang memakan makanan P30 dan P50. Walaubagaimanapun, udang yang
memakan makanan P40 (dengan nisbah protein:tenaga gros sebanyak 99.33)
xviii
adalah lebih baik daripada udang yang memakan makanan P30 kerana ia
memberikan fekunditi yang tertinggi (1354.20 telur/g berat badan) dan kadar
penetasan telur yang terbaik (86.42%) untuk induk: udang galah.
Dalam kajian kedua , 12 jenis makanan yang mengandungi tiga paras protein
(P30, P35 dan P40) bersama-sama tenaga gross (400 kcal/100 g diet, 440 kcal/100
g diet, 473 kcal/100 g diet dan 520 kcal/100 g diet) untuk setiap paras protein dan
satu makanan komersil telah diuji. Keputusan menunjukkan induk udang yang
diberi makanan P40 bersama kandungan tenaga 400 kcal/1 00 g diet, dapat
memberikan fekunditi yang tertinggi (1354.92 telur/g berat badan) dan kadar
penetasan telur yang tertinggi (90.30%). Walaubagaimanapun, analisis statistik
menunjukkan tiada perbezaan bererti untuk fekunditi diperolehi bagi udang-udang
yang menerima makanan P35 (tenaga 473 kcal/100 g diet), P40 (tenaga 400
kcal/100 g diet) dan P40 (tenaga 440 kcal/100 g diet). Kadar penetasan yang tinggi
dan bererti (P<0.05) didapati dalam tiga jenis kombinasi makanan iaitu P40 dengan
tenaga gros 400 kcal/ 100g diet (90.30%), P40 dengan tenaga gros 440 kcal/100 g
diet (82.33%) dan P35 dengan tenaga gros 473 kcal/100 g diet (80.23%), jika
dibandingkan dengan sepuluh makanan yang lain. Makanan mengandungi 40%
protein dengan tahap tenaga 400 kcal/100 g disyorkan sebagai makanan yang sesuai
untuk induk udang galah kerana ia memberikan pretasi yang terbaik dan kos yang
terendah.
Kajian makanan dengan menggunakan isonitrogen protein (40%) dengan tiga
tahap tenaga 350 kcal/100 g diet, 375 kcal/100 g diet dan 400 kcal/100 g diet
menunjukkan udang yang diberikan makanan dengan tahap tenaga 400 kcal/100 g
menghasilkan fekunditi tertinggi ( 1377. 12 telur/g berat badan) dan kadar penetasan
telur tertinggi (92. 10%) (P<O.05).
Kajian dalam kolam dengan menggunakan empat rumusan makanan iaitu P35
dengan tahap tenaga 473 kcal/lOO g diet, P40 dengan tahap tenaga gros 350
kcal/lOO g diet, P40 (375 kcal/lOO g diet) dan P40 (400 kcal/lOO g diet telah
XIX
dilakukankan. Udang galah yang rnernakan P35 (473 kcal/1OO g diet) telah
rnenghasilkan fekunditi tertinggi (P<0.05) iaitu 1372.10 telur/g berat badan dan
kadar penetasan telur yang tertinggi (85.42%). Udang yang rnernakan rnakanan
P40 (400 kcal/1OO g diet) rnernberikan fekunditi kedua tertinggi iaitu 1336.20
telur/g berat badan dan kadar penetasan telur sebanyak 82.36% dan ketiga oleh
udang yang rnernakan makanan P40 (375 kcal/lOO g diet) dengan 1278.57telur/g
berat badan dan kadar penetasan telur sebanyak 71.50% dengan diikuti oleh udang
yang rnernakan rnakanan P40 (350 kcal/lOO g diet) rnernberikan 1105.35telur/g
berat badan dan kadar penetasan telur sebanyak 60.85%. Udang yang rnemakan
makanan kawalan menduduki temp at terakhir dengan memberikan 1069.45 telur/g
berat badan dan kadar penetasan telur hanya 56.30% sahaja.
Indek asid amino yang perlu (EAAI) juga telah dikira dan didapati bahawa
kaedah ini boleh digunakan untuk penilaian dalam penghasilan telur M. rosenhergiii
di dalam sis tern air berpusing. Oi dalam kolam, nilai EAAI yang tinggi tidak
rnenunjukkan penghasilan telur yang tinggi, ini rnungkin kerana faktor sekitaran
dan juga rnakanan semula jadi yang terdapat dalarn kolam. Kajian asid lemak
rnenunjukkan terdapat korelasi yang tinggi di antara asid lemak 20:5n-3 dan
fekunditi. Korelasi yang tinggi juga terdapat bagi asid lernak 22:6n-3 dan peratus
penetasan dalam sistem air berpusing. Oi dalam kolam, asid lemak 20:5n-3
memberikan korelasi yang tinggi untuk fekunditi dan juga kadar penetasan telur.
