UNESCO MasterClass Sustainable Development · UNESCO MasterClass Sustainable Development Session 3...

Queensland University of Technology

CRICOS No. 00213J1

UNESCO MasterClassSustainable Development

Session 3Environmental Issues

CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R

Session 3Environmental Issues

Module 4 :

Climate Change, Global Warming and Low Carbon Development

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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R

Session 3Environmental Issues – Module 4

byDr. Connie Susilawati

Civil Engineering and Built EnvironmentScience and Engineering Faculty

Queensland University of Technology

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Session 3Environmental Issues – Module 4

Assisted by

Ms. Shi Yee WongPhD candidate

Civil Engineering and Built EnvironmentScience and Engineering Faculty

Queensland University of Technology

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Module 4 Outline

Climate Change, Global Warming and Low Carbon Development

• Climate Change and Global Warming• Environmental Policies & Laws, Current

environmental issues and control. • Low Carbon Development, Sustainable housing

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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R

app.gosoapbox.comevent access code: 344-370-131

• What is climate change for you?

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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R

News - FEBRUARY 19, 2015

Baby boy found dead in back seat of car in Kyneton

• Temperatures reached 31.6°C in the Kynetonarea today. Inside the car much higher temperature.– The heat radiation is trapped by the glass, which

makes the inside much warmer than outside.

http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/baby-boy-found-dead-in-back-seat-of-car-in-kyneton/story-e6frg6nf-1227226009130

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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R

News - FEBRUARY 19, 2015

Baby boy found dead in back seat of car in Kyneton

• Temperatures reached 31.6C in the Kynetonarea today. Inside the car much higher temperature.– The heat radiation is trapped by the glass, which

makes the inside much warmer than outside.

http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/baby-boy-found-dead-in-back-seat-of-car-in-kyneton/story-e6frg6nf-1227226009130

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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R

Climate Change and Global Warming

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• Earth’s atmosphere and climate• Greenhouse effect

Climate change and global warming

Cause?• Industrial revolution• Population growth

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Greenhouse Gas

• Carbon dioxide (CO2)• Methane• Nitrious Oxide• Chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs)

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Carbon dioxide (CO2)

• Burning - Coal, Oil, Gas– Generate electricity

• Clearing forests and bushlands– Population growth need houses– Food production (agricultural – rice/ wheat and cattle)

• Fertiliser (Nitrious Oxide)

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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R

app.gosoapbox.comevent access code: 344-370-131

• What is climate change for you?• How do you contribute to worsen

climate change?

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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R

Climate Change

• Ice melting• 1985, Villach conference 29 countries agreed

– Climate change• 1992, Rio – Earth summit (United Nation)

– Agreement of a Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

– IPCC (Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change)• 1997, Kyoto Protocol

– Legally binding treaty to curb emissions of CO2 and Greenhouse gases

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Environmental Policies & Laws• International treaty

– UNFCCC– Kyoto Protocol – COP 15 - 2009

• National– Australia– Malaysia– Indonesia

• State/ Regional• Local/ city

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International Environmental Policies and Agreements

• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

• Has near-universal membership - 195 parties• These parties are divided into three main

groups: – Annex I (Industrialised countries that are members of

OECD and EIT parties)– Annex II (OECD members but not EIT parties)– Non-Annex I (Mostly developing countries, including

Indonesia, Philippines and Malaysia)15

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Kyoto Protocol

• Adopted in Kyoto, Japan

• Enforced on February 2005

• Purpose: An international agreement linked to the UNFCCC

Source: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php

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Kyoto Protocol

• Aims

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Sets binding obligations on industrialised countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Enhance energy efficiency

Collaborate with other parties in UNFCCC to enhance effectiveness of their policies measures

CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R

COP 15 (Copenhagen)

• A crucial event in negotiating process in December 2009

• Outcomes:– Developed countries’ promises to fund actions in

reducing GHG emissions– Agreement on the measurement and verification of

developing country actions

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Cop 15 (Copenhagen)

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COP 15: Reflects principle of

common but differentiated

responsibilities

Kyoto Protocol: emphasises the

differentiated rather than the

common aspects of responsibility

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National Climate Change Adaptation Framework (NCCAF)

• Australian Government provided this framework by working together with The Council of Australian Governments (COAG)

• Two priority areas for potential action:1. Building understanding and adaptive capacity 2. Reducing vulnerability in priority sectors and regions

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National Environmental Policies and Agreements

• Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999– Australian Government’s environmental legislation– Commenced in 16 July 2000– Aim: Provide a truly national scheme of:

• 1. Environmental protection• 2. Heritage protection• 3. Biodiversity conservation

