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UNDERSTANDING THE NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKER:
SELF-ASCRIBED AND NON-ELECTIVE IDENTITY IN CONFLICT
Ida Mauko, University of Helsinki, Finland
Global Englishes PhD Conference
24 June 2016, Southampton, UK
• Mother tongue/first language (Bloomfield 1933)
• The native speaker as the authority on
grammaticality (Chomsky 1957)
NATIVE SPEAKER: WHATMOSTPEOPLE KNOW
• Bilingualism, muiltilingualism
• semilingualism? (Edelsky 1983; Hinnenkamp 2005)
• Dominant language, home language (Davies 2003)
NATIVE SPEAKER “PROBLEMS”
• More problematic?
• ESL and EFL countries
• New evolving standards
• Linguistic imperialism
• Language ownership
• Linguistic homogeneity and nation-state –
image of the “pure” native speaker
NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKER
IDENTITY: 3 APPROACHES
SELF-ASCRIBED
IDENTITY(Davies 2003)
• Individual chooses
to identify as NS
• “A Singaporean, a
Nigerian or an Indian
might see him/herself as
a native speaker of
English but feel a lack of
confidence in his/her
native speakerness”
NON-ELECTIVE
IDENTITY(Brutt-Griffler & Samimy
2001; Escuredo &
Sharwood Smith 2011)
• Socially
constructed
• Relevant language
community and
accent is core
COMBINATION(Han 2004)
• Interplay
• Individual
considers
themselves a NS,
the society
confirms their
identity
• Conflicts (Faez
2011)
• 10 participants; diverse language backgrounds
• Both NNES and NES
• EFL, ESL, L1, bilingual
• Semi-structured
• Exploring self-ascribed identity
• 30-second extracts (survey)
INTERVIEWS
QUESTIONNAIRE• Finnish university students
• Speech factors
• Origin
• NES/NNES classification
• Influential factors
• Exploring non-elective identity
METHODOLOGYInterviews
Self-ascribed
identities
Discourse
Analysis
Non-elective
identities
Statistical
analysis
Questionnaire
DISCREPANCIES?
INTERVIEWS
Self-ascribed
NES identity
Growing up with
the language (4)
First language/
mother tongue
(3)
Dominant
language (3)
Proficiency (1)
L1/Bilingual
EFL/ESL
EFL
ESL
Relevant cultural
knowledge from
language community
Creative use of
the language
Internalized
grammar
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Peter Mark Dave Alex Kevin Neil Kyle Lucy Jack John
PER CEIVED OR IGIN A N D N ES CLA SSIF ICATION
L1 origin NES % results
Perceived ESL origin
Mostly perceived as EFL
DISCREPANCIES
Dave (Trinidadian, L1): “If you go to Trinidad, and
you were to suggest … to Trinidadian people that
they are not native speakers, I think they will take
offense to it. … Most people will, anyway. … 99
percent probably don’t speak another language.
Of course, they have their own dialect, their own
accent, but it’s no more grammatically incorrect
than, say, American English or British English.”
NES NNES
21.2% 76.47%
DISCREPANCIES
NES NNES
74.1% 25.88%
Lucy
• Finnish-Swedish
• EFL
• Self-ascribed NNES
• Never lived in an English-speaking country
1. Non-elective identity:
• Accent of norm-providing L1 country
•Social constructionism (Pennycook 2007, 2010)
2. Self-ascribed identity:
•NES concept moulded to own needs
• Not alw5ays same as non-elective identity
=> problem
IDENTITY CONSTRUCTS
• “L2 vs. L1 Use of Synonymy: An Empirical Study of Synonym
Use/Acquisition” (Liu and Zhong 2016)
• “The interface between grammar and pragmatics in EFL
measurement and development” (Celaya and Barón 2015)
• “Nativelike expression in the speech of long-residency L2 users: A
study ofmultiword structures in L2 English, French and Spanish”
(Erman et.al. 2015)
• “An Investigation of Native and Nonnative English Speakers’ Levels of
Written Syntactic Complexity in Asynchronous Online Discussions”
(Mancilla 2015)
• “Negotiating topic changes: native and nonnative speakers of English
in conversation” (Morris-Adams 2015)
• “The assessment of foreign accent and its communicative effects by
naïve native judges vs. experienced non-native judges” (Puerto et.al.
2015)
PROBLEMS
“It is clear … that any terminology will have to employed with
this caution in mind. The terms NS and NNS have, in spite of
their somewhat problematic nature, been used in this paper,
primarily on the basis that no suitable alternatives exist.” (2)
“The point is not just to analyze and critique the social roots of
linguistic ideologies but to analyze their efficacy, the way they
transform the material reality they comment on. The emphasis
is on … the performative aspect of ideology under its constative
guise: ideology creates and acts in a social worlds while it
masquerades as a description of that world.” (Schieffelin et.al.
1998:11)
• Job market: ELT, proofreading, translation
• Language attitudes: sounding educated/intelligent
• Language teaching: entrenched monoculturalism
PROBLEMS
1. Bloomfield, L. 1933, Language, H. Holt and Company, New York.
2. Brutt-Griffler, J. & Samimy, K.K. 2001, "Transcending the Nativeness
Paradigm", World Englishes, 20(1), 99-106.
3. Celaya, M. L., & Barón, J. (2015). “The interface between grammar and pragmatics in
EFL measurement and development”. European Journal of Applied Linguistics,3(2),
181–203
4. Davies, Alan, 2003. The Native Speaker: Myth and Reality, Multilingual Matters,
Clevendon.
5. Edelsky, C., Hudelson, S., Flores, B., Barkin, F., Altwerger, B. & Jilbert, K. 1983,
"Semilingualism and Language Deficit", Applied Linguistics, 4(1), 1-22.
6. Erman, B., Denke, A., Fant, L., & Lundell, F. F. (2014). “Nativelike expression in the
speech of long-residency L2 users: A study of multiword structures in L2 English,
French and Spanish”. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 25(2), 160–182.
7. Escudero, P. & Sharwood, S.M. 2001, "Reinventing the Native Speaker: Or `What
You Never Wanted To Know About the Native Speaker So Never Dared To
Ask.'", EUROSLA Yearbook, 1, 275-286(12).
8. Faez, F. 2011, "Reconceptualizing the Native/Nonnative Speaker Dichotomy", Journal
of Language, Identity, and Education, 10(4), 231-249.
REFERENCES
9. Han, Z. 2004, "'To Be a Native Speaker Means Not to Be a Nonnative
Speaker'", Second Language Research, 20(2), 166-187.
10.Hinnenkamp, V. 2005, "Semilingualism, Double Monolingualism and Blurred Genres -
On (Not) Speaking a Legitimate Language", Journal of Social Science
Education, 4(1), 57-90.
11.Makoni, S., & Pennycook, A. 2007. Disinventing and reconstituting languages.
Clevedon: Buffalo.
12.Mancilla, R. L., Polat, N., & Akcay, A. O. (2015). An Investigation of Native and
Nonnative English Speakers' Levels of Written Syntactic Complexity in Asynchronous
Online Discussions. Applied Linguistics. 1-24.
13.Morris-Adams, M. 2016. Negotiating topic changes: native and non-native speakers
of English in conversation. International Journal of Applied Linguistics.
14.Pennycook, A. 2010. Language as a local practice. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge.
15.Puerto, F. G. D., Lecumberri, M. L. G., & Lacabex, E. G. 2014. The assessment of
foreign accent and its communicative effects by naïve native judges vs. experienced
non-native judges. International Journal of Applied Linguistics,25(2), 202–224.
REFERENCES
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