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SUDAN & NUBIAThe Sudan Archaeological Research Society Bulletin No. 20 2016
RED SEA
Wadi el- Allaqi
Blue Nile
White Nile
Wadi Howar
Wad
i Muq
add a
m
Wadi el- Melik
6th cataract
2nd cataract
3rd cataract
4th cataract
1st cataract
Nile
Atbara
N
0 250 km
Egypt
Sudan
Ethiopia
Eritrea
MODERN TOWNS
Wadi Gabgaba
Ancient sites
5th cataract
SARS surveys/excavations
KHARTOUM
ABU HAMED
ATBARA
OMDURMAN
ASWAN
ED-DEBBA
KASSALA
WAD MEDANI
GEDAREF
KOSTI
SouthSudan
SENNAR
Batn el-HajarJebel Umm Rowag
Kawa
Wadi Halfa - Kerm
a
Koro
sko
Road
Bayuda Road Survey
NDRS
Begrawiya-Atbara Survey
Kurgus
Fifth Cataract
Gabati
Amri-Kirbekan
Jebel Dosha
Tombos
el-Kurru
Berber
Meroe
BarkalJebel
Sanam Abu Domel-ZumaSelib
Gebel Adda
Gereif E.
el-Hobagi
Sai
Sabaloka E.
Sennar E.SENNAR
NCAM
JebelMoya
Ellesiya
1
The Qatari Mission for the Pyramids of Sudan – 62 Archaeological Investigation, Conservation and Site Management at Meroe 2015/2016 Alexandra Riedel, Mahmoud Suliman Bashir, Pawel Wolf, Murtada Bushara Mohamed and Cornelia Kleinitz Textiles and Funerary Rituals. The Wrapping of 75Offerings at Meroe and el-HobagiElsa YvanezThe Meroitic Cemetery of Gereif East. A glance 82into the regional characteristics of Khartoum provinceTsubasa SakamotoFilling in the gaps. Excavations on the site 91of Selib (1st to 13th century)Bogdan ŻurawskiEarly Makuria Research Project. The Results of Three 110Seasons of Excavation at El-Zuma Cemetery, 2013, 2014 and 2015Mahmoud el-Tayeb, Ewa Skowrońska and Ewa Czyżewska The 2016 Season of Excavations at Kurgus 127Andrew GinnsGebel Adda and its environs: 50 years on 133Reinhard Huber and David N. EdwardsSennar Capital of Islamic Culture 2017 Project. 146Preliminary results of archaeological surveys in Sennar East and Sabaloka EastAhmed Hamid Nassr Preliminary Report on the Archaeological Survey of 153Sennar State and the Southern Gezira State ProjectFawzi Hassan Bakhiet and Abdelhai AbdelsawiRoyal Regalia: a sword of the last Sultan 161of Darfur, Ali DinarJulie Anderson, Abdelrahman Ali Mohamed, Amani Nureldaim Mohamed and Elghazafi Yousif EshagDurham University’s Sudan Archive – An overlooked 170resource in current archaeological research?Chloe Ward
Miscellaneous
ObituariesSergio Donadoni (1914-2015), Silvio Curto 179(1919-2015) and Alfredo Castiglioni (1937-2016) Alessandro Roccatti
Contents
The Sudan Archaeological Research Society
SARS, from inception to the present day: a summary 2W. Vivian DaviesThe Sudan Archaeological Research Society: 3the first 25 years Derek A. Welsby
Kirwan Memorial Lecture
Gebel Adda Excavations: The Unfinished Story 11Krzysztof Grzymski
Reports
The Inscriptions of Senwosret III at the Dal Cataract 14W. Vivian Davies Recording Jebel Dosha: the chapel of Thutmose III Introduction 18 W. Vivian Davies Excavation 19 Isabella Welsby Sjöström Decoration and Inscriptions 22 W. Vivian DaviesInscriptions in the name of governor Neby 28revealed by the restoration of miniature metal vasesMélanie Cressent and Aymeric Raimon
El-Kurru 2015-16: Preliminary ReportIntroduction 35Rachael J. Dann and Geoff Emberling Geology and Hydrology 35Carola StearnsLate Napatan rock-cut structure 38Sebastian Anstis and Geoff EmberlingThe Medieval Fortification, Settlement 40and CemeteryTim Skuldbøl, Martin Uildriks, Katherine Rose, Jacke Phillips and Abagail BreidensteinArchaeobotanical and Botanical Activities 46Naomi F. Miller
Art, Archaeology and Sensory Knowledge 47Rachael J. Dann
Settlement in the Heartland of Napatan Kush: 50Preliminary Results of Magnetic Gradiometry at El-Kurru, Jebel Barkal and SanamGregory Tucker and Geoff Emberling
Excavations in the Meroitic Cemetery at Berber, 57Seasons 2015 and 2016Mahmoud Suliman Bashir
SUDAN & NUBIAThe Sudan Archaeological Research Society Bulletin No. 20 2016
Front cover: View south towards ‘Gebel es-Shams’ ridge near Gebel Adda and hilltop beyond (photo: Reinhard Huber).
Sudan & Nubia is a peer-reviewed journal
Sudan & nubia
35
El-Kurru 2015-16: Preliminary Report
IntroductionRachael J. Dann and Geoff Emberling
The c rrent ro ram o field or at and aro nd the shite royal cemetery o el rr be an in 201 and has contin ed to investi ate eat res revio sly excavated by eisner and to broaden o r no led e o the cemetery, its local context, and its later history Emberlin and ann 201 Emberlin et al. 2015).
This re ort contains o r sections First, a st dy o the eolo y and hydrolo y o the local area, both o hich have
contin ed to a ect archaeolo ical remains and their reserva-tion Second, a re ort on contin in excavation alon hat
eisner called the city all more acc rately called a to n all iven its si e eisner ass med it to be contem orary ith
the royal yramids o the th-7th cent ries , b t e have o nd it in act to be a ortification o Medieval hristian
times Excavation o this area has also recovered settlement and b rial remains Third, a brie re ort on an archaeobot-anical st dy in the Medieval settlement Finally, a re ort on an innovative cross disci linary ro ect brin in to ether archaeolo ists and artists to consider ho their enco nters
ith the sensory orld at the site a ect and trans orm the o t ts o their or This is a lon term ro ect that aims to create a ne ind o dialo e bet een t o inter connected disci lines, to create non traditional o t ts rom the field-
or , and to rod ce nderstandin s o the ex erience o archaeolo y in a ne ly text red orm
Geology and HydrologyCarola Stearns
Geolo ic ex loration at el rr in 2015 oc sed on eo-mor holo y and hydrolo y o the site as ell as detailed strati ra hic descri tions o the bedroc in the area o the royal cemetery.
