Translations as a semantic knowledge source: word alignment and wordnet

Helge DyvikUniversity of Bergen

rett Sense 4 Hyperonyms: mat. Subsense (i) (Translation: food.) Synonyms: middag. Related words: føde, kosthold, matvare, næring. Subsense (ii) (Translation: dish.) Synonyms: fat, kar, måltid.

Related words: gryte, kopp, skål, tallerken.

Semantic representation?

repairing

agent object place timeinstrument

xyze [event(e) & boy'(e,x) & bicycle'(e,y) & garage'(e,z) & repair' (e,x,y) & in' (e, z)]

The boy is repairing the bicycle in the garage

NATURALLANGUAGEFRAGMENT

"A bikeis red"

Assignmentfunction

Translationfunction

LOGICALLANGUAGE∃ [ ( )x bike' x ∧

( )]red' x

MODELt f

The components of model-theoretic semantics

lekker

pretty

delicious

Norw Eng

lekker

pretty

delicious

Norw Eng

[lekker|pretty]

[lekker|delicious]

lekker

pretty

delicious

Norw Eng

[lekker|pretty]

[lekker|delicious]

[lekker|pretty]

[lekker|delicious][lekker|delicious]

1. Semantically closely related words tend to have strongly overlapping sets of translations.

2. Words with wide meanings tend to have a higher number of translations than words with narrow meanings.

3. If a word a is a hyponym of a word b (such as tasty of good, for example), then the possible translations of a will probably be a subset of the possible translations of b.

4. Contrastive ambiguity, i.e., ambiguity between two unrelated senses of a word, such as the two senses of the English noun bank (‘money institution’ and ‘riverside’), tends to be a historically accidental and idiosyncratic property of individual words. Hence we don't expect to find instances of the same contrastive ambiguity replicated by other words in the language or by words in other languages. (More precisely, we should talk about ambiguous phonological/graphic words here, since such ambiguity is normally analysed as homonymy and hence as involving two lemmas.)

5. Words with unrelated meanings will not share translations into another language, except in cases where the shared word is contrastively ambiguous between the two unrelated meanings. By assumption iv there should then be at most one such shared word.

Assumptions

rett(N)

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

måltidfat gryte kar kopp oppvask servise skål tallerken

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

mataftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

regelverk

bestemmelse bestilling kjennelse klasse kommando medalje måte orden befaling ordre påbud pålegg regel rekkefølge signal sjikt stand system vedtak forelegg løsning

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

regelverk

mulighet tilbud valgmulighet vei_å_gå

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

regelverk

juridisk jusmulighet tilbud valgmulighet vei_å_gå

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

argument begrunnelse berettigelse rettferdiggjøring

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

domstolsbehandling fylkesmann gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument sak slott ting domstol gård

begrunnelse berettigelse rettferdiggjøring

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

kurs undervisning

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

kurs undervisning

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

kurs undervisning

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

kurs undervisning

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

kurs undervisning

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

kurs undervisning

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

kurs undervisning

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

kurs undervisning

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

kurs undervisning

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

kurs undervisning

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

kurs undervisning

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

kurs undervisning

fordring påstand

rettighet

adgang

regelverk

adgang konsesjon

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

rett(N)

course

justification

right(N)

entitlement

option

special

supper

dishrett(N)4

rett(N)3

rett(N)2

rett(N)1

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2måltid1

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1

måltid1

næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1

måltid1

næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2

[mat1|supper2]

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1

måltid1

næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2

[mat1|supper2]

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1

måltid1

næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2

[mat1|supper2]

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1

måltid1

næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2

[mat1|supper2]

[mat1|supper2][mat1|supper2]

[mat1|supper2]

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1

måltid1

næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2

[mat1|supper2]

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1

måltid1

næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2

[mat1|supper2]

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1

måltid1

næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2

[mat1|supper2]

[middag1|food5]

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1

måltid1

næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2

[mat1|supper2]

[middag1|food5]

[middag1|food5][middag1|food5]

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1

måltid1

næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2

[mat1|supper2]

[middag1|food5]

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1

måltid1

næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2

[mat1|supper2]

[middag1|food5]

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1

måltid1

næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2

[mat1|supper2]

[middag1|food5]

aftens1aftensmat1

føde1

gryte1

kosthold1

kveldsmat1

lunsj1

matvare1

middag1

måltid1

næring2

rettN4

skål1tallerken1

barrel1 bowl1cup1

dinner1dish3

food5 evening_meal1

lunch1grocery1

nourishment1

plate1

specialN1

supper2

[mat1|supper2]

