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Constituents of Emerging Concern: Another
Environmental Threat or aPolicy Opportunity?
R. Rhodes Trussell
Gloyna Distinguished Lecture
John Hopkins University, 06
Outline of talkOutline of talk
�Historical perspective on emerging compounds of concern and the role of technology
�The current US model for risk management and its problems
�The need for change
�The precautionary principle
�A case study on emerging compounds in domestic wastewater
�Historical perspective on emerging compounds of concern and the role of technology
�The current US model for risk management and its problems
�The need for change
�The precautionary principle
�A case study on emerging compounds in domestic wastewater
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:�45 year history:
19701970 19801980 19901990 20002000
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:�45 year history:
19701970 19801980 19901990 200020001962
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:�45 year history:
19701970 19801980 19901990 200020001962
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:�45 year history:
wrote about the dangers of pesticides
like dieldrin, toxaphene, heptachlor
and DDT
19701970 19801980 19901990 20002000
wrote about the dangers of pesticides
like dieldrin, toxaphene, heptachlor
and DDT
1962
Saw implications beyond these to
other man-made chemicals
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:�45 year history:
19701970 19801980 19901990 200020001962
The book was very controversial
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:�45 year history:
Carson came out of the review with
her reputation in tact
President Kennedy had a Science
Advisory Committee review the issue
19701970 19801980 19901990 200020001962
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:�45 year history:
“Sometimes, technological progress is so
fundamentally at odds with natural processes that it
must be curtailed”.
19701970 19801980 19901990 200020001962
“Sometimes, technological progress is so
fundamentally at odds with natural processes that it
must be curtailed”.
And so began the struggle between those in the
environmental movement and those in industry
pursuing a higher standard of living through
investment in technical innovation
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:�45 year history:
Rachel may have been influenced by Jacque Ellul, a French Philosopher who warned of “La Technique”Rachel may have been influenced by Jacque Ellul, a French Philosopher who warned of “La Technique”
� Technological Society, 1964
� Ellul saw the technological society as a corruption or degradation of man’s moral character
� Ellul sees mankind’s fascination (obsession) with technology as resulting in a redirection of our collective intellectual resources to the further development of more technology
�We focus on doing what we do more efficiently and more productively without concerning ourselves with whether we are doing the right thing
�We do so because we are fascinated with the technology itself
� Instead of doing deep thinking and authoring a modern edition of Plato’s Republic
�We spend our time authoring the software for Grand theft auto
� Technological Society, 1964
� Ellul saw the technological society as a corruption or degradation of man’s moral character
� Ellul sees mankind’s fascination (obsession) with technology as resulting in a redirection of our collective intellectual resources to the further development of more technology
�We focus on doing what we do more efficiently and more productively without concerning ourselves with whether we are doing the right thing
�We do so because we are fascinated with the technology itself
� Instead of doing deep thinking and authoring a modern edition of Plato’s Republic
�We spend our time authoring the software for Grand theft auto
� Carson sees man’s obsession with technology as resulting in a redirection of the earth’s resources to make more technology
� Carson sees man’s obsession with technology as resulting in a redirection of the earth’s resources to make more technology
Rachel was probably influenced by Jacque Ellul, a French Philosopher who warned of technology
Rachel was probably influenced by Jacque Ellul, a French Philosopher who warned of technology
� A process that moves forward in spite of long-term consequences to the the ecosystem
