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What’s the word I’m looking for?
• Definition: Favoritism shown or patronage granted by persons in high office to relatives or close friends
Memory
• Learning that has persisted over time– Information that has been stored and can be
retrieved
Try this: Recite the second sentence of the Pledge of Allegiance
I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which is stands, one nation under God, indivisible, for liberty and justice for all.
3 Key Processes in Memory
• Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval• CPU: keyboarding, drive/saving, opening a file
– What are the issues with the CPU analogy?
• Read the following sentence• Spring is theThe most beautifulTime of the year.
Information Processing Models cont’d
1. Connectionism – 2. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s 3 Stage Model
• Sensory memory - fleeting• Short-term memory – where we encode through
rehearsal• Long-term memory – where we retrieve info
later
TOO SIMPLE!
Why is it too simple?
• We are automatic processors• Working memory: focus on conscious/active
processing of incoming sensory information WHILE ALSO considering overlapping long term retrieval of information
• Varies person to person• So we use the three stage model, but you
MUST consider the above information• Example?
• First think, “What does attention have to do with memory?”
Are stimuli are screened out earlier or later in our cognitive awareness?
• Location of attention filter may not be fixed (like Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model)
3. Selective Attention Model
• Attention = _________ filter– Where is filter located?
• Early during sensory input or later during processing??
Sensory Detection
Recognition of meaning
Responseselection
ResponseStimulus
Early-selectionmodels placethe filter here
Late-selectionmodels placethe filter here
• Location of filter depends on “cognitive load”• Multi-tasking
Is it possible for you to actually multitask?
How we encode
1. Automatic Process• Parallel processing
• A. Space• B. Time• C. Frequency• D. Well-learned
Is it only ever one or the other?
• NO!– Effortful can become automatic through
____________
Example?
Principles of Remembering (encoding)
• The more repetition one day, the less required to relearn the next.– The amount of something remembered depends
on the amount of time spent learning
• Overlearning -
How do we learn/encode best?
• Spacing effect– Distributed study time– Testing effect– Massed practice
• Serial position effect– Recency effect– Primacy effect
Those who learn quicklyforget quickly
What we encode
• What’s the difference among these three? How do you tell the difference?– Eye scream– I scream– Ice cream
• Levels of processing– Context/experience/interpretation allow for
coding differences
Two codes are better than one!
• Self-reference effect• Imagery
– Mental pictures– Easier to recall items that have clear images
• Encoding activity
Visual Encoding - imagery
• Rosy retrospection• Mnemonics – some rely on visual cues, others
on acoustic cues• Purpose it organize
info for later retrieval
– Peg words– Method of loci
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