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UK tourism
Facts and Figures
UK tourism
• Generates > £53 bn for economy
• aprox 27million visitors in 2000
UK tourism
• 4% GDP due to tourism
• 6% employment linked to tourism
UK tourism
• Tourists go: 41% London, 7% Scotland, 3% Wales
• £11bn spent on domestic trips within UK
UK tourism
History
UK tourism History
• 18th century:
• Spa towns popular
• Practice of taking waters?
• eg Bath Buxton
UK tourism History
• 19th century:
• Prince Reagent- believed in healthyness of sea bathing- established
Brighton Pavilion
UK tourism History
• 19th century:
• By 1840s Brighton and Scarborough major resorts
• Later on resorts like Margate+ Blackpool catered 4 working
classes
UK tourism History
• Wking class holidays^-• Better +cheaper rail transport
• Economic growth-Better pay
• Holiday act forcing companies to give workers holidays
UK tourism History
• 19th century:• Rural: Landscape of
Lake+Peak district pop with upper class
• +Club outings & Mystery trips
UK tourism History• 20th century:
• 1945-65 high point of great British holiday
• Paid holidays made compulsory in 1938
• New holiday camps etc
UK tourism History
• Rural - 1946 creation of national parks & rising car
ownership >
• Tourist explosion
• High demand for services>
UK tourism History• Tourist boards - distribute info
+ management
• New Accommodation eg B&Bs
• New attractions- eg country houses
UK tourism History
• Themed marketing eg Emmerdale
( I thought they were trying to promote tourism?)
• Development of Enclave tourism eg Centre Parcs
UK tourism History
• 1970 - Tourism act- To Strengthen UK tourism
internationally
• & improve provision of tourist facilities by:
UK tourism History• Co-ordinate commercial, public & voluntary sectors
• Tourist information offices:connect demand to
supply
• Help fund local projects
Oxford
Urban Tourism
Tourism in Oxford
• Not heavily promoted
• Over 5 million visitors in 1996
• Creates 7300 full time jobs (3-4% active pop)
Tourism in Oxford
• Botanic Gardens
• The Oxford story
• Ashmolean Museum
Attractions
Tourism in Oxford
• Blackwells Bookshop
• Carfax Tower
• Sheldonian Theatre
Attractions
Tourism in Oxford
• Most Pop colleges:• Christ Church• Magdalene
• New College
Attractions
Tourism in Oxford
• 750000 overnight stays in Oxford
• 2.28 m day trips
• £258 million total value to economy
Tourism in Oxford
• 45% come by car
• 36% pub transport (park + ride)
Tourism in Oxford
• Problems:
• Too much Traffic
• Overcrowded
• (expensive)
Tourism in Oxford
• Oxford Tourist Strategy Aims:
• Ensure tourist satisfaction
• Inc tourist spending
• Minimise enviro probs
Management
Tourism in Oxford
• By:
• Larger coach park
• Harsher parking regs
• Promote park + ride
Management
Tourism in Oxford
• Enc walking tours +cycles
• publicise less pop attractions to disperse
visitors
Management
Tourism in Oxford
• Increase no off season visitors
• Re-invest tourist money into infrastructure etc
Management
Tourism in Oxford
• Eg:
• University Student acc used for conferences
• Oxpen coach park
Management
Tourism in Oxford
• Signposts
• Shopping developments: Riverside Walk
• Improve disabled access
Management
The Lake District
Rural tourism in the UK
The Lake district
• Made a national park in 1949
• Good accessibility;
• M6 motorway
• +Railway links
The Lake district• 50% employment linked to
national park• Park managed by:
• Cumbria tourist board (business)• National Park Authority (conservation)
• Friends of the lake district(“)• National trust (owns 1/4 land)
The Lake district
• Aims of national parks:• Conserve environment
• Enable access & range of outdoor pursuits
• Protect local peoples quality of life, + economy
The Lake district
• These aims often conflict as do the management
bodies
• Problems eg Congestion
• 95% tourists arrive by car
The Lake district
• Congestion>pollution, detracts from scenery etc• eg Ambleside traffic major
problem through village
• Suggestion of building a bypass blocked by environment lobby
The Lake district
• 1993 Cumbria tourist board + other groups launched initiative