� Ellul spoke of the impact that our focus on “la technique” is having on our moral character
� Carson spoke of the impact that our focus on “la technique” was having on our compatibility with the ecosystem
� A process that moves forward in spite of long-term consequences to the the ecosystem
� Ellul spoke of the impact that our focus on “la technique” is having on our moral character
� Carson spoke of the impact that our focus on “la technique” was having on our compatibility with the ecosystem
� Ellul:�We are spending more and more time trying to understand“how” to do things
� Rather than spending time trying to understand which thingswe should do
� Carson:�We are spending more and more time trying understand how to do things more efficiently
� Rather than spending time trying to understand how we can do things in a way that is compatible with Mother Nature
� Ellul:�We are spending more and more time trying to understand“how” to do things
� Rather than spending time trying to understand which thingswe should do
� Carson:�We are spending more and more time trying understand how to do things more efficiently
� Rather than spending time trying to understand how we can do things in a way that is compatible with Mother Nature
Rachel was probably influenced by Jacque Ellul, a French Philosopher who warned of technology
Rachel was probably influenced by Jacque Ellul, a French Philosopher who warned of technology
So let’s return to our timeline of emerging concerns
19701970 19801980 19901990 20002000
National Organics Reconnaissance Survey (NORS) - looking
for organics in drinking water
19741974
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:�45 year history:
19701970 19801980 19901990 20002000
NORS
SDWA - protect our drinking water from man-
made chemicals
19741974
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:�45 year history:
19701970 19801980 19901990 20002000
NORS
SDWA
Discovery of THMs - SOC’s created during chlorination of
drinking water
19741974
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:�45 year history:
�45 year history:
�The Disinfection By-Products Story
�45 year history:
�The Disinfection By-Products Story
19701970 19801980 19901990 20002000
19821982THMTHM
RuleRule
1974 Discover
THMs
19981998DBP Rule DBP Rule
Stage IStage I
20062006DBP Rule DBP Rule
Stage IIStage II
20012001NDMA NDMA
DiscoveredDiscovered
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:
�Manufactured chemicals: where they aren’t supposed to be
�45 year history:
�Manufactured chemicals: where they aren’t supposed to be
19701970 19801980 19901990 20002000
Late 70Late 70’’ssVOCVOC’’ss
EverywhereEverywhere
1978 NOMS
19861986VOCs VOCs RegulatedRegulated
SARASARA
CA Prop. 65CA Prop. 65
SDWA AmendmentsSDWA Amendments
19951995MTBEMTBE
1974 NORS
{
19971997PerchloratePerchlorate
1976NRDC Consent
Decree
65 “classes of
chemicals”
19771977CWA CWA
Amendments 129 Amendments 129
PriorityPriority PollutantsPollutants
NPDESNPDES Superfund1977 DBCP
20012001Stockholm Stockholm
ConventionConvention
DirtyDirty dozendozen
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
19801980CERCLACERCLA
�45 year history:
�Manufactured chemicals: new implications?
�45 year history:
�Manufactured chemicals: new implications?
19951995 20002000 20052005
Colburn et al., Endocrine Distrupters
1996
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
19951995 20002000 20052005
Colburn et al., Endocrine Distrupters
1996
The idea was that some man-made
chemicals may mimic natural hormones
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:
�Manufactured chemicals: new implications?
�45 year history:
�Manufactured chemicals: new implications?
19951995 20002000 20052005
Science not equal to that of Rachel Carson
1996
Nevertheless, an element of truth
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:
�Manufactured chemicals: new implications?
�45 year history:
�Manufactured chemicals: new implications?
19951995 20002000 20052005
Perhaps the message is that we aren’t
through learning new things
1996
Strongest evidence is for feminization of fish
downstream of sewage outfalls (Sumpter &
Jobling ‘95)
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
Emerging constituents is not a new issue
�45 year history:
�Manufactured chemicals: new implications?
�45 year history:
�Manufactured chemicals: new implications?