El rr is located alon the ile on the so thern ed e o the bian latea , a com lex re ional bedroc li t ith a core o eo rotero oic crystalline roc overlain by atlyin sedimentary roc s At the site, the bedroc is ma ed as vial sandstones and siltstones o robable retaceo s a e Geolo ic esearch A thority o the S dan 1 , Geo-lo ic Ma o the S dan The roc s have not been ma ed in detail and recise strati ra hic correlations are n no n, so the se o the name bian Sandstone or Formation sho ld be avoided
This section o the ile is incised in the eo rotero oic crystalline basement and has limited ood lain develo ment locali ed alon certain stretches o the river ere the ile is a yo th l stream, ollo in narro channels that are controlled by a lts and shear ones Th rmond et al. 2004).
o nstream o areima, the observed contrast in bedroc on o osin ban s o the river and the very linear chan-nel s ests that the ile s co rse is controlled by a lar e, nma ed a lt n the north est ri ht ban , eroded
sandstones cro o t the so th east le t ban a ears to be lo er in elevation and bedroc does not cro o t
Geomorphology and Hydrology
The ood history o the ile is related to the eather in the more h mid climates o the so thern head aters and not to local reci itation events Accordin to conversations
ith villa ers and o r overnment re resentatives, in the last cent ry si nificant ile oods near el rr occ rred in 1 4 , 1 and 1 4
El rr is sit ated bet een t o lar e, ell develo ed draina e systems late 1 and is itsel drained by a m ch smaller and less develo ed draina e system Fi re 1 that is not clear on satellite ima es The oodin o the wadi drainin the site is ca sed by intense local reci itation events Ac-cordin to eo le in the villa e, in a ty ical year, channeli ed
o is stron , ha ens t o to three times, o s or abo t an ho r, does not fill the channels, and is erha s at best nee dee o ever, a ter the 201 excavation, the ate a atan mort ary tem le 1500 Emberlin et al 2015 ad acent to the wadi as ooded and a roximately 500mm o sedi-ment as de osited verland o rom hi her areas aro nd the mort ary tem le li ely contrib ted to this de ositional event n the royal cemetery, similar overland o events
o ld have contrib ted si nificantly to the fillin o both the mort ary tem le and the yramid b rial chambers a ter they had been looted
The devastatin ood that breached the o ter all o the
36
mort ary tem le ha ened beca se o its location at a si nificant bend in the wadi.
The mouth of the wadi, here it meets the ile ood lain, is at the ed e o the villa e As ood aters o o t o the wadi and onto the ood lain, ener y dis-
si ates and wadi sediments are de osited in a an sha e The so thern end o the Medieval to n all is more ex osed to wadi oodin and de ositional events than is its northern end Fi re 1
Gro nd ater hydrolo y in arid lands is ite di erent than that o h mid climates ivers are o ten erched above the re ional ro nd ater table and streams can lose ater into hi h orosity bedroc or channel de os-its That the ile is so rced by reci itation in its distant head aters, that the local trib taries are dry, and that the modern villa es are all located alon the ban s o the
ile, indicate that the re ional ater table in this area is robably dee and that the ile itsel is the li ely so rce
Figure 1. Local drainage at el-Kurru (prepared by Martin Uildriks).
Plate 1. Satellite image showing el-Kurru located between two well-developed adis.
Sudan & nubia
37
o a shallo , erched a i er immediately ad acent to the channel To investi ate the ro nd ater table in the villa e, as ed abo t the ater levels in the villa e ells At ho ses in the villa e closer to the ile, the ater level is a roximately six man hei ht dee , man hei ht bein a local meas re o de th, st nder 2m n ells rther north est in the villa e, ater levels are dee er, erha s 10 man hei ht dee
ith at most m o elevation chan e across the villa e on o r site ma , it is di fic lt to say more than it a ears that the local ater table is at across the villa e
The Bedrock Stratigraphy
of the Royal Cemetery
Ex osed in the staircases and chambers across the cemetery is a se ence o retaceo s sandstones, siltstones and m d-stones over 5m thic Thro ho t the se ence, b t es ecially
ell develo ed at the to o the lo ermost sandstone, are thin layers o hard, iron cemented, s ally fine rained sedi-ments, hich are paleosols, or the reserved remains o b ried soil hori ons, and as s ch can be re erred to as erricretes
late 2 The erricretes vary in thic ness, are in laces dis-contin o s, and are nd latin rather than at lyin They are im ortant across the site beca se they are mechanically stron , very resistant to eatherin and erosion, can act as a ca stone in erosional rocesses and are relatively im erme-able to ater The retaceo s sediments are ncon ormably overlain by a thin veneer o sandy aternary ravels The
aternary s r ace itsel has been si nificantly dist rbed by h man activity at the site incl din ori inal constr ction and more recent excavations
The ex osed strati ra hic sections are divided into three nits: a lo ermost tan sandstone more than 2m thic ith a rominent erricrete at the to in all b t one o the o tcro s
a middle se ence o to 2 2m o varicolored m dstones and siltstones and an ermost ray fine rained sandstonesiltstone to 1 5m thic The sandstones are the channel de osits and the m dstones and siltstones, the ood lain de osits o ancient rivers n the stair ell to the tomb nder
yramid in the eens section o the cemetery the m dstones are not resent and there are no erricretes
The lo ermost nit late is a tan colored, medi m to coarse rained art sandstone that is com osed o oorly sorted, s bro nded to s ban lar art rains t is moder-
Plate 2. Ferricrete layer at the top of the descendary of pyramid Ku. 1.