to reduce traffic: included:
• Blanket speed limits
• Park + ride Schemes
• Some roads banned form use
The Lake district• However, struggle with tourist industry as it reduces business• All groups agree on need for public transport eg Park & ride
ferry boat scheme on lake Windermere
The Lake district
• Other probs: power boats on lake Windermere
• Noise+pollution
• Park authority wanted a 10kmph speed limit
The Lake district
• V unpopular with local business -no one rents
power boats • Govt inquiry- found in favour of ban but was overturned by secretary of state (conservative)
The Lake district
• Lake district highly dependant on tourism, needs careful management
to remain popular
• Future developments shifting to outside park boundaries eg
Oasis holiday village
Broadstairs
Coastal tourism
(in decline)
Broadstairs
• V pop 1920’s -1960s• Historical attraction: Charles
Dickens wrote books there:• 2 Dickens museums get
28000 visitors pa
Broadstairs
• Serious decline since 1960s
• Hotels converted to Care homes
• 15% unemployment
Broadstairs
• Remaining Hotels had to diversify: bring in business
tourists
• Once profitable places like the theatre, built in 1993, now make a loss(relies on café)
Broadstairs
• Broadstairs now relies heavily on foreign tourists
• Arrive by channel tunnel or subsidised Ostend-
Ramsgate ferry
Broadstairs
• Many foreign tourists exchange students arrive
Easter - August aprox 1000 per annum
• Market generates £13M for Broadstairs
Broadstairs
• Quaintness + Dickens connection has kept
Broadstairs afloat
• Over dependency on tourism & a good summer
The Gambia
W Africa
advantages+problems
Tourism in The Gambia
• 130,000 visitors per year
• 90,000 from Europe
• Come for Winter Sun
Tourism in The Gambia
• Gambia-very poor:
• pop 1.038mill
• Under 5 mort rate 129/1000
• 40% pop live in towns
Tourism in The Gambia
• Tourism brings vital income
• Helps escape cycle of poverty
• Welcome alternative to agriculture (mainly peanuts
+cotton)
Tourism in The Gambia
• However tourism is seasonal: facilities unused+ unemployment in summer
• Tourist infrastructure development costs increass government debt
Tourism in The Gambia
• Infrastucture unavailable to most locals as it is
concentrated in tourist areas
• Govt has to increase security spending to protect tourists
Tourism in The Gambia
• Most tourist developments owned by foreign countries
>little money stays in country
• Hotels mostly import food >little trickle down effect
Tourism in The Gambia
• Problem especially with all inclusive holidays
• Foreign investors interested in quick returns not
sustainable development
Tourism in The Gambia
• Westernisation of local population> Bumsters young
peeps who follow tourists
• Local people seen by police as second to tourists
Tourism in The Gambia
• Attempts at Ecotourism:• Kachokorr ecotourist camp,
Tumani Tenda• Owned by villagers
• Built+ maintained with local materials
Tourism in The Gambia
• Experience true local culture + food eg Domoda (rice+
peanut sauce)
• Experience history of area: Slavery
Tourism in The Gambia
• Tours through forest (local guides)
• Tours through Bo Long marshes in canoes
(pirogues): observe Wildlife
Antigua, Caribbean
Tourism conflicts
Antigua
• Tourism vital
• Hotels alone employ >6000 people
• Future developments eg Asian run holiday village
promise 2000 jobs
Antigua• However few locals get high paid
managerial jobs, go to foreigners• Much of industry owned by
outside companies• All inclusive holidays & cruises-no
trickle down
Antigua
• Most tourist food imported
• Population made to feel subservient, hotel workers forced to smile for tourists
• Westernisation of culture
Antigua
• Environmental damage:
• Dredging for boat access stirs up sediment- settles on + kills
coral
• Tourist Developers get high subsidies> corruption
Venice
Veneto region of Italy
Environmental probs Venice
• Rapid tourist growth: 50 k tourist 1952 > 1.13m in 1987
• Pop loss 175,000 in 1951 > 78,000 in 1990
• Buildings protected from change by govt
Environmental probs Venice
• Major flooding problems: severe floods in 1966