Some Classes of Today’s Emerging Constituents of Concern
Some Classes of Today’s Emerging Constituents of Concern
�Herbicides (Atrazine, Metolachlor)
�Person care products (DEET, Triclosan)
�Household chemicals (Caffiene, detergents)
�Industrial chemicals (EDTA, Bisphenol a)
�Herbicides (Atrazine, Metolachlor)
�Person care products (DEET, Triclosan)
�Household chemicals (Caffiene, detergents)
�Industrial chemicals (EDTA, Bisphenol a)
�Pharmacueticals �Metabolic regulators (Diclofenac, Gemfibrozil)
�Hormone substitutes (EE2)
�Antibiotics (Sulfamethoxychlor, Erythromycin)
�Others (Carbazmazepine, Iopromide)
�Microbes (parasites, adenovirus, norovirus)��
�Nanoparticles
�Pharmacueticals �Metabolic regulators (Diclofenac, Gemfibrozil)
�Hormone substitutes (EE2)
�Antibiotics (Sulfamethoxychlor, Erythromycin)
�Others (Carbazmazepine, Iopromide)
�Microbes (parasites, adenovirus, norovirus)��
�Nanoparticles
Some Classes of Today’s Emerging Constituents of Concern
Some Classes of Today’s Emerging Constituents of Concern
What should we do about it?
What does it mean?
First, not sorting all out soon.
On the way to a new age
Impacts on a whole new scale
In this new age, with impacts at this
scale, any chemical which is persistent
in the environment should give us
pause
What is our decision-making process today?
The Current U.S. Model for Environmental Management is Risk-based
The Current U.S. Model for Environmental Management is Risk-based
From the NRC in the Mid 1980sFrom the NRC in the Mid 1980s
Hazard
Identification
Dose-
Response
Assessment
Exposure
Assessment
Risk
Characterization
Risk
Management
(action)
The Current U.S. Model for Environmental Management is Risk-based
The Current U.S. Model for Environmental Management is Risk-based
From the NRC in the Mid 1980sFrom the NRC in the Mid 1980s
Hazard
Identification
Dose-
Response
Assessment
Exposure
Assessment
Risk
Characterization
Risk
Management
(action)
The Current U.S. Model for Environmental Management is Risk-based
The Current U.S. Model for Environmental Management is Risk-based
� This process was originally designed to assess likely health effects in humans
� This process was originally designed to assess likely health effects in humans
From the NRC in the Mid 1980sFrom the NRC in the Mid 1980s
Hazard
Identification
Dose-
Response
Assessment
Exposure
Assessment
Risk
Characterization
Risk
Management
(action)
The Current U.S. Model for Environmental Management is Risk-based
The Current U.S. Model for Environmental Management is Risk-based
� This is a carefully reasoned process based on the execution of what Kuhn called normal science - science that operates within our currently-accepted paradigms about how the world works
� This is a carefully reasoned process based on the execution of what Kuhn called normal science - science that operates within our currently-accepted paradigms about how the world works
From the NRC in the Mid 1980sFrom the NRC in the Mid 1980s
Hazard
Identification
Dose-
Response
Assessment
Exposure
Assessment
Risk
Characterization
Risk
Management
(action)
The Current U.S. Model for Environmental Management is Risk-based
The Current U.S. Model for Environmental Management is Risk-based
� To use this process we have to get data:� Dose-response
� Occurrence
� To use this process we have to get data:� Dose-response
� Occurrence
From the NRC in the Mid 1980sFrom the NRC in the Mid 1980s
But problems have developed in applying risk-based managementBut problems have developed in applying risk-based management
� But hard, scientific data are not available (and won’t be)�We cannot directly measure health-effects in humans
�So we test outcomes in other animals
�We cannot make effects measurements with acceptable sensitivity�So we give the animals high doses
� And we use cross-species safety factors and multi-stage models to understand what the results mean�both are logical, neither is science
�We suspect that impacts resulting from exposure to one chemical may be affected by exposure to another�but we don’t understand these complexities well enough to include them in our risk assessments
� But hard, scientific data are not available (and won’t be)�We cannot directly measure health-effects in humans
�So we test outcomes in other animals
�We cannot make effects measurements with acceptable sensitivity�So we give the animals high doses
� And we use cross-species safety factors and multi-stage models to understand what the results mean�both are logical, neither is science