[middag1|food5]

aftens1[mat1|supper2][aftens1|evening_meal1]

aftensmat1[mat1|supper2][lunsj1|meal1][kveldsmat1|meal1][aftensmat1]

fat1[fat1|dish3]

føde1[middag1|food5][føde1|grocery1]

gryte1[måltid1|dish3][fat1|dish3][kar1|dish3][gryte1|bowl1]

kar1[kar1|dish3]

kosthold1[middag1|food5][kosthold1|diet1]

kveldsmat1[mat1|supper2][kveldsmat1|meal1]

lunsj1[mat1|supper2][lunsj1|meal1]

mat1[mat1|supper2]

matvare1[middag1|food5][føde1|grocery1][matvare1]

middag1[mat1|supper2][middag1|food5]

måltid1[mat1|supper2][måltid1|dish3]

næring2[middag1|food5][næring2|nourishment1][næring2|meat1]

skål1[måltid1|dish3][fat1|dish3][kar1|dish3][skål1|bowl1]

Extended basesOverlapThreshold: 0.1SynsetLimit: 5

rett Sense 1 (Translation: course.) Sense 2 (Translation: court, justification.) Hyperonyms: plass, ting. Synonyms: argument. Related words: begrunnelse, berettigelse. Sense 3 Hyperonyms: krav. Subsense (i) (Translation: option.) Synonyms: tilbud. Subsense (ii) (Translation: right.) Synonyms: adgang, rettighet. Sense 4 Hyperonyms: mat. Subsense (i) (Translation: food.) Synonyms: middag. Related words: føde, kosthold, matvare, næring. Subsense (ii) (Translation: dish.) Synonyms: fat, kar, måltid.

Inherited features

Own feature

Inherited features

Own feature

Denotation exceedsSynsetLimit in size

[mat1|supper2]:(aftens1 aftensmat1 kveldsmat1 lunsj1 mat1 middag1 måltid1 rett4)

[middag1|food5]:(føde1 kosthold1 matvare1 middag1 næring2 rett4)

[måltid1|dish3]:(gryte1 kopp1 måltid1 rett4 skål1 tallerken1)

[fat1|dish3]:(fat1 gryte1 kopp1 rett4 skål1 tallerken1)

[kar1|dish3]:(gryte1 kar1 kopp1 rett4 skål1 tallerken1)

[rettN4|specialN1]:(rett4)

Feature denotations:

Features assigned to sweet1:

[god3|good1]:(able1 accurate1 adept1 adequate2 affectionate1 all_right2 amiable2 appropriate5 attractive4 beautiful2 beneficial1 benign3 bright2 burning3 charming2 clean1 clear1 close3 comfortable2 comforting3 competent2 confident2 correct1 cozy2 cute1 decent2 delicious1 delightful2 detailed3 dishy1 easy1 efficient2 elegant3 excellent2 fair2 fancy1 favourable1 fine1 firmA1 first-class3 first-rate2 fit3 fortunate1 fresh3 friendly2 full2 genuine2 good1 handsome2 happy3 healthy2 high3 hot2 joyful2 kind1 kindly1 long3 lovely2 lucky2 magnificent3 marvellous1 neat2 nice2 okay1 peaceful1 perfect3 placid2 pleasant1 pleased2 pleasing1 pleasurable1 plentiful1 plenty1 polite2 positive1 pretty2 proficient1 quite_certain1 real2 reassuring2 respectable3 right2 ripe1 safe2 satisfactory1 satisfying1 secure2 sizeable1 smart2 smooth3 soft2 solid2 sound2 spectacular2 steady1 strong3 successful2 suited1 superb2 superior5 sure1 sweet1 talented2 thorough1 tidy1 well2 whole2 wholesome1 wonderful3 worthy2)

[fin2|nice2]: (attractive4 beautiful2 breathtaking2 charming2 comfortable2 cute1 delicate3 dishy1 easy1 elegant3 enchanting1 excellent2 fancy1 fine1 first-class3 gentle3 glorious4 graceful2 handsome2 impressive2 lovely2 magnificent3 marvellous1 neat2 nice2 okay1 perfect3 pleasurable1 polite2 pretty2 pure2 slight3 smart2 soft2 splendid3 sweet1 thin2 wonderful3)

[pen1|gentle3]:(attractive4 beautiful2 charming2 clean1 cute1 dishy1 elegant3 enchanting1 fancy1 fine1 first-class3 formal1 gentle3 graceful2 handsome2 lovely2 neat2 pleasant1 polite2 pretty2 soft2 sweet1 tidy1)

The feature denotations:

[vakker1|soft2]:(attractive4 charming2 cute1 delightful2 dishy1 enchanting1 fair2 fancy1 graceful2 handsome2 lovely2 magnificent3 mild2 ornate2 pleasant1 pleasurable1 pretty2 soft2 sweet1)

[snill1|pleasant1]:(all_right2 amiable2 benign3 friendly2 good-humoured1 good-natured3 jolly1 kind1 kindly1 mild3 pleasant1 pleasing1 polite2 smiling2 sweet1)

[deilig1|splendid3]:(beautiful2 charming2 cute1 enchanting1 delicious1 delightful2 pleasureable1 splendid3 sweet1)

[frisk4|sweet1]:(all_right2 brisk5 eager2 fit3 fresh3 healthy2 new1 pert2 sweet1 well2)

[blid3|sweet1]:(amiable2 blithe3 cheerful4 cheery1 good-humoured1 good-natured3 jolly1 kind1 kindly1 merry1 mild3 smiling2 sweet1)

(1) A hyperonym of s is a sense which has an o-feature with a denotation greater than SynsetLimit which is inherited by s (i.e., is an i-feature of s).