–Sinking ground level
–Rising sea level (global warming)
Ian is great
(Subliminal message)
Environmental probs Venice
• Serious air + water pollution• Estimated carrying capacity
25,000 p day • Regularly exceeded; 37,000 in
Aug• Exceeded on 156 days(1987
Environmental probs Venice
• At peak times bridge from mainland closed
• Serious congestion
• Lower quality tourist experience
Environmental probs Venice
• Generally land prices increasing + too many tourists-
drives out locals• Area loses culture
• Economy stagnates• Set to get worse
Environmental probs Venice
• To reduce congestion only authorised coaches allowed
into city• City withdrew its bid for EXPO
2000 (comic convention)• (that was in mr Long’s notes god knows why)
Monte Verde Cloud Forest
Costa Rica
Ecotourism
Monte Verde Cloud Forest
• Currently attracts 1 million visitors pa
• The cloud forest is 1700m above sea level and is rich
in biodiversity
Monte Verde Cloud Forest
• 100 mammal species• 400 bird species
• 120 reptile & amphibian species
• Thousands of insect species
Monte Verde Cloud Forest
• Original visitors mostly scientists
• Carefully managed by Quaker community
• 1972 Monteverde reserve created
Monte Verde Cloud Forest
• Area publicised in media• Now accounts for 18% of Costa Rica’s tourism revenue• In-migration due to plentiful
jobs
Monte Verde Cloud Forest
• Most businesses, eg hotels owned by locals> money
stays in area>
• Trickle down effect (money spent on other local services
etc)
Monte Verde Cloud Forest
• Tours through parks carefully supervised>
• Environment protected
• Growth of infrastructure
• Some miss the isolation
Belize
Ecotoursim failed?
Belize• Good destination:
• 1/4 country a reserve of some kind
• coral reefs• 450 cayes (small islands) good
for scuba diving
Belize
• Historic interest> Mayan cities
• Sub tropical climate
• Close proximity to southern US cities
Belize• In 1990 tourism worth £40mill
to GDP
• 2nd to agriculture as % of GDP
• However poor management> problems
Belize
• Damage to reef at Hol Chan marine reserve
• Loss of mangroves due to development (important
fish hatcheries)
Belize• Important bird nesting sites bulldozed to build runway on
one island
• Increased Foreign ownership> 90% of new
developments
Belize• Some successes: eg Hopkins
village- A hotel and cultural centre run by a local woman’s
cooperative
• Encourages understanding of culture &history
Antarctica
It’s all about the money, I mean ecotourism
Antarctica
• Carefully regulated by IAATO (International Association of
Antarctic Tour Operators)
• Ensures protection of environment + wildlife
Antarctica• 3 types of tourism:
• V expensive camping trips for naturalists
• Cruises• Over-flights (previously stopped for 20
years after crash of a DC10 on Mount Erebus)
Antarctica
• Most cruises start either from Ushaia or Port
Stanley (Falkland Isles)
• 95% tourists use cruise ships
Antarctica
• Most ships relatively small-average capacity 50-100
• Tourists well educated about fragile environment
• Ships self contained> minimal pollution
Antarctica• 200 possible visiting sites
(although tourists can land anywhere except preservation
areas)
• Kept free of overcrowding by only allowing 100 ashore at a time (in
groups of 20)
Antarctica
• Tourism growing rapidly
• 1998 10,000 visitors recorded
• Predicted to reach 30,000 by 2020
Antarctica
• Increased environmental pressure: larger
ships:carrying 500
• So far little impact only 5% tourist sites show any “wear
and tear”
Antarctica
• Future problems:
• Frequent visitors may affect health of animals:
• Risk of introducing diseases
Antarctica
• Future problems:
• Frequent visitors may affect health of animals:
• Risk of introducing diseases
Antarctica
• & presence of tourists may stress animals: eg outside
Antarctic: bottlenose dolphins rest 0.5% of time
when 3 boats present, 68% with one boat
Antarctica• Also some pollution: paint
scrapped of hulls of ice breakers contains tributyltin (TBT),
designed to kill algae & barnacles
• Found at v high levels on floor of McMurdo Sound
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