�We suspect that impacts resulting from exposure to one chemical may be affected by exposure to another�but we don’t understand these complexities well enough to include them in our risk assessments
But problems have developed in applying risk-based managementBut problems have developed in applying risk-based management
� But hard, scientific data are not available (and won’t be)
� But hard, scientific data are not available (and won’t be)� Most of the analytical methods we use to assess occurrence are target-specific� i.e. we only find what we look for
�Hence, we don’t know what we don’t know
� The analytical methods we do have are becoming increasingly sensitive�Increasingly we know something is present without knowing if its presence, at that level, is significant
� Most of the analytical methods we use to assess occurrence are target-specific� i.e. we only find what we look for
�Hence, we don’t know what we don’t know
� The analytical methods we do have are becoming increasingly sensitive�Increasingly we know something is present without knowing if its presence, at that level, is significant
But problems have developed in applying risk-based managementBut problems have developed in applying risk-based management
� It is not surprising that disagreements exist among members of the scientific community about how the data we do have should be interpreted
� Nor is it surprising that not everyone is in agreement about the significance of the risks identified
� The problem is even more complex when weexpand our horizon to consider impacts on the entire eco-sysytem
� It is not surprising that disagreements exist among members of the scientific community about how the data we do have should be interpreted
� Nor is it surprising that not everyone is in agreement about the significance of the risks identified
� The problem is even more complex when weexpand our horizon to consider impacts on the entire eco-sysytem
Meanwhile Meanwhile
�Change is coming at an increasingly rapid pace�Driven by population growth
�Driven by economic growth
�Potential new problems are out-strippingthe resources we have to address them
�Change is coming at an increasingly rapid pace�Driven by population growth
�Driven by economic growth
�Potential new problems are out-strippingthe resources we have to address them
Only during the last 100 years have there been enough of us to impact the global
environment in a profound way
Only during the last 100 years have there been enough of us to impact the global
environment in a profound way
0
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1945 RRT B.D.
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But the increase during my lifetime has been particularly profound
But the increase during my lifetime has been particularly profound
0
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Year
1945 RRT B.D.
Today 2007
0
2
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1945 RRT B.D.
Today 2007
But the increase during my lifetime has been particularly profound
But the increase during my lifetime has been particularly profound
0
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Year
1945 RRT B.D.
Today 2007
0
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Year
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Today 2007
Driven by technological innovation the world
economy has grown faster yet
But the increase during my lifetime has been particularly profound
But the increase during my lifetime has been particularly profound
But the increase during my lifetime has been particularly profound
But the increase during my lifetime has been particularly profound
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Year
1945 RRT B.D.
Today 2007
0
2
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Year
1945 RRT B.D.
Today 2007
The potential for unanticipated, but profound
impact is rapidly increasing every day
0
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Year
0
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4
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Year
Great environmental events as man’s population increases
Great environmental events as man’s population increases
The Plague
Waterborne disease
Oxygen depletion
in major rivers
LA SmogAcid rain
Hole in
O3 layer
Gulf
hypoxiaGlobal
warming
Mesopotamia
0
2
4
6
8
10
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Year
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Year
Great environmental events as man’s population increases
