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Types of Personality Disorders
• A) Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety
• B) Disorders in relating with others
• C) Disorders in thinking and lack of contact with reality
• All disorders have some of these characteristics
10 Personality Disorders
• Dependent Personality Disorder• Avoidant Personality Disorder• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
• Paranoid Personality Disorder• Histrionic Personality Disorder• Antisocial Personality Disorder• Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Schizoid Personality Disorder
Score
• 8 = T
• 48 = T
• 69 = T
• 71 = T
• 76 = T
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• A pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior
• They generally engage in eccentric behavior and have difficulty concentrating for long periods of time.
• Like people with schizoid PD, those with shizotypal PD tend to be socially isolated, be uncomfortable in interpersonal relationships and have a restricted range of emotions
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• Their speech is often over elaborate and difficult to follow i.e. tangential, vague.
• May have inappropriate emotional responses (or none at all)
• May be easily distracted, become fixated, or lost in fantasy
• Many believe that schizotypal personality disorder represents mild schizophrenia, but SPDs maintain basic contact with reality
Score
• 7 = T
• 22 = T
• 30 = T
• 41 = T
• 72 = T
Borderline Personality Disorder• A pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships,
self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity
• Instability– Mood instability with bouts of severe
depression, anxiety or anger– Unstable self concept with periods of extreme
self-doubt and others of grandiose importance– Unstable interpersonal relationships – from
idealizing to despising (and promiscuity)
Borderline Personality Disorder
• A tendency towards impulsive and self-destructive behaviors, and out of control emotions
Borderline Personality Disorder
• Five of the following:
• 1) Rapid mood shifts
• 2) Uncontrollable anger
• 3) Self-destructive acts
Borderline Personality Disorder
• 4) Self-damaging behaviors
• 5) Identity disturbance
• 6) Chronic emptiness
Borderline Personality Disorder
• 7) Unstable relationships– View people as all good or all bad
• 8) Fear of abandonment
• 9) Confusion and feelings of unreality
How is a diagnosis made?
DSM-IV – Categorical Approach
• Based on the medical model
• Disorder is present or absent
Advantages of Categorical System
• Ease in conceptualization and communication
• Familiarity
• Consistency with clinical decision making
Assumptions of the DSM
• Personality pathology is suited to be classified into discrete types or disorders
• These disorders group themselves into three clusters
• The diagnostic criteria naturally fall into the particular personality disorders to which they have been assigned
Empirical Evidence doesn’t support these assumptions!!!
Disadvantages of the Categorical Approach
• Arbitrary cut-off points
• Loss of important information
• Will likely utilize a dimensional approach in DSM-V
Alternative conceptualisations of Personality Disorders
• Personality disorders can also be considered within the context of personality
• Provides a better understanding of each PD
– Five Factor Model– Interpersonal Circumplex
Personality Disorder N E A C O
Schizotypal High Low High
Schizoid Low Low
Paranoid High Low
Histrionic High High High High
Narcissistic High Low High High
Personality Disorder N E A C O
Antisocial High High Low Low
Borderline High Low Low
Dependent High High
Avoidant High Low
Obsessive-Compulsive High Low High Low
Interpersonal Circumplex Model
• Posits that all personality can be captured by two primary dimensions:
– Nurturance versus cold-heartedness
– Dominance versus submission
Personality
• An individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior
First Question I asked
• What do we know when we know a person?
How can you figure out WHO a person is?
• Ask the person (S data)
• Ask others about the person (I data)
• Look at the persons life (L data)
• Look at what the person does (B data)
• “BLIS”
A more “structured” way to find out “who a person is”
• Standardized Tests!
• Rational Method
• Projective Tests
• Factor Analytic Method
• Empirical Method
• Combination of Methods
Basic Approaches
• Trait Approach
• The Single-Trait Approach– e.g., authoritarinsim, self-
monitoring, etc.
• The Many-Trait Approach– e.g., CAQ
• The Essential-Trait Approach– e.g., The Big Five
• The Simultaneous-Trait Approach– e.g., circumplex, sphere
Basic Approaches
• Biological / Evolutionary Approach
• Behavior Genetics– Twin Studies
• Evolutionary Psychology– “The blind watchmaker”– Jealousy– Attraction– Exotic becomes erotic
Basic Approaches
• Psychoanalytic Approach
• Freud– Psychosexual development– Parts of the mind
• Defense mechanisms• Subliminal Messages• “Slips of the tongue”• Humor
Basic Approaches• Psychoanalytic Approach
• Neo Freudians
• Carl Jung– Collective UCS, Archetypes,
Dreams
• Alfred Adler– Striving for superiority, Birth order
• Karen Horney– Basic anxiety, Coping with anxiety
(moving toward, away, against)
• Erik Erickson– Development across the lifespan
Basic Approaches
• Phenomenological Approach
• Philosophical roots– Free will, awareness,
meaning
• Carl Rogers– Self-Actualization,
Conditions of worth
• Abraham Maslow– Hierarcy or Needs, Self-
Actualization and Flow
Basic Approaches
• Behaviorism
• Philosophical roots– Empiricism,
Associationism, Hedonism
• Habituation
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
Basic Approaches
• Social Learning Theory
• Dollard and Miller – Habit Hierarchy, Approach-
Avoidance Conflict, Defense Mechanisms
• Rotter– BP, Expectancy, Locus of
Control, RV
• Bandura– Efficacy, Observational
Learning, Reciprocal Determinism
Basic Approaches
• Cognitive Approach
• Perceptual processes– Priming, aggression, rejection
sensitivity
• Self processes– Self-schemas
• Strategic and motivational processes– Optimistic vs. pessimistic,
Nomothetic Goals, Idiographic Goals
First Question I asked
• What do we know when we know a person?
• Each approach presents a different way to “think” about personality.
• Each approach asks and answers different questions.
• You must decide which approach is most valid!– This is what makes PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY fun!
Applications of Personality
• Personality Disorders
• Modern personality research– Person x Situation– Personality Romantic Relationships
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