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What Is Matter?
How matter is made of Elements?
What atoms make up?
Theory Law and Hypothesis
Physical and Chemical Changes
Heterogenous and Homogenous Substances
WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?
Chemistry is the study of the structure and composition of
matter, the physical and chemical changes it undergoes,
and the energy that is exchanged
By understanding how matter interacts with itself we are
able to make compounds that help benefit the world
(medicine, fuels, clothes, soap, etc.)
WHAT IS MATTER?
Matter- Anything that takes up space and has mass
Everything is made up of matter (Rocks, Metals, Oils,
Gases, Human Body)
Matter can be found in 3 states (solid, liquid, & gas)
WHAT MATTER IS MADE OF?
Matter is made up of Elements
Element- is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
92 naturally occurring elements
Around 24 man made elements
Each element is classified into one of 3 classes
Metal, Nonmetal, Metalloid
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
25% of the natural elements are Essential Elements
Essential Elements- Elements that are needed for basic
everyday functions of life
Around 96% of all the elements Humans use can be broken
down into 4 Essential Elements (Carbon, Oxygen,
Hydrogen, & Nitrogen)
COMPOUNDS
Compound- Consist of 2 or more different elements
combined (chemically bonded) in a fixed ratio
ATOMS
Atom- The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties
of an element
Each element consist of a certain type of atom different from the
atoms of any other element (every type of atom is different)
Atoms make up all matter!
Law: tells us exactly what is going to happen, these are
statements that have been proven correct through
hundreds if not thousands of experiments
Theory: attempts to explain why something happens not a
proven law
Hypothesis: educated guess on whats going to happen
LAWS, THEORIES, & HYPOTHESES
LAWS
Law of Conservation of matter/mass:
Mass cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary
chemical or physical processes
Law of Conservation of Energy:
Energy is cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary
chemical or physical processes
ENERGY AND INERTIA
Inertia: The tendency of a body in motions to resist change
in either direction or velocity when acted on by another
force
Energy: the capacity to do work or transfer heat
If it moves something, resist movement, heats up or cools
down energy is involved
TYPES OF ENERGY
Potential energy: this type of energy is the energy of
position
Gravitational Potential Energy
Kinetic energy: the energy of motion
Peeling out of tires (heat is exerted)
MASS VS WEIGHT
The amount of matter
present
Does not change with
position
Measured by the amount of
gravitational force on an
object
varies from position due to
gravitation forces (think of a
man on the moon)
Weight: Mass:
HOMOGENEOUS & HETEROGENEOUS
All matter can be classified into 2 categories- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
Homogeneous: one phase throughout or completely uniform
Looks the same throughout (water)
Heterogenous: matter made up of more then one phase
Visible differences throughout (Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough)
CLASSIFY HOMOGENEOUS OR HETEROGENOUS :
Bird Seed
Silver
Water
Salsa
Cherry Kool-Aid
Heterogenous
Homogenous
Homogenous
Heterogenous
Homogenous
HOMOGENOUS SUBSTANCES
Element (simplest unit matter can be broken down to)
Compound (combination of elements)
Solution: a uniform mix of 2 or more substance which are
not chemically bonded therefore the components retain its
original identity and properties
SOLUTIONS
Component which “disappears” whose phase is changed
This only happens if both components are in the same physical state or the solute is in lesser quantity the the solvent
Think of Salt in water
Component which remains
unchanged
This only happens if both
components are in the same
phase or if the solvent is in
greater quantity
Solvent Solute
EXAMPLE 2-2:
Aluminum Chloride is a white crystal and alcohol is a clear liquid. When mixed, a clear liquid solution results. If 100 grams of aluminum chloride is mixed with 95 grams of alcohol, what is the Solvent?
Alcohol
Even though there was more aluminum chloride a clear liquid was formed. This bit of information gave you your answer. Alcohol retained its properties and remained unchanged so it’s the solvent.
HETEROGENEOUS SUBSTANCES
Always Mixtures but not uniform compositions
there is more then one phase present in the mixture
95% of mixtures are Homogeneous
CLASSIFYING MATTER
You must always have 2 words to classifying types of
matter
Homogenous or Heterogenous
Element, Compound, Solutions, Mixture
REMINDERS
Element-is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reaction
Compounds consist of 2 or more different elements combined (chemically bonded) in a fixed ratio
Solution- are uniform mix of 2 or more substances one of which is dissolved into the other
Mixtures- any substance that has a uniform and unchanging composition that is considered to be pure.
CLASSIFY THE FOLLOWING SUBSTANCES
Birdseed
Cooking Oil
Water (H2O)
Silver
Salsa
Heterogenous Mixture
Homogenous Solution
Homogenous
Compound
Homogenous Element
Heterogenous Mixture
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Physical Properties- describes the substance by itself
Intensive properties- Properties that do not change with the amount of it (density, melting point, boiling point, color)
Extensive properties- depends on the amount of matter present (mass, volume, length, heat)
Chemical Properties- describe how a substance reacts to something else (does it burn?)
TYPES OF CHANGES IN MATTER
Physical Change- matter will change its physical state but
not composition often reversible
Chemical Changes- A new substance is being formed
these are typically not reversible
PHYSICAL CHANGES
A physical change can have a compound or solution
changing its physical characteristics without changing the
chemical makeup of the compound or solution
Ice melting changes solid to a liquid but its still H2O
Melting, Vaporization, Condensation, Freezing,
Sublimation (solid to vapor), deposition (vapor to a solid)
CHEMICAL CHANGES
A new substance is being formed
Think of burning, digestion, rusting
Clues that can indicate a chemical change
color change
texture change
Gas is produced
mass change
Precipitation is formed
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, & GASES
States of Matter depend on the freedom of
movement of atoms in that state
Solids have a definite shape and volume their
atoms are tightly packed in together
Liquids have a definite volume but not shapes
the atoms have some freedom to move around
Gases have neither a definite shape or volume
this allows them to have freely flowing atoms
Matter makes up Everything
Matter is made up of Elements
Atoms make up elements and compounds
Scientific Theories, Laws, and Hypothesizes
The difference between mixtures and solutions are
Heterogenous and Homogenous Substances
Physical and Chemical Changes
Difference between Solid, Liquids, and Gases
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