Great environmental events as man’s population increases
The Plague
Waterborne disease
Oxygen depletion
in major rivers
LA SmogAcid rain
Hole in
O3 layer
Gulf
hypoxiaGlobal
warming
Mesopotamia
Notice - the problems are becoming grander in scale
We need a new schemeWe need a new scheme
� Some European governments and international organizations are exploring what it would mean to apply a “Precautionary Principle” (PP)
� There are many definitions of the PP
� All include the idea of using guidelines to make decisions before the data required for scientific certainty are in
� Some European governments and international organizations are exploring what it would mean to apply a “Precautionary Principle” (PP)
� There are many definitions of the PP
� All include the idea of using guidelines to make decisions before the data required for scientific certainty are in
We need a new schemeWe need a new scheme
�In it’s most extreme form the PP:� Does not allow an action until there is proof that it will do no harm to human health or the environment
�Possible guidelines for the application of precaution� Substance is known to be toxic
� Evidence of adverse effects is accumulating
� Substance is persistent in the environment
� Substance accumulates in the food chain
� The devil is in the details
�In it’s most extreme form the PP:� Does not allow an action until there is proof that it will do no harm to human health or the environment
�Possible guidelines for the application of precaution� Substance is known to be toxic
� Evidence of adverse effects is accumulating
� Substance is persistent in the environment
� Substance accumulates in the food chain
� The devil is in the details
We need a new schemeWe need a new scheme
�The strength of the PP is that it results in earlier action
�The weakness of the PP is that investments are made before the proof is in
�Major resources could be diverted to some minor problems
�Minor resources could be diverted tosome major problems
�The strength of the PP is that it results in earlier action
�The weakness of the PP is that investments are made before the proof is in
�Major resources could be diverted to some minor problems
�Minor resources could be diverted tosome major problems
We need a new schemeWe need a new scheme
�It is time we (the U.S.) re-examined our approach
�A dialogue about the proper design of aPrecautionary Principle may be the right place to start
�It is time we (the U.S.) re-examined our approach
�A dialogue about the proper design of aPrecautionary Principle may be the right place to start
Contaminants in treated wastewater as an example
A quick thumbnail of what we know at this point
Data from several sources
Studies in Europe and in the US
List of 64 Compounds Often Found in Municipal EffluentsList of 64 Compounds Often Found in Municipal Effluents
Androstenedione, 17 α ethinyl estradiol, 17 β estradiol, estrone, bezafibrate, bisphenol A, nonylphenol, nonylphenol polyethoxylate, octylphenol, octylphenol polyethoxylate, polybrominatd diphenyl ethers
Aetominophen, amoxicillin, azithromycin, caffiene, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, clofobric acid, ethylenediamine tetra acetic aid, gemfibrozil, lipitor, metaprolol, salicylic acid
Androstenedione, 17 α ethinyl estradiol, 17 β estradiol, estrone, bezafibrate, bisphenol A, nonylphenol, nonylphenol polyethoxylate, octylphenol, octylphenol polyethoxylate, polybrominatd diphenyl ethers
Aetominophen, amoxicillin, azithromycin, caffiene, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, clofobric acid, ethylenediamine tetra acetic aid, gemfibrozil, lipitor, metaprolol, salicylic acid
Atrazine, coptosoanol, coyinine DEET, diazepasm, dichlotoptop, diclofenac, dilantin, erythromycin, estriol, fenofibrate, fluoranthene, galaxolide, hydrocodone, iopromide, ketoprofen
lincomycin, mecoprop, meprobamate, metolachlor, naproxen, NDMA, oxybenzene, pentoxifyline, phenacetine, primadone, progesterone, propranolol, roxithromycin, sulfathometaoxazole, TCEP, TDCPP, Testosterone, Tonalide, Triclozan, trimethoprim
Atrazine, coptosoanol, coyinine DEET, diazepasm, dichlotoptop, diclofenac, dilantin, erythromycin, estriol, fenofibrate, fluoranthene, galaxolide, hydrocodone, iopromide, ketoprofen
lincomycin, mecoprop, meprobamate, metolachlor, naproxen, NDMA, oxybenzene, pentoxifyline, phenacetine, primadone, progesterone, propranolol, roxithromycin, sulfathometaoxazole, TCEP, TDCPP, Testosterone, Tonalide, Triclozan, trimethoprim
Can we remove these in biological treatment?