Plate 3. Lowermost unit of sandstone in the large mortuary temple (Reisner’s Ku. 1500).
ately cemented, riable and eathers on o tcro s The bed-din is s ally thin and lanar ith occasional ebbly layers and tab lar cross bedded nits Most o the b rial chambers
ere c t into this nit This sandstone a ears to be ite extensive as it is ex osed so th o the cemetery in the ar-ried alls o the mort ary tem le as ell as in o tcro s in the villa e t varies locally in color, and si nificantly in rain si e and sortin eca se it is the thic est and most extensive o the sandstones, this nit is clearly the most im ortant so rce o stone or the constr ction o the yramid s erstr ct res
Above the basal sandstone is a hi hly eathered se ence o vari colored m dstones late 4 ith occasional siltstones and discontin o s erricretes The fine rained de osits are rey, red bro n, and occasionally cream colored The variation in color and the bloc y, cr mbly text re and the erricretes are all li ely related to soil ormation in the h mid
climate o the retaceo s The end res lt is a stone that is hi hly eathered and mechanically ea These m dstones are entirely absent rom the o tcro at , here instead li ht rey, fine rained, moderately ell sorted channel sand-stones are ex osed
verlyin the m dstone are li ht to medi m rey art silty sandstones and sandy siltstones o varyin thic nesses These stones are oorly sorted and in laces ell bedded ith tab lar cross bedded nits The sandstones are str ct rally stron and im ortant at the to o the excavated stair ells or str ct ral inte rity and architect ral reservation o -
ever, they are not as extensive or thic as the basal sandstonen s mmary, the roc s o the royal cemetery latea a -
ected both the constr ction and the reservation o several o the a atan yramids, most dramatically in the colla se o the m dstones in a ortion o yramid 1 d rin constr ction and a ain d rin excavation see Emberlin et al 2015 The basal sandstones, altho h riable and only moderately cemented, ere stron eno h to retain the str c-t ral inte rity o the nder ro nd chambers carved in them The thic er and more extensive sandstones o the lo ermost nit ere li ely a si nificant so rce o local b ildin stone,
ho ever, the lar e variation in rain si e and color ma es detailed rovenance st dies di fic lt
Late Napatan rock-cut structureSebastian Anstis and Geoff Emberling
As noted in o r revio s re orts, eisner had identified five elements o settlement aro nd the shite royal cemetery
e have revio sly blished reliminary re orts on three o these a lar e roc c t ell, a lar e mort ary tem le ith rocc t chambers and the to n all disc ssed rther belo
e had revio sly located a o rth str ct re and excavated it in 201 : a smaller str ct re ith roc c t chambers The fi th str ct re as a section o all ith a corner b ttress located in hat is no the villa e altho h eisner said it
as close to the smaller roc c t str ct re, e have not been able to relocate it by al in s rvey, ma netometry, or by as in local residents
The smaller str ct re excavated in 201 is located in the heart o the modern villa e, directly bet een the royal cem-etery and the ile eisner desi nated this str ct re 1100 and considered it a mort ary tem le contem orary ith the later eens yramid at the site 2 is noteboo s sho that he o nd no datable material in it
i e the lar er mort ary tem le, this str ct re had also been a arry that as ex anded by constr ction o addi-tional roc c t chambers The str ct re as entered Fi re 2, late 5 by a ram and ste s leadin do n thro h an arch sha ed door ay into a lar e o ter room 11 x m From that o ter room, a door ay c t into the roc led to t o small nder ro nd rooms in a ro , the first 5 x 5m in si e havin a c rved ceilin late and the second x
Plate 4. Vari-colored mudstones in the tomb under pyramid Ku. 4.
Plate 5. Late Napatan rock-cut structure: entrance and outer room.
Sudan & nubia
t is di fic lt to say hether eisner s s rmise that this as a mort ary tem le or 2 as correct, b t at the c rrent sta e o research it remains as li ely a ess as any other
2 5m havin a at ceilin The area as clearly a arry, ith artially sha ed bloc s remainin in the oor o the o ter
room late The act that these bloc s ere not smoothed over, alon ith n mero s other observations, s est that this str ct re li e the other mort ary tem le and yramid
1 itsel as not finished and as never sed or its ori inal intended r ose
Figure 2. Plan and elevations of a rock-cut Late Napatan structure, possibly a mortuary temple (Reisner’s u a el- urru re ared by a k Cheng The ou lines on he oor of he larges room are blo ks marked for quarrying. Darker shading indicates rooms that are completely underground. (scale 1:150).
la e a e Na a an ro k- u s ru ure firs underground room with rounded ceiling.
Plate 7. Late Napatan rock-cut structure: partially uarried blo ks in he oor of he ou er room
40
The Medie al or ifi a ion, Settlement and CemeteryTim Skuldbøl, Martin Uildriks, Katherine Rose, Jacke Phillips and Abagail Breidenstein
n his field noteboo rom the 1 1 excavations at el rr , Geor e eisner described excavatin a ortion o a ortifica-tion all and ate ay, and rovided a small s etch Fi re
is notes did not clari y the recise location, method o constr ction, si e, or date o the all and its ate ay, exce t that they ere located on the ed e o the c ltivation and enclosed a roc c t ell that he tho ht as art o a
a atan alace eisner s notes and s etch ere hi hli hted by endall 1 , 4 in a disc ssion o a ossible a atan to n constr cted near the royal cemetery
n 201 , thro h a so ndin and corin ro ram, as ell as disc ssions
ith eo le livin in el rr villa e, e rediscovered the all on a stri o land that divides the modern villa e rom the date alm roves alon the ile see Emberlin 201 S ldb l 201 rin the ollo in three seasons 2014 201
e removed ind blo n and ater laid sediments rom over 50 4 x 4m rid s ares, ncoverin the ma ority o the
all Fi re 4rin excavations, e discovered
a shallo trench alon the all, li ely made by eisner s or men tracin the
all s o tline in 1 1 As e cleaned and contin ed to doc ment the remains, e learned to o r reat s r rise that the all and associated layers o occ ation are almost entirely Medieval hristian in date, ith ceramics and AMS dates ran -in rom abo t A 00 1200 Fi re 5
The wall, bastions and gateway
The all r ns arallel to the ile or abo t 1 m and t rns est to ards the
desert at both ends Fi re 4 The all had several bastions 5 m in diameter set at ro hly 20m intervals late , in-cl din hat seem to have been corner to ers late All
ere b ilt in similar ashion: the o ter stones are ro hlysha ed sandstone bloc s lar est meas rin c 500 x 00 x 200mm , at least some o hich came rom the a atan cemetery see S ldb l 201 , 52 the core o the all as filled ith a mix o stones o varyin si es and sha es, and com act m d ac in The so thern corner to er hich
Figure 3. Reisner’s sketch of the “city wall” (his Ku. 1300). The plan is ossibly ambiguous, bu e a a ion onfirms ha wha ould be
read as an inner gateway is actually just an expanded version of the gateway itself.
Figure 4. Plan of the Medieval town wall (prepared by Martin Uildriks).
Plate 8. A bastion excavated in 2016 along the southern portion of the wall (photo looking north west). Around it were found extensive
dark and ashy trash dumps with large numbers of potsherds. Later the collapse of the bastion and wall – red brick, mud brick and stone (now
removed around the bastion) fell onto the trash deposits.
