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Table 13-1
Structure of RNA polymerases
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Transcription phases
Sigma 70 promoters
Transcription start site
Frequency of nucleotides in various sigma 70 promoters
Table 13-1
Bacterial RNA polymerase holoenzyme
Sigma subunit
Promoter binding by the bacterial RNA polymeraserequires a sigma subunit
Binding of sigma 70 to promoter elements
Carboxy terminal domain Non- template domain
Transcription phases
Sigma 70 promotes melting of DNA by flipping twobases out of the double helix
The open complex and its channels
Models for abortive transcription
The elongation process
Figure 12.13 Genomes 3 (© Garland Science 2007)
Cleavage is promotedby proteins GreA and GreB
The rho protein is required for rho-dependenttermination of transcription in bacteria
Figure 12.7 Genomes 3 (© Garland Science 2007)
Rho-independent transcription termination requires a sequence of dyad symmetry followed by 8 A/T bp
Disruption of the ternary DNA-RNA-RNA polymerasecomplex by a termination stem-loop structure
Table 13-1
Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters are complex
Table 13-2
Initiation of transcriptionat RNA polymerase IIpromoters
The TATA-binding protein bends the DNA
TBP recruits TFIIB to the promoter
TFIIB
TBP
The preinitiation complex interacts with activatorsand chromatin modeling factors via a mediator complex
Mediator complexes consist of many subunits thatprobably interact with different activators
Phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain tail is required for promoter escape of RNA polymerase II
Elongation factors increase the processivity ofRNA polymerases
FACT disassembles and assembles nucleosomesduring transcription
FACT
RNA processing proteins are attached to the CTDtail of RNA polymerase II
Addition of a 5’ cap occurs after promoterescape
RNA processing proteins are attached to the CTDtail of RNA polymerase II
Termination of transcriptionis linked to polyadenylationof transcripts
Two models for termination of transcription in eukaryotes
Table 11.3 Genomes 3 (© Garland Science 2007)
Elements in RNA polymerase I promoters
(RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA genes)
Elements in RNA polymerase III promoters
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