Some examples from Clara et al., Institute for Water Quality, Vienna
University of Technology
Removal in ASP vs SRT
SRTs of 2, 10, 34, & 68
Ibuprofen (Advil)[Data from Clara et al., 2005]Ibuprofen (Advil)[Data from Clara et al., 2005]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 10 100
SRT, d
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 10 100
SRT, d
17 β Estradiolfemale Hormone
[Data from Clara et al., 2005]
17 β Estradiolfemale Hormone
[Data from Clara et al., 2005]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 10 100
SRT, d
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 10 100
SRT, d
Bisphenol a Antioxidant
[Data from Clara et al., 2005]
Bisphenol a Antioxidant
[Data from Clara et al., 2005]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 10 100
SRT, d
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 10 100
SRT, d
17 α Ethinylestradiol Synthetic hormone[Data from Clara et al., 2005]
17 α Ethinylestradiol Synthetic hormone[Data from Clara et al., 2005]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 10 100
SRT, d
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 10 100
SRT, d
DiclofenacLipid Regulator
[Data from Clara et al., 2005]
DiclofenacLipid Regulator
[Data from Clara et al., 2005]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 10 100
SRT, d
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 10 100
SRT, d
CarbamazepineAntiepileptic
[Data from Clara et al., 2005]
CarbamazepineAntiepileptic
[Data from Clara et al., 2005]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 10 100
SRT, d
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 10 100
SRT, d
�64 regularly found
�Treatment data on 38/64 (26 we know nothing)
�8/38 biodegradable @ SRT = 1d�Triclosan, aspirin, some musks
�23/38 biodegradable @ SRT = 10d�Estrogens, ibuprofen, acetominophen, caffeine, bisphenol A, some detergent metabolites, others
�15/38 not biodegradable @ SRT = 10d�DEET, EDTA, Clofobric acid, diclofenac, meprobamate, carbamazepine, primidone, sulfamethoxazole, several detergent metabolites, others
�64 regularly found
�Treatment data on 38/64 (26 we know nothing)
�8/38 biodegradable @ SRT = 1d�Triclosan, aspirin, some musks
�23/38 biodegradable @ SRT = 10d�Estrogens, ibuprofen, acetominophen, caffeine, bisphenol A, some detergent metabolites, others
�15/38 not biodegradable @ SRT = 10d�DEET, EDTA, Clofobric acid, diclofenac, meprobamate, carbamazepine, primidone, sulfamethoxazole, several detergent metabolites, others
The 64 Compounds:A Preliminary OverviewThe 64 Compounds:A Preliminary Overview
One possible approach to managing the risk of emerging constituents like
these
Recommendations for Municipal WW IndustryRecommendations for Municipal WW Industry
� Goal should be to understand and eliminate these compounds from W effluents
� Invest in surveys to find them
� Invest in SM for the ones often found
� Learn which are biodegradable
� Improve biological treatment to remove those
� Goal should be to understand and eliminate these compounds from W effluents
� Invest in surveys to find them
� Invest in SM for the ones often found
� Learn which are biodegradable
� Improve biological treatment to remove those
Recommendations for Municipal WW IndustryRecommendations for Municipal WW Industry
� Learn those that are not biodegradable
� Study their removal by other means
� If the treatment is affordable, put it in
� If the treatment is too costly, study their effects on the environment and public health
� If the effect is de minimis, monitor them
� If their effect is not de minimis
� Look for substitutes (like detergents)
� Find another place to put them
� Learn those that are not biodegradable
� Study their removal by other means
� If the treatment is affordable, put it in
� If the treatment is too costly, study their effects on the environment and public health
� If the effect is de minimis, monitor them
� If their effect is not de minimis
� Look for substitutes (like detergents)
� Find another place to put them
finis
Dirty Dozen - Stockholm Convention
Dirty Dozen - Stockholm Convention
�Aldrin
�Chlordane
�DDT
�Dieldrin
�Dioxins
�Endrin
�Aldrin
�Chlordane
�DDT
�Dieldrin
�Dioxins
�Endrin
�Furans
�Heptachlor
�Hexachlorobenzene
�Mirex
�PCBs
�Toxaphene
�Furans
�Heptachlor
�Hexachlorobenzene
�Mirex
�PCBs
�Toxaphene
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