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li ely too the direct im act o ater ashin do n rom the desert thro h the lar e adi, as clearly reb ilt at least once
late nterestin ly, the alls and bastions ere not b ilt on a latea or rotected by nat ral cli s as other Medieval ortresses in the re ion in hich nat ral escar ments lay an
im ortant art o the ortification system e , the ortress at a hit see ra s i 201 , fi 4
n most laces, the all is reserved to a hei ht o abo t 1m The er ortion o the all m st have been com osite, as si nificant sections o stone bloc s as ell as m d and red bric s alon the entire all have colla sed to ards the east into the ood lain n the so th, the extent o the colla se s ests that the hei ht o the er ortion o the all may have been as m ch as 4 5m o ever, the de osit o colla se is also seldom more than hal a meter in de th, s estin that the er ortion o the all may not have covered the entire idth o lo er layers alternatively, some o this er material may sim ly have eroded Extensive arba e d m s, containin ash and lar e antities o domestic ceramics,
ere o nd belo the colla se o the all s s erstr ct re Generally, red bric s in a medieval context have
been considered distinctive o ch rches or monasteries in bia The colla se o the to n all clearly sho s that they co ld be sed in other contexts e did re-cover a ceramic ra ment o a ossible indo rille, ho ever, hich may s est that a ch rch once stood in the area late 10 see e , a obiels i and Martens
arnec a 200 , Ga da 200 , 54 ith than s to o -dan ra s i or re erences
n the middle o the all is a ate ay Fi re late 11 Three door soc ets s est the ate ay may have had at least
three hases o se late 12The first soc et ith t o s are de ressions c 110 x 120 x 5mm , is set in the lo est co rse o stones, and clearly as art o the
initial constr ction A ter removin t o bloc s rom the third and o rth co rses, a second door soc et as inserted into the res ltin slot A third ossible door soc et is located on the to ro o reserved stones, here a small de ression may have held a door ivot
Plate 9. The southern corner of the wall with bastion and additional bu ress, erha s o ro e agains ooding from he ad a en adi.
Plate 10. Ceramic fragment with traces of plaster, possibly from a window grille.
Figure 5. AMS dates from the occupation at the town wall.
Figure 6. Plan of Medieval wall gateway and later mud-brick domestic architecture adjacent to it (prepared by Martin Uildriks) (scale 1:200).
42
A lar e tr n o etrified ood, ori inally rom the etri-fied orest several ilometers to the north est, as laced as a threshold inside the ate ay and in line ith the o ter stones o the all n addition, t o er endic lar alls an the ate ay entrance The threshold and ab ttin alls rest on the same level o sandstone bedroc , hile the inside o the ate sho s clear traces o erosion and even attem ts at re airin the northern all ace late 1 ased on eleva-tions, the second soc et may also be contem orary ith the lar e tr n o etrified ood, and so these additions co ld all belon to a second hase o se
The Christian settlement
Several se ments o m d bric alls ere b ilt a ainst the estern ace o the de ensive all late 14 Finds and instal-
lations, incl din ba ed bric avements, benches, arts o a co rtyard, coo in ots, stora e acilities bins , ars set in the bedroc , and rindin tools s est a domestic character
lates 15 1 Several trenches also rod ced evidence o later hases o occ ation thro h re rbished alls, bloc ed door ays, oors, arba e dis osal activities, and ottery rom a ran e o hristian eriods, s estin a lon occ ational history o these domestic arters Fi re late 1
A ortion o a room o a hristian ho se b ilt ab ttin
Plate 11. The gate in the town wall, facing east.
Plate 12. The three door sockets in the gate, facing south.
Plate 13. Eroded bedrock in the gate (right) and repairs of the wall (below), facing north east.
Plate 14. Part of a domestic Christian compound (squares B450 and B550).
Plate 15. Belt buckle from the Christian quarters (square B450).
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the main to n all near the northernmost corner rod ced the remnants o an interior hite laster oor as ell as an
almost entirely removed m d bric all late 1 The heavily tr ncated
areas indicate the resence o inten-sive robbin activities in domestic s aces thro ho t the li etime o the settlement
n an o tdoor s ace to the so th est, an oval it 1 5m lon ith
b rned ed es contained b rned or-anic material, ray ash, and charcoal late 20 A lo er layer in the it
contained six lon timbers, nearly com letely b rned et een the timbers ere 1 ra ments o ex-tremely hi hly b rnt an lar stones, o varyin si es, ith bric melted on top of them. The interpretation
Figure 7. Early-Classi Chris ian fineware u s - , ooking o , ad s (5) and plate (6) from el-Kurru domestic occupation (scale 1:4).
Plate 16. Part of a toilet seat from the Christian quarters (square B541).
Plate 17. Cooking pots from the Christian quarters (squares B350 and B450).
Plate 18. ineware bowl wi h ain ed fish wi h unusual double eyes from later deposits (Late Christian, c. AD 1200).
Plate 19. Truncated mud-brick wall and plaster surface of nearly complete Christian house.
44
o this eat re remains ncertain learly there as in situ b rnin o ood at tem erat res hi h eno h to melt bric , yet it is m ch smaller than eat res normally inter reted as bric ilns
To the north o the ho se ere t o lar e 2 x 1 m com acted o tdoor m d s r aces, se arated by a trench filled ith sand and m d late 21 The area also contained atchy remnants o laster s r aces, ost holes ith s rvivin
charcoal rom osts, and tram led, laminated clay s r aces indicatin re eated movement across the s ace A nearly com lete transitional lassic ost lassic hristian eriod
fine are bo l ith a bird moti as also recovered in a small trash it near the com acted o tdoor s r aces late 22
To the east o this o tdoor activity s ace, a ni e eat re as b ilt into the to n all The eat re as circ lar, abo t
1m in diameter and 50mm dee , and lined ith co rses o stone and red bric late 2 The co rsin contin ed do n the interior alls o the eat re to the bottom exce t on the northern and so thern sides here the m d r bble interior o the all is visible eca se the mortar sed or the linin o the eat re di ers si nificantly rom the m d ac in in the rest o the all constr ction, it seems li ely that this eat re ostdates the initial constr ction o the all itsel t
is ossible the eat re as a stora e it t is also similar to the holes in Medieval ortification alls that ra s i 201 , 1 0 1 4 ro osed co ld be em lacements or de ensive manjaniq (trebuchet).
n 201 , e recovered remains o a hristian m d bric ho se, b ilt on to o bedroc belo the o ndations o a 20th cent ry ho se belon in to a man named a hit in the so thern art o the alled area late 24 , s ortin the idea that hristian occ ation may once have been contin -o s alon the entire len th o the all and in the area o the modern villa e to the north est Un ort nately, it a ears that little to no additional Medieval occ ation is li ely to be
Plate 20. Pit containing melted bricks and sherds.
