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Effects of traffic calming measures on road traffic noise
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Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
lel@vd.dk
The role of traffic flow and traffic calming measures
Results of SILENCE WP H1
Lars Ellebjerg Danish Road Institute
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
2
Traffic volume - noise effect of reducing traffic volume
Reduction in traffic volume Reduction in noise (LAeq)
10 % 0.5 dB
20 % 1.0 dB
30 % 1.6 dB
40 % 2.2 dB
50 % 3.0 dB
75 % 6.0 dB
Source: H. Bendtsen et al., 2004
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
vehicle speed in km/h
avera
ge L
max in d
B(A
)
cars
LDV
public transport bus
HDV <= 3 axles
HDV > 3 axles
motorcycles
mopeds
Traffic composition - noise emissions from various vehicles
Source: H. Steven, 2005
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Speed - noise effect of reducing speed
Reduction in speed (km/h)
Noise reduction (LAE, dB) - light vehicles
Noise reduction (LAE, dB) - heavy vehicles
130 to 120 1.0 -
120 to 110 1.1 -
110 to 100 1.2 -
100 to 90 1.3 1.0
90 to 80 1.5 1.1
80 to 70 1.7 1.2
70 to 60 1.9 1.4
60 to 50 2.3 1.7
50 to 40 2.8 2.1
40 to 30 3.6 2.7
Source: B. Andersen, 2003
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
vehicle speed in km/h
max.
pass b
y l
evel
in d
B(A
), p
rop
& r
oll
ing
no
ise
acceleration, gear 1
acceleration, gear 2
acceleration, gear 3
acceleration, gear 4
acceleration, gear 5
rolling noise
mid size car
Propulsion and rolling noise
Source: H. Steven, 2005
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Driving pattern - effect of accelerations vs. steady speed
Source: H. Steven, 2005
Vehicle category At 30 km/h At 50 km/h
Car +2.0 +1.4
Light goods vehicle +3.5 +2.3
HGV, Pn< 75 kW +4.4 +3.5
HGV, 75 < Pn < 150 +4.4 +3.6
HGV, 150 < Pn < 250 +3.5 +3.0
HGV, Pn ≥ 250 kW +3.5 +2.7
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Up to 4 dB LAeq reduction
Up to 7 dB LAmax reduction
Traffic calming
Highly dependent on:
• Traffic composition
• Speed
• Road layout
• Choice of measures
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Narrow cushions
Heavy vehicles:
Up to 2 dB LAmax
increase
Wide cushions
Heavy vehicles:
Up to 10 dB LAeq and 8
dB LAmax increase
Humps and cushions
Flat-top humps
Heavy vehicles:
Up to 8 dB LAeq
increase
Round-top humps
Heavy vehicles:
Up to 8 dB LAeq
increase at speeds
higher than 25 km/h
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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If effect on trucks
No effect on cars
If effect on cars
Trucks cannot pass
Noise effect determined by speed effect
If road is narrowed to one lane, braking and accelerating vehicles may cause noise and annoyance
Chicanes
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Mini-roundabouts
Need for further studies of:
• Effect on noise from heavy vehicles
• Influence of roundabout design
Speed reductions
Less braking and accelerating
Up to 4 dB LAeq reduction
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Gateways
• Raise awareness rather than reduce speed
• Usually used in combination with other measures
• May support the speed reducing effect of other measures
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Junctions
Types of junctions –Roundabouts, crossings
–Signalization, stop sign, right-of-way, priority to the right
Signalization –Green waves, “all red”, “main green”
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Up to 4 dB LAeq reduction
Roundabouts - compared with other intersection layouts
Need for further studies of influence of roundabout design
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Junction type and driving pattern
Tests of the effect of driving pattern in various types of junctions in SILENCE:
• Driving patterns: eco-driving, normal and aggressive
• Test with one driver in one passenger car
Results • No difference between various types of junctions!
• Eco-driving vs. normal driving: 5-600 rpm lower engine speed 3 dB(A) lower external noise
• Normal vs. aggressive driving: 1000 rpm lower engine speed 6 dB(A) lower external noise
• Maximum accelerations recorded: eco: 1 m/s2 normal: 2 m/s2
aggressive: 3 m/s2
Source: T. Berge, 2007
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Calming green waves
Speed reduction: 15 km/h
LAeq reduction: 2.5 - 3 dB
Source: Ellenberg and Bedeaux, 1999
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Reducing speed limit
with interactive signs
Speed reduction:
5-10 km/h (up to 20 km/h)
Noise reduction:
1-2 dB (up to 3 dB) LAeq
Reducing speed limit
With static signs
Speed reduction:
0-3 km/h
Noise reduction:
0 dB LAeq
(1-3 dB if enforced through
massive police control or
ATC)
Speed restrictions
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Noise dependent speed restrictions in Gleisdorf
Source: Bendtsen et al., 2004
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Results from
London and Stockholm:
0 dB LAeq
Traffic volumes decrease, but speed goes up!
Congestion charging
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Bans on trucks and/or motorcycles
Effect on LAeq depends on the percentage of the
total traffic volume which is trucks/MCs
Night-time restrictions
Will reduce number
of noise peaks
during the night
Source: Griefahn, 1985
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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City logistics
Unlikely to significantly reduce the overall noise levels, but it may reduce the number of peaks
Reduced annoyance and/or sleep disturbance
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Conclusions
Reducing traffic volume
–Effective on minor roads
–Difficult/”impossible” on major roads
Changing traffic composition
– Little effect on LAeq-levels
–May reduce peaks and thus annoyance and sleep disturbance
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Conclusions 2
Speed reductions
–Humps and chicanes primarily on minor roads
– Interactive/variable signs
–Automatic traffic control and/or police enforcement
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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Conclusions 3
Driving pattern
–Roundabouts
–Calming green waves?
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
lel@vd.dk
Thank you for your attention!
Training Workshop Warsaw, 14 November 2007
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References
• Andersen, Bent, 2003. Støjudsendelse fra biler på vejnettet. Kgs. Lyngby: Danish
Transport Research Institute. Report 2. (English summary) Available from
http://www.trm.dk/graphics/Synkron-Library/DTF/PDF/Rapporter/rap0203.pdf.
• Bendtsen, Hans; Haberl, Jürgen; Litzka, Johan; Pucher, Ernst; Sandberg, Ulf and Watts,
Greg, 2004. Traffic management and noise reducing pavements – Recommendations on
additional noise reducing measures. Copenhagen: Danish Road Directorate. Report 137.
Available from http://www.vejdirektoratet.dk/publikationer/VIrap137/index.htm.
• Berge, Truls, 2007. Measurement of driving pattern in crossings and roundabouts.
Trondheim: SINTEF. Project no. 90E230.03.
• Ellebjerg, Lars, 2007. Effectiveness and Benefits of Traffic Flow Measures on Noise
Control. European Sixth FP SILENCE WP H1. Available from
http://www.silence-
ip.org/site/fileadmin/SP_H/SILENCE_H.D1_20070105_DRI_Final.pdf.
• Steven, Heinz, 2005. Investigations on Noise Emission of Motor Vehicles in Road
Traffic. Research Project 200