(2) A synonym of s is a sense which is not a hyperonym or a hyponym of s and furthermore either (a) has an o-feature with a denotation less than or equal to SynsetLimit which is inherited by s, or (b) has inherited one of s's o-features f iff the denotation of f is less than or equal to SynsetLimit, or (c) shares two or more features with s.

(3) A related word of s is a sense which is not a hyperonym, a synonym or a hyponym of s, and which is denoted by one of s’s i-features whose denotation is less than or equal to SynsetLimit.

(4) A hyponym of s is a sense which has inherited one of s's o-features f iff the denotation of f is greater than SynsetLimit.

Principles of Thesaurus Derivation

a b c d e f g

Overlap Degree: Examples

0 0.143

0.833 1

[vakker1|soft2]

[snill1|pleasant1]

[deilig1|splendid3]

[frisk4|sweet1]

[blid3|sweet1]

attractive4 delightful2 dishy1 fair2 fancy1 graceful2

handsome2 lovely2 magnificent3 mild2 ornate2 pretty2 soft2

charming2 cute1 enchanting1 pleasurable1

all_right2benign3 friendly2 pleasing1 polite2

pleasant1

beautiful2 delicious1 delightful2 splendid3

all_right2 brisk5eager2 fit3 fresh3 healthy2

new1 pert2 well2

blithe3 cheerful4 cheery1 merry1amiable2 good-humoured1good-natured3 jolly1 kind1

kindly1 mild3 smiling2

Intersecting feature denotations:

Version I:Extended basesOverlapThreshold: 0.05SynsetLimit: 20

sweet Hyperonyms: gentle, nice, good. Subsense (i) (Translation: blid, deilig, fin, god, pen, snill, vakker.) Synonyms: amiable, amused, blithe, cheerful, cheery, easygoing, good-humoured, good-natured, jolly, kind, kindly, merry, mild, pleasant, smiling, soft, splendid. Related words: all_right, attractive, beautiful, benign, charming, cute, delicious, delightful, dishy, enchanting, fair, fancy, friendly, graceful, handsome, lovely, magnificent, ornate, picturesque, pleasing, pleasurable, polite, pretty. Subsense (ii) (Translation: frisk.)Synonyms: all_right, brisk, eager, fit, fresh, healthy, new, pert, well.

Version II:Extended basesOverlapThreshold: 0.1SynsetLimit: 20

sweet Hyperonyms: gentle, nice, good. Subsense (i) (Translation: blid, snill.) Synonyms: amiable, amused, blithe, cheerful, cheery, easygoing, good-humoured, good-natured, jolly, kind, kindly, merry, mild, pleasant, smiling. Related words: all_right, benign, friendly, pleasing, polite. Subsense (ii) (Translation: frisk.) Synonyms: all_right, brisk, eager, fit, fresh, healthy, new, pert, well. Subsense (iii) (Translation: deilig, fin, god, pen, vakker.) Synonyms: soft, splendid. Related words: attractive, beautiful, charming, cute, delicious, delightful, dishy, enchanting, fair, fancy, graceful, handsome, lovely, magnificent, mild, ornate, picturesque, pleasant, pleasurable, pretty.

Version III:Extended basesOverlapThreshold: 0.1SynsetLimit: 13

sweet Hyperonyms: pleasant, soft, gentle, nice, good. Subsense (i) (Translation: blid, snill.) Hyponyms: amiable, amused, blithe, cheerful, cheery, easygoing, good-humoured, good-natured, jolly, kind, kindly, merry, mild, smiling. Subsense (ii) (Translation: frisk.) Synonyms: all_right, brisk, eager, fit, fresh, healthy, new, pert, well. Subsense (iii) (Translation: deilig, fin, god, pen, vakker.) Synonyms: splendid. Related words: beautiful, charming, cute, delicious, delightful, enchanting, pleasurable.

Version IV:Extended basesOverlapThreshold: 0.1SynsetLimit: 25

sweet Hyperonyms: nice, good. Subsense (i) (Translation: blid, snill.) Synonyms: amiable, amused, blithe, cheerful, cheery, easygoing, good-humoured, good-natured, jolly, kind, kindly, merry, mild, pleasant, smiling. Related words: all_right, benign, friendly, pleasing, polite. Subsense (ii) (Translation: frisk.) Synonyms: all_right, brisk, eager, fit, fresh, healthy, new, pert, well. Subsense (iii) (Translation: deilig, fin, god, pen, vakker.) Synonyms: attractive, beautiful, charming, cute, delightful, dishy, enchanting, fancy, gentle, graceful, handsome, lovely, mild, picturesque, pleasant, pleasurable, pretty, soft, splendid. Related words: clean, delicious, elegant, fair, fine, first-class, formal, magnificent, neat, ornate, polite, tidy.

Domesticating

The Wild Word Web

Translations as a semantic knowledge source: word alignment and wordnet

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