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Source: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/environment/environment_protection_authority

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National Environmental Policies and Agreements

• Australian National Construction Code (NCC)• Minimum standards for building energy

efficiency for detached houses and apartments– Extended from 3 star energy rating (2003) to 6 star

(2010)

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State Environmental Policies and Agreements

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• Environmental Protection Act 1997– Legislation in Australian Capital Territory (ACT)– Aim:

1. Protects environment from pollution and its effects2. Provides regulatory framework to help reduce the

discharge of pollutants

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State Environmental Policies and Agreements

Australia

Australian Capital Territory

Energy Efficiency Rating (EER)

Statement

Queensland

Sustainability Declaration (2010 -

June 2012)

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City Environmental Policies and Agreements

• Townsville Coastal Hazard Adaptation Strategy– Maps and identifies potential impacts and subsequent

strategies to manage the effects of climate change

– Undertaken by the Local Government Association of Queensland and Queensland Government

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Coastal Hazard Adaptation Strategy (CHAS)

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http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/council/projects/pages/townsvillecoastalhazardadaptationstrategypilotproject.aspx

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National Environmental Policies and Agreements

• Environmental Quality Act (EQA)1974– Forms the basis of much of the legislation in Malaysia– At least 15 laws under EQA– Aims:

1. Prevents, abates and controls pollution2. Enhances the environment

Source: http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80815e/80815E0x.htm

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State Environmental Policies and Agreements

• Sarawak Natural Resources and Environment (Amendment) Ordinance 2001– Provides legal basis for the implementation of the

State’s Forest Policy– Provides framework for the forest management

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National Action Plan on Climate Change (RANPI)

• Also known as ‘Yellow Book’• Contains the initial guidance and multi-sectoral

coordination effort to address climate change• Aims:

1. Strengthen the Long-Term Development Plan (RPJP) 2005-2025

2. Reinforce the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2004-2009 and RPJMN 2010-2014

3. Include inputs for the preparation of RPJMN 2015-2019

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Mainstreaming Climate Change into National Development Agenda

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Bali Action Plan

President’s Statement G20 - 2009

The Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral

Roadmap (ICSR)

Mitigation

Adaptation

Mainstreaming into RPJM

RANPI

GOI’s own budget

Bilateral/multilateral cooperation

( )

Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund

(ICCTF)

Bridges National Action Plan on

Climate Change into 5 years mid term development plan

(RPJM) 2010-2014 & inputs till 2030

Yellow Book

ICCTF – International financing mechanism

channelling investment funds into national CC

initiatives

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Indonesia’s response to climate change

• Integrating sustainable approaches into national development and mainstreaming climate change issues into policies and programs

• Several new laws and regulations introduced to support mitigation and adaptation for addressing climate related disasters: – Law No. 5/1992 on Cultural Heritage – Law No. 28/2002 on Building Development – Law No. 24/2007 on Disasters Management – Law No.26/2007 on Spatial Planning

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Climate Change Impact:Global warming

• Temperature • Rainfall• Sea level• Tropical cyclones• Snow line• Extreme events

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IPCC

• Global temperature and sea level

Source: Spratt & Sutton, 2008, p.41

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IPCC

• Global sea level gradually rose in 20th century• Major causes of rising sea level:

– Thermal expansion of the oceans– Loss of land-based ice (from increased melting)

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IPCC

• Five assessment report1. 1st assessment report (1990) Served as the basis of

UNFCCC Emissions resulting from

human activities substantially increasing the atmospheric concentration of GHG emissions

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https://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/far/wg_I/ipcc_far_wg_I_full_report.pdf

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IPCC

2. 2nd assessment report (1996) GHG concentration have continued to increase Climate has changed over past century

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https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml

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IPCC

3. 3rd assessment report (2001) Ecosystems and species are vulnerable to climate

change Adaptation has the potential to reduce adverse

effects of climate change

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http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/

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IPCC

4. 4th assessment report (2007) Climate system warming is unequivocal Many impacts of climate change can be reduced,

delayed or avoided by mitigation

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https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/

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IPCC

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Source: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/figure-1-1.html

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IPCC

5. 5th assessment report (2014) Increased magnitudes of global warming increase

the likelihood of severe impacts Policies are needed to mitigate climate change

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http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/

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Climate change uncertainty

• Policies must be based on risk management (probability x magnitude of different scenarios)– Most likely scenario but not worse case scenario

• Business as usual too big challenges for target 20

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Impacts of Climate Change

• Agriculture• Forestry• Water resources• Natural environment• Human health

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Impacts of Climate Change

• Coastal zones– Sea level rises, cyclone and rainfall– Flooding, sediment, erosion, salt water intrusion,

shoreline retreat– Loss of coral reefs, migration pathways– Rising water tables– Infrastructure – low land

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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R

app.gosoapbox.comevent access code: 344-370-131

• What is climate change for you?• How do you contribute to worsen climate

change?• How could you contribute in

responding to climate change?