Plate 21. Overview of outdoor activity space.
Plate 22. Fineware bowl with painted bird (transitional Classic/Post-Classic Christian, c. AD 1100).
Plate 23. Built circular feature in the town wall.
Plate 24. Christian house remains excavated in 2016 in the southern part of the settlement (squares B159-B160).
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45
are sim le it inh mations, laid o t in ro s Fi re , and s ally contain one and in some cases t o individ als, incl d-
in ad lts, veniles, and children A hristian date or these raves is s ested by the scarcity o rave oods and the
orientation o the body all individ als have their head in the north est, their eet in the so th east, and either their arms or le s crossed late 25
rin field recovery, all individ als ere also re-liminarily eval ated or atholo y and tra ma Gener-ally, tra ma rom inter ersonal violence is absent in this sam le, altho h ract res most li ely occ rrin in daily li e are evident in toes, an arm bone, and one clavicle, and ere com letely healed As or atholo y, seven individ als sho si ns o disease not related to a e, incl din eriostitis o the lon bones, cribra or-bitalia in the eye soc ets, and or orotic hy erostosis
resent in cranial va lt bones e to the nons ecific nat re o these res onses, the resence o these bone tiss e dist rbances are not eno h or a di erential dia nosis b t do arrant rther investi ation ther individ als dis layed classic si nat res o a e related disease Six ad lts had ositive si ns o osteo orosis, osteoarthritis i e de enerative oint disease , and or an ylosin s ondylitis ental atholo y as ener-ally nremar able, ith no resence o hy o lasias to indicate n tritional stress d rin ro th and older ad lts sho ed ty ical si ns o advanced dental ear or missin teeth
e have not yet been able to demonstrate tem oral
reserved in the area o the modern villa e ater o in the large wadi that drains the yramid latea and its sandstone o tcro s has certainly eroded some remains, as o r excavation o this area sho ed r excavations and closer ins ection o the modern villa e have also sho n that bedroc , risin as one moves a ay rom the ile, is visible or very close to the s r ace in most o the area, recl din the ossibility o
reserved archaeolo ical material
The Christian cemetery
n hi her levels, b rials ere c t into the settlement remains 2 ere excavated in 2015 and 201 Table 1 The b rials
Sex Distribution Total (N)
Male or robable maleFemale or robable emale 7ndeterminate s b ad lts
Un no n 3
Age Distribution Total (N) Percent
n ant 0 years 3 12%venile 20 years 5 1o n ad lt 20 5 years 6 23%
Middle ad lt 5 50 2ld ad lt 50 31%
Un no n 2
Total individ als excavated 2015 1 26
Table 1. Sex and age of individuals buried in the Medieval cemetery.
Figure 8. Plan of the Medieval cemetery (prepared by Martin Uildriks) (scale 1:200).
Plate 25. r hore ified ho o deri ed from a three-dimensional photoreal-istic model of burial 206 – a young female whose grave was marked with
50-60 small pebbles apparently placed in the grave as tokens of affec-tion (cf. Cavendish 1966 – pebbles
associated with prayers). This individual demonstrated few
signs of advanced age and was in relatively good
health at the time of death.
46
relations bet een this cemetery and the hases o occ ation at the all and in the settlement o ever, sa e over several enerations seems li ely: in some locations m lti le ro s o
b rials may have been se arated by minor aths and some raves ere c t into dee er levels, and covered by de osits
that ere c t into by other b rials
The phases of occupation
and garbage dumping activities
The earliest hase o occ ation a ears beneath the to n all and is re resented by a thin ashy de osit ith c lt ral
material incl din Early hristian ceramics o nd directly on the sandstone bedroc or hasin see hilli s 200 n these layers, e o nd a e a atan and Meroitic
sherds, b t these may have been ashed do n rom the royal cemetery hi her or erha s came rom an as yetndiscovered settlement n any case, the first hase seems
to have le t no standin architect ral remains, tho h some eat res, s ch as its c t into the bedroc , co ld be contem orary A radiocarbon sam le dates this hase to the first hal o the th cent ry A Fi re 5 , b t the b l o the ceramic assembla e rom this strat m a ears some hat later, near the end o the Early hristian eriod late th early th century).