Mengambil kira faktor kos, makanan mengandungi 40% protein dengan tahap
tenaga sebanyak 400 kcal/100 g diet adalah disyorkan untuk ternakan induk udang
bagi sis tern air berpusing dan rnakanan rnengandugi 35% protein dengan tahap
tenaga 473 kcal/lOO g diet adalah disyorkan bagi pengkulturan induk M.
rosenhergii di dalam kolarn.
xx
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
The long-legged Malaysian freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de
Man) locally known as udang galah, a decapod caridean crustacean which is
apparently evolving"out of the sea" (Johnson, 1960), is indigenous to South and
South-East Asia, together with northern Australia and the Western Pacific Islands
(New, 1990).
Modern farming of the freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii,
began in the early 1970 following the development of hatchery techniques by
Ling (1962) and the subsequent establishment of mass larval rearing techniques
by Fujimura (1966), Ling (1969a), Fujimura and Okamota (1970, 1972).
However, in the coastal areas of the Indo-Pacific region, catches of
Macrobrachium rosenbergii have been supporting small fisheries for hundreds of
years (Holthuis, 1980).
Out of over 100 species of the genus Macrobrachium known to exist,
Macrobrachium rosenbergii is the most commonly used species in commercial
farming and has been introduced in many other countries (New, 1990 ; New,
1995). This is because the species is large and possesses various favourable
characteristics; it has a high economic importance both as an item of food (source
relatively wide range of temperatures from a minimum of 15°C to a maximum of
35°C, with maximum growth occurring at temperatures near 31°C (Shang and
Fujimura, 1977); it is a fast growing omnivore, feeding on both animal and plant
materials; the female carries and cares for her eggs, thus resulting in a relatively
high hatching rate (Shang, 1981). It is resistant to common disease problems
(Ling, 1969a, 1969b; Wickins and Beard, 1974; Balazs and Ross ,1976;
Johnson, 1982). It is, however, unfortunate that the significant level of
development in the late 70's (Wickins, 1976) in respect to large scale expansion
of commercial freshwater prawn farming is yet to be achieved.
2
A sound global commodity market is of great concern in the development of
industrial scale prawn farming. However, an increasing trend of prawn
production and its exports in recent years in many Asian countries have
demonstrated not only the existence of a global market, but also an ample scope
and opportunity for further development. In 1987-88 Southeast Asia alone
shared about 92.4% of the total global aquaCUlture production of Macrobrachium
rosenbergii, comprising 44% (11,839MT) in Thailand, 32% (8,600 MT) in
Vietnam, 17% (4,500 MT) in Taiwan, 0.2% (55MT) in Japan, 0.04% ( lOMT) in
Israel and 0.02% (5 MT) in Malaysia (New, 1990). In fact, some other countries
in this region also export a substantial quantity of freshwater prawn every year;
for example, Bangladesh exported 2,028 MT in the year 1988-89 (Bangladesh,
1989). From the point of view of importance of export, Macrobrachium
rosenbergii ranks second only to Penaeus in Bangladesh (Karim,1992). The high
price ( US$ 5.30-7.55 ) of headless freshwater prawn in Europe and other
markets (INFOFISH, 1992) has further raised the demand for this commodity.
However, to ensure a stable local as well as international market, a reliable and
constant production of high quality cultured prawns in large quantities is a
prerequisite which depends on efficient broodstock management of prawns.
Statement of the problem
3
Increased exploitation and better means of catching has greatly reduced
stocks in many areas (Rabanal, 1982). More radical changes reducing stocks,
however, occur in places where man-made changes in the environment have been
introduced. Pollution from population centres and newly established industries
were noted to have reduced the stocks in the Palembang river systems in South
Sumatra, Indonesia. The building of new multipurpose dams in a river system
can change the normal migration route and radically adversely affect the fishery as
in the case of the Dakatia dam in the Gangetic river system in Bangladesh.
Pollution occurring downstream and damming upstream has drastically decimated
the giant prawn fishery in the Chao Phrya and other rivers in Thailand. Mine
pollution and silting have greatly reduced the prawn population in the Agno river
system in Central Luzon, Philippines (Rabanal, 1982).
The trend appears to be general and inevitable , leading to a rapid or gradual
reduction of prawn fisheries in natural waters. There may be two ways to
approach the problem: (1) to preserve and maintain the environmental quality by
designating sanctuary areas and formulating conservation measures for the natural
fishery and (2) promoting the programme for the culture of the cultivable species
of this group. The first measure is good but there are instances when the idea has
to be subordinated to other pressing needs. For instance ,the discovery of oil
resources in a prawn fishery area will result in abandoning the fishery in favour
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