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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R

Cooling the earth

• Zero carbon emission• Remove carbon • Pump Sulphate aerosols into stratosphere• Beyond business as usual

• Biofuels• Carbon Trading – total emission target

(decrease quantity and increase price)

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Response to Climate Change

• Renewable energy – Solar, Wind, geothermal• Public transportation – rail not fly• Recycle• Rain water collection – reuse• Fan not air condition• Trees – re-afforestation)• Energy efficiency materials (less) and

appliances

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Low Carbon Development

• Development with minimal output of greenhouse gas emissions

• Also known as 1. Low-emission development strategies (LEDS)2. Low-carbon growth plans

• Describe forward-looking national economic development plans

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Low Carbon Development• Exploring Sustainable Low Carbon Development

Pathways Project– Aim: discover how to combine both sustainable

development and climate protection– Funded by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Bread for

the World (BftW), World Wide Fund (WWF), Climate Action Network International (CAN-I) and ACT Alliance of Churches

– Started in 2013 in four pilot countries: Peru, Kazakhstan, Vietnam and Tanzania

– Supports campaigns that promote low carbon sustainable development strategies in Asia as well

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Low Carbon Development

• Exploring Sustainable Low Carbon Development Pathways Project– Form the ground of understanding based on five key

areas:• Low carbon• Ecologically sustainable• Human rights-based• Socially inclusive• Nationally appropriate

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Low Carbon Development

• Good connection to sustainable housing• Sustainability – focused on environmental, social

and economic dimensions

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Low Carbon Development

• Australia – Ecovillage at Currumbin– A living community in the late 1990s– Owners and builders need to meet specific building

codes– A project that encourage sustainable building

practices by:1. Improve quality of life 2. Reduce on-going operation costs

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Low Carbon Development

• Australia – Ecovillage at Currumbin– Home to over 200 people– Several small businesses– Active community – weekly events– Contains 147 lots over 270 acres of land

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Low Carbon Development

• Australia – Ecovillage at Currumbin

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Low Carbon Development

• Australia – Ecovillage at Currumbin

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Sustainable housing

• Discussion with Shi Yee Wong (PhD candidates QUT)– Why we need sustainable housing?– What are the characteristics of sustainable housing?– Why we do not build sustainable housing?

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Why we need sustainable housing?

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Greenhouse gas emissions from human activity in houses

Changing climate and triggered more extreme weather

Increased occurrences of

natural disasters Housing damage

Potential loss of housing value

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What are the characteristics of sustainable housing?

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Why do we not build sustainable housing?

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Owners/End Users

Constructors

Developers

Investors

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Why do we not build sustainable housing?

• Market misconception– Sustainable house incurs additional costs– Additional benefits are not reflected in market value– Lack of financial justification

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Research house

• The Queensland Government’s initiative towards healthy and sustainable housing

• Location: Rockhampton• Reason for choosing this location:

– Faced challenges in terms of climate changes (experienced both hot and humid summer days)

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Research house

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Research house

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Research House

• Building shape and orientation:– Maximise northern exposure for moderating homes

internal climate• Ventilation

- Ventilation in ceiling cavity- Aligning windows and doors for good cross ventilation

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Research house

• Building material– Subject to consistent high temperatures– Lightweight building materials (timber and steel)– Enable heat to be released quickly to the cooler night

air• Insulation

– Bulk insulation (external walls)– Using reflective foil insulation (roof)

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Action Plan

• Awareness • Policies and laws, guidelines,

subsidies/incentives• Voluntary/mandatory• Earth Hour

– Saturday, 28 March 2015 @ 8:30pm local time (96 countries) – including Australia, Indonesia and Malaysia

• What next?

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CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R

app.gosoapbox.comevent access code: 344-370-131

• What is climate change for you?• How do you contribute to worsen climate

change?• How could you contribute in

responding to climate change?

66

CRICOS No. 00213Ja university for the worldreal R

Module 4 Outline

Climate Change, Global Warming and Low Carbon Development

• Climate Change and Global Warming• Environmental Policies & Laws, Current

environmental issues and control. • Low Carbon Development, Sustainable housing

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Queensland University of Technology

CRICOS No. 00213J

Thank you

Questions and Answers

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