The all itsel as b ilt later th-10th cent ries Fairly soon a ter the all s initial constr ction, domestic arters
ere b ilt a ainst the interior ace o the all A second hase o these domestic arters and contin in se o the all and ate ay ossibly date to the 11th to 12th cent ries
Fi re see also S ldb l 201 , 52 4 rin this time, trash d m s ere also iled a ainst the exterior ace o the
all, erha s d m ed over the all rom inside A ter the second hase o reb ildin and re se, the domestic arters
ere sed or re se d m in activities d rin the ostlassic and ate hristian 12th to 14th cent ries Settlement activities datin to the hristian and later e-
riods also extended rther o t into the ood lains, as s -ested by corin and ex loratory so ndin s in 201 and 2014 see S ldb l 201 The final traces o hristian occ ation
are the b rials located directly on to o the domestic arter They seem to avoid the all, s estin that as visible at the time they ere d ho ever, no radiocarbon sam les o the re se or the cemetery have yet been analy ed
Archaeobotanical and Botanical ActivitiesNaomi F. Miller
The oal o the archaeobotanical activities d rin the 2015 field season at el rr as to see i lant remains o ld be recovered rom the de osits and to re are the ro nd or t re st dy o these remains A sim le man al otation
system as set Miller 2012 Excavators at the to n all too sam les rom de osits ith visible charcoal or rom areas ith some archaeolo ical remains e , its, hearths, rooms 1 sam les ere ta en and oated n addition, some sam les rom the 2014 excavation ere rocessed: 1 rom ots rom tomb area and three rom the to n all
area Three o the tomb sam les ere not oated beca se visible charcoal b rst on contact ith ater in an initial test A hand l o sediment rom most otation sam les as reserved or ossible hytolith or other analyses n addition,
ashes ere ta en rom three ieces o ro nd stone to see i starch rains mi ht be reserved
The all area sam les avera ed abo t 4 5 liters o sediment ran e: 2 to 10 liters ecovery as disa ointin , ith most
sam les yieldin ell nder 5cc o charred material The lo density may res lt rom oor reservation in these shallo de osits, or sim ly beca se there as no in situ b rnin and little secondary de osition o hearth s ee in s nso ar as there ere charred remains, vis al ins ection revealed only
ood charcoal rom both all and mort ary tem le areas ne modern control sam le rom near the s r ace as ll
o charred date stones and oat d nn addition to archaeobotanical or , e have be n to
b ild a com arative collection o seeds abo t 20 s ecies and ood six ty es , doc mented ith abo t 0 herbari m vo cher s ecimens that are no ho sed at the Academy o
at ral Sciences o rexel University, hiladel hia ro Maha ordo ani received vo cher s ecimens on behal o the herbaria at the University o harto m and the oyal
otanic Gardens, e
Sudan & nubia
47
Art, Archaeology and Sensory KnowledgeRachael J. Dann
The ractice o excavation is o ten vie ed as the ndamen-tal and definin act o the archaeolo ist: di in is hat e do see radley 200 The hierarchical or ani ation and em iricism involved in traditional archaeolo ical field or have seen ex licit criti e or exam le Fa l ner 2000 Gero 1 odder 200 cas 2001 2004 Shan s and Tilley 1 2 , and the strate ies that have develo ed to destabili e hierarchical arran ements o archaeolo ical no led e
rod ction involve both re exivity and m ltivocality see or instance Moser et al 2002 Sim son and illiams 200
T lly 200 M ra i 2011 Alvare and Morfini 2012 assaney 2012 The methodolo ies o o r research at el rr ta e these se l aradi ms o ever, e ma e de art res rom disci linary norms in terms o ho is invited to a thor the site, the materials that are sed to b ild no led e, and ho the rod cts o no led e are disseminated
Archaeolo ical excavation and ost excavation rocessin are s ecific orms o or that re ire a ran e o trainin in s ecialised methodolo ies, techni es and the se o s ecialist e i ment Similarly, most modern art rod ction can be defined in terms o ractice: it is not solely a finished sc l t re that is art the entire rocess rom conce tion, thro h enaction, to dis lay, are creative art ractice As s ch, both disci lines are en a ed in active creation o their
rod cts, via artic lar s ill sets As disci lines, art and archaeolo y share inter related a roaches and ob ects o st dy oth disci lines are concerned ith the trans orma-tion o the material orld Artists choose to mani late or modi y materials, landsca es or ob ects in ays that orm a record o their actions, and erha s o their intentionalities Archaeolo ists attem t to reveal the resence and actions o h man a ents in the ast, intentional or other ise, and to read meanin into their traces The related a roaches and ob ects o st dy or the artist and archaeolo ist, involve intimate a rehension and nderstandin o the created material orld in all its sens al orms
es ite these similarities in ob ects o st dy, modes o ractice, and contexts o dis lay the otential or dialo e
bet een art and archaeolo y remains nder ex lored b t see contrib tions in ochrane and ssell 2014 eco nisin other erce t al rame or s in the rocess o the archaeo-lo ical di o ens estions re ardin the rod ction o no led e in excitin ne ays As s ch, the archaeolo ical
site at el rr is the site o a cross disci linary ex eriment bet een the archaeolo ical team and a series o di erent artists, the first o hom came to the site in early 2014
This ro ect initiates a dialo e bet een archaeolo ists and artists ho, sin the archaeolo ical site as a lace o enco nter, ill develo insi hts into their o n disci linary
ractices, rod ce ne nderstandin s o site and ractice, and ex lore modes o dissemination to ne blics via nontraditional rod cts This enco nter extends the sco e and ossibilities o the strai ht archaeolo ical excavation in order
to doc ment and transcribe alternative vie s and ex eriences o archaeolo ical rocesses excavation, recordin , c ration, dissemination hich are embedded in the sensory orld t is a radical, ex erimental a roach to conce t alisin the ast, one that attem ts a re orm lation o ho archaeolo ical sites mi ht be no n, ex erienced and nderstood both ithin the Academy, and beyond it
An artist and archaeolo ist, each ith their o n set o s ills and artic lar disci linary bac ro nd, are ex licitly bro ht to ether thro h a theme, ith o t ts emanatin rom a shared enco nter at the site o el rr This embedded relationshi allo s close scr tiny o the rocesses o or in and aro nd the site ivin at the site locates the team in the broader contexts o excavation the landsca e, the di ho se, the local c lt ral context o the villa e, and the ider c lt ral and olitical settin o orthern S dan, and rovides the data or tho ht and rod ction Several themes relatin to embodied ex eriences at the site are considered: to ch, vis alisation, movement and er ormance, resence absence, and the a ral oral text al To ether e try to ex lore the brie moments here one co ld lin er in the liminal s ace o ossibility be ore the rocessin and cate ori ation o ex eriences and thin s ssell 2014,
The first artists to visit el rr ere Florian oithmayr motinternational com artists orian roithmayr and
Melanie ac son melanie ac son net , and they or ed, in artic lar, ith the themes o a rality orality and ha tics the sense o to ch
or in ith this theme, the artist Florian oithmayr came to el rr in early 2014, and rod ced an a ral sensesca e o the broad landsca e o the archaeolo ical site at el rr , and o s ecific moments o archaeolo ical raxis oithmayr ex lored and doc mented the excavation site and s rro ndin areas as ell as the activities ta in lace there thro h so nd recordin s The recordin device is a vehicle rather than an end in itsel : it ill be a reason and conse ence or enco nters, to be resent, to observe and be attentive As s ch, eetin ex eriences o the site the cr nch o sand as e al to site, the clin o tea lasses, the bee in o the total station, the m ed descent into the tombs are ca t red in ra mentary
ieces The rocess o ca t rin so nds trans orms them into as ects o memory, hich can be re layed and disc ssed,
hich may index a artic lar embodied ex erience located at the site that ha ened in area x, as sittin in the shade , or hich may mar o t an absence o no led e as there, b t don t remember These recordin s orm one art o the artistic rod ction, similar to ta in notes or s etchin Similarly, e can consider ho the recordin s add to the ro-cess o archaeolo ical rod ction by their role in memory b t also ho , as ra mentary traces, the so nd archive becomes another ind o archaeolo y o el rr .
