Unit 1. Dress appropriately for lab Goggles Apron Close toed shoes Gloves (when needed) Hair...

INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE

Unit 1

LAB SAFETY

I. RULES

Dress appropriately for labGogglesApronClose toed shoesGloves (when needed)Hair tied back No loose clothing No loose jewelry

I. RULES Act appropriately

Read all direction carefullyNever preform experiments without the teachers permissionNotify the teach andclean up a spill immediately NO FOOD OR DRINK INTHE LABDon’t leave books/bags in the isle way

I. RULES Act appropriately

When heating objects, point the test tube away from yourself and partnerNever reach across the flameNever mix chemicals Never use broken or chipped glassHandel live specimens as directed by the teacher

I. RULES After the lab

CLEAN YOUR STATION Wash your handsPut all materials away

II. SYMBOLS

II. SYMBOLS

II. SYMBOLS

II. SYMBOLS

II. SYMBOLS

II. SYMBOL

II. SYMBOLS

II. SYMBOLS

II. SYMBOLS

II. SYMBOLS

II. SYMBOLS

LAB SAFETY

THE NATURE OF SCIENCE

I. WHAT IS SCIENCE An attempt to describe the universe

based on basic rules Scientists form experiments to

learn something new test current theories and predictions

I. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Make an Observation

Made using your five sensesLeads to asking a questionMay be direct or indirect

I. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Do background research

Who else has studied this?What has been discovered relating to this?How can I add to the research already

done?

I. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Construct a hypothesis

Based on the research you have done, what do you think is going to happen?

I. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Develop and conduct an experiment

Write down each step with great detailMake sure you only test 1 variable

Variables are parts of the experiment that can be changed

Two types Independent – the variable YOU changeDependent – the variable nature changes

(reacts to what you changeBe sure to have a control group

Do not add or remove any thing from this groupMake sure all surrounding conditions are

constant

Designing an experimentWhat are the variables?Which group is the control?What do we need to keep constant?

I. SCIENTIFIC METHOD Analyze your data and draw a

conclusionData can be classified two ways

Qualitative data – descriptive data (colors) Quantitative data – numerical data (counting)

Create graphs to show your data Bar graphs have no relation between the

categories as the experiment progressed Line graphs show how the tested variable

changed as the experiment progressed

I. SCIENTIFIC METHOD Communicate your results

Communicating your results allows other scientists to repeat your experiment If there is a discrepancy in the

results then your experiment can be reviewed and repeated.

II. THE BRANCHES OF SCIENCE Three main branches

Life science Botany, zoology, ecology

Physical science Chemistry and physics

Earth science Geology and meteorology

II. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Scientists do experiments to learn about

the worldPure science

Engineers look for ways to apply scienceTechnology

Scientists use technology to enhance their experiments

III. THEORIES AND LAWS Theories are

Supported by observationsExplanations that have been tested by

repeated observationsSome theories cannot be tested

Continental drift

A valid theory mustExplain observations simply and clearlyBe shown by repeatable experimentsBe able to allow the scientist to make

predictable hypotheses

III. THEORIES AND LAWS

Theories and Laws are not absoluteOvertime some theories have been changed

or replaced to help people better understand the natural world Read about the caloric theory in your text books. Page 9

IV. MODELS AND SCIENCE Scientists use models to represent an

object or event being studied Models can represent both large and small

objects/events

SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS

I. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT SI units

The scientific measurement scaleUsed throughout the world to record

measurements Makes sharing data easier We call this system the metric system

I. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Base units

Seven units used to describe measurements Measurement are numbers followed by a unit

In Biology we typically use the measurements for length, mass, and volume. Quantity Unit Abbreviation

Length Meter m

Mass Kilogram kg

Time Second s

Temperature Kelvin K

Electric current Ampere A

Amount of substance

Mole mol

Luminous intensity Candela cd

I. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Derived Units

Combination of base units Created by multiplying and dividing base

units Density (mass/volume) Area, volume, pressure, weight, force, speed

II. SI PREFIXES Prefixes are used to express very large

and very small numbersAll are multiples of 10

Prefixes used for large measurements

Prefix Symbol Meaning Multiple of base unit

Kilo k Thousand 1,000

Mega M Million 1,000,000

Giga G Billion 1,000,000,000

III. MAKING MEASUREMENTS Observations rely on quantitative

measurementsHow much? How many?How long?How big?

In order to answer these questions we must take measurements using appropriate tools!

III. MAKING MEASUREMENTS Length – the straight-line distance

between any two pointsShort distances are measured with

centimeters (cm) or millimeters (mm) long distances are measured with

kilometers. (km)

III. MAKING MEASUREMENTS Mass – how much matter something has

III. MAKING MEASUREMENTS Volume – the amount of space an object

takes upLarge objects are going to be measure in

liters or kilolitersSmall objects are going to be measured in

milliliters If an object is a square you find the volume

by using length X width X height

IV. PRECISE VS ACCURATE While taking measurements it is very

important to be both precise and accurate

PreciseBeing able to get near the same

measurement each and every time

AccurateBeing able to get the correct measurement

IV. PRECISE VS ACCURATE

IV. PRECISE VS ACCURATE Now you try

ORGANIZING DATA

I. PRESENTING DATA Graphs are used to make complicated

data easier to read By looking at a graph scientists can make

predictions and inferences about data All graphs have to

Have a title Have the X axis labeled with the independent

variable Have the Y axis labeled with the dependent

variable Have appropriate increments for numbers Take up as much space as possible

II. PRESENTING DATA Line graphs

Used to show data with trends

I. PRESENTING DATA Bar graphs

Used to compare data for several individual items or events

I. PRESENTING DATA Pie charts

Used to present data that are parts of a whole

II. WRITING NUMBERS IN SCI NOT. Scientific notation is used to express

very large numbers and very small numbers

By writing numbers in scientific notation we are able to remove excess zeroes by multiplying by a factor of ten

II. WRITING NUMBERS IN SCI NOT. Steps to writing numbers in scientific notation

Find the decimal If there is not a decimal assume the decimal is at the

end of the number Move the decimal so that the number before the

decimal is between 1 and 9 This could be either left or right

Count the number of spaces you moved the decimal

If you moved the decimal right, then write X 10number

If you moved the decimal left, then write X 10-number

II. WRITING NUMBERS IN SCI NOT. Lets practice

0.00158.00235670.000624