4
A rther as ect o Florians rod ction as that o an archaeo oem, a series o stan as that lay ith re etition, alliteration, assonance and ord associations visit htt s:internationalel rr ro ect sites d on ronted by an ar-ray o technical terminolo y hich as ne to him, and or
hich he o ten had no rame o re erence, he arran ed and re arran ed o r vocab laries and o r tterances in atterns in hich so nd, rhythm and cadence become as im ortant as the terminolo y itsel ndeed, the arran ement o ords do not al ays ma e sense st as in his so ndsca e, Florian sed ra ments to ca t re as ects o li e and or at el rr , and
to recreate a ne hole: a translation, an inter retation o o r orei n lan a e is ord and so nd associations can be lay l, and ma e entle n o o r shared nderstandin o the techni es o o r disci line e holds a crac ed mir-ror to s, immersed as e ere in o r verbal disco rse
S bse ent to his residency at el rr , and artly ins ired by his ascination in the ima e o the enin o the Mo th ceremony in the tomb o alhata, Florian desi ned a live event at amden Arts entre in S rin 201 , in connection
ith his exhibition with, and, or, without This er ormance, called breath rider , as concerned ith themes o breath and est re, and involved t o stone masons ne mason inscribed ieces o stone ith text, hilst the other invo ed text in the
stones lates 2 and 2 , as the room rad ally filled ith smo e layin ith the li ht and alterin visibility are tools to brin orality and a rality into oc s, as the sense o seein becomes rad ally inhibited: the so nds o the masons voice, breath, and the c lmination o each est re hich stri es the hard stone To an extent, s ch actions recall the rocess o decoration in the tomb, and as ects o the rit al ractice
hich too lace therein, or nearby At any archaeolo ical site, embodied selves are located
in sensesca es hose elements orm the artic lar context o the excavation, in its broadest sense et no led e ro-d ced via bodily ays o no in mysterio sly disa ear rom archaeolo ical narratives o field or ne as ect o
the investi ation oc sses on ho the ha tic sense is sed by archaeolo ical ro essionals in their or The estion o archaeolo ical ha tics can be considered rom vario s
ers ectives: the ha tic ex erience o the archaeolo ist as embodied individ al on site the e ects o i e heat, li ht,
hysical or archaeolo ical ha tics in the archaeolo ical rocess and their se as a tool or no led e rod ction i e ho sensations s ch as eel, text re, ei ht hel s to
identi y ob ects, contexts, eat res and the ha tic rocesses involved in the rod ction o the archaeolo ical record in the
ast i e the to ch based actions and techni es o h mans in the ast ho created the remains ob ects, architect re, b rials that e excavate
Archaeolo ists traditionally a roach ceramics as a ty e o end rin , stable material hich emanates se l messa es abo t its orm, nction, and the date o its man act re et this archaeolo ical in ormation is artially ore ro nded in tacit a rehensions o material, text re, ei ht, firin and so on Artist Melanie ac son see s an intimate no led e o the materialities o the local clays loo , eel, ei ht, com-
osition, firin alities , sin local minerals in her or She anted to challen e the notion that ottery ob ects are obd rate assive orms that silently comm nicate in orma-tion late 2 ac son or ed ith the dynamic bet een the ha tic alities o the clay as ra material or eneratin
otential orms, and the ha tic alities o excavatin clay as arte act in the archaeolo ical context The archaeolo icalartistic act o or in ith ceramics involves a do ble ed ed revelation rom the ro nd itsel the clay in its ra orm, and or the archaeolo ists in its coo ed orm She ex lores these states o matter as a contin ity, or o , rather than an o osition, and considers the di erent sensory en a ement involved in both sta es
n comin seasons e aim to invite more artists to or ith s at site, and e lan that the next theme or considera-
tion is that o resence and absence onsiderin the theme o the resence and absence o the archaeolo ist at site ill necessitate an investi ation o ho the rocess o locatin and dislocatin onesel rom site occ rs the rocess o im-mersin onesel ithin a team, a c lt re, a co ntry Embodied selves are located in sensesca es hose elements orm the
artic lar context o the excavation, in its broadest sense
Plate 26. Image from Florian Roithmayer’s performance piece Breath Rider. Stonemason Zoe Barnett carves into the stone
(Camden Arts Centre, 2016).
Plate 27. Image from Florian Roithmayer’s performance piece Breath Rider. Stonemason Akira Inman invokes meaning in the stone
by breath and speech (Camden Arts Centre, 2016).
Sudan & nubia
4
This immersive sense o resence locates one in a s ecific ind o archaeolo y, and as an individ al archaeolo ist This
embeddin is tem orary and limited, b t it is o ten rec rrent and it is al ays immersive This em lacement, the sens al interrelationshi o body mind environment o es 2005,
is central to hat ma es an excavation ex erience, and it can be contrasted ith sensory ex erience hen one is absent rom site From an archaeolo ical ers ective, in ormation
is collated rom the team s ch as emails, diary entries and hoto ra hs rom the site, exc rsions, stays in harto m,
o rneys to and rom site , to assemble ho sensory modes o a reciatin one s location and one s en a ement can become
ec liar leas res o the field t is also a consideration o the inter lay bet een the senses and memory hen one is absent rom site As s ch e attem t to identi y the s ecific sensory ex eriences or moments o or in S dan hich end re or the archaeolo ists
For the artist considerin resence absence, the archaeo-lo ical site is an immersive environment into and thro h
hich eelin sensin bodies move d in the ast, resent and t re ra in on the eo ra hy, history and c lt ral context o the location o the site, and the acts that have ta en lace there, a narrative may be develo ed that orces the vie er to enco nter em ty, abandoned and revio sly lived in s aces n as in the estion ho can hat is absent be made resent one o the essential conce t al challen es that aces the archaeolo ists at el rr and every other archaeolo ical site , becomes a central concern An artist s res onse s to this estion may challen e the archaeolo-ists to consider both hat is act and hat is fiction in their rod ction o no led e
Bibliography
Alvare , M and Morfini 2012 The Queen of the Desert Valley. Tenerife.radley, 200 Seein Thin s: erce tion, Ex erience and the on-
straints o Excavation , Journal of Social Archaeology 2 , 151 1avendish, M 1 The stom o lacin ebbles on bian
Graves , Sudan Notes and Records 4 , 151 15
ochrane, A and A ssell eds 2014 Art and Archaeology. Collabora-tions, Conversations and Criticisms. ne orld Archaeolo y e or
Emberlin , G and ann 201 e Excavations at El rr : eyond the a atan oyal emetery , Sudan & Nubia 1 , 42 0
Emberlin , G 201 nvesti atin Settlement at El rr , Sudan & Nubia 1 , 4 4
Emberlin , G , ann and A S Mohamed Ali, 2015 n a oyal emetery o sh: Archaeolo ical nvesti ations at El rr , orthern S dan , Sudan & Nubia 1 , 54 0
Ga da, 200 The Monastery h rch on om in ld on ola a ter T o Seasons o Excavations in 200 , Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 1 , 4 0
Fa l ner, 2000 Archaeolo y rom elo , Public Archaeology 1, 21Gero, M 1 Archaeolo ical ractice and Gendered Enco nters
ith Field ata , in ri ht ed , Gender and Archaeology. Phila-del hia, 251 2
odder, 200 Archaeolo ical e exivity and the ocal oice , Anthropological Quarterly 1 , 55
o es, 2005 ntrod ction Em ires o the Senses , in o es, ed , Empire of the Senses. The Sensual Culture Reader. x ord, 1 1
cas, G 2001 Critical Approaches to Fieldwork. ondoncas, G 2004 Modern ist rbances: n the Ambi ities o Archae-olo y , Modernism/modernity 11 1 , 10 120
a obiels i, S and M Martens arnec a 200 ld on ola: Field-or Seasons 2005 200 and 200 , Polish Archaeology in the Mediter-
ranean 1 , 25 42endall, T 1 The ri in o the a atan State: El rr and the
Evidence or oyal Ancestors , in S eni ed , Studien zum Antiken Sudan Meroitica 15, 11 iesbaden
Moser, S , Gla ier, , E hili s, , asser el emr, , M Saleh Mo sa, , asr Aiesh, , ichardson, S , A onner and M Seymo r 2002 Trans ormin Archaeolo y thro h ractice: Strate ies or
ollaborative Archaeolo y and the omm nity Archaeolo y ro ect at seir, E y t , World Archaeology 4 2 , 220 24
M ra i, M 2011 Sharin the leas re o Excavation: The blic Archaeolo y ro ram at the Miharashidai Site, a an , in a-m ra, and A Mats da eds , New Perspectives in Global Public Archaeol-ogy e or , 2 2
Miller, F 2012 ecoverin Macroremains by Man al Flotation and Sievin nline: htt : sas enn ed nmiller0 a ersFlot instr ctions2012 d .
assaney, M 2012 Enhancin blic Archaeolo y Thro h om-m nity Service earnin , in S eates, Mc avid and arman eds , The Oxford Handbook of Public Archaeology x ord, 414 440
hilli s, 200 An vervie o the eramics , in ra s i ed , Survey and Excavations between Old Dongola and Ez-Zuma arsa ,
4ssell, A 2014 Art and Archaeolo y: The Ábhar agus Meon Exhibition Series , in A ochrane and A ssell eds , Art and Archaeology. Collaborations, Conversations and Criticisms ne orld Archaeolo y e or , 1 1
Shan s, M and Tilley 1 2 Re-constructing Archaeology. ondonSim son, F and illiams 200 Eval atin omm nity Archaeolo y
in the U , Public Archaeology 2 , 0S ldb l, T 201 orin and So ndin s in the El rr Settle-
ment , Sudan & Nubia 1 , 50 54Th rmond, A , Stern, M G Abdelsalam, ielson, M M
Abdeen and E in 2004 The bian S ell , Journal of African Earth Sciences , 401 40
T lly, G 200 Ten ears n: The omm nity Archaeolo y ro ect seir, E y t , Treballs d’Arqueologia 15,
ra s i, 201 Stron holds on the Middle ile: bian Fortifica-tions o the Middle A es , in F esse and o el eds , The Power of
alls or ifi a ions in An ien Nor heas ern Afri a olo ne, 11 14
Plate 28. Production still image from the animated Deeper in the Pyra-mid by Melanie Jackson (2016). Using the methods of the artist and the archaeologist, Deeper in the Pyramid is an animated meditation on bodies, milk, prescient geometries and furious abstractions. The pyramid motif traverses ancient Kush to Tetra Pak’s contemporary
model for economic growth, an extraction of capital from populations situated deeper towards the base of the economic pyramid.
Please order these books from the Honorary Secretary at the Society’s address or via the website http://www.sudarchrs.org.uk/resources/publications/
Gabati A Meroitic, Post-Meroitic and Medieval Cemetery in Central Sudan. Vol. 2: The Physical Anthropology
by Margaret A. Judd, with a contribution by David N. EdwardsLondon 2012ii ages, ables, figures, ma s, olour la es SBN
The cemetery at Gabati, dating from the Meroitic, post-Meroitic and Christian periods was excavated in advance of road construction in 1994-5, the detailed report being published by SARS in 1998. This complementary volume provides an in-depth analysis of the human remains A final cha ter, a contrib tion rom avid Ed ards, the field director o the ro ect, in con nction ith dd, assesses the archaeological results in light of continuing research in the region over the last decade and more.
Retail price £33. Available to members at the discount price of £29. (p&p UK £4.90, Europe £9, rest of world £15)
1
GABATI
A MEROITIC, POST-MEROITIC AND
MEDIEVAL CEMETERY IN CENTRAL
SUDAN
Volume 2
M. A. Judd
THE PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
The West Bank Survey from Faras to Gemai 1. Sites of Early Nubian, Middle Nubian and Pharaonic Ageby H.-Å. NordströmLondon, 2014
iii ages, ables, la es, figuresSBN
This volume completes the three-volume series devoted to the results of the survey and excavations conducted by the Sudan Antiquities Service between 1960 and 1963 during the UNESCO-sponsored Cam-paign to Save the Monuments of Nubia. The author reports in detail on the Pharaonic and earlier sites, the excavation of many of which he personally directed. Also heavily involved in the publication of the Scandinavian Joint Expedition’s work on the opposite bank, he is ide-ally placed to provide a synthesis of the evidence for human activity in this part of the Nile Valley, now largely inundated.
Retail price £35. Available to members at the discounted price of £30 (p&p UK £4.90, Europe £9, Worldwide £15)
THE SUDAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH SOCIETY ISSN NUMBER 1369-5770
Pyramids in the North Cemetery at Meroe photographed by Tony Bonner, a member of the University of Khartoum’s excavation team working in the town under the direction of Prof. Peter Shinnie, December 1968-March 1969
(photo: SARS Bonner Archive, BON S003.08).
The North Cemetery at Meroe with Pyramid Beg.N.8 in the foreground, December 1968-March 1969 (photo: SARS Bonner Archive, BON S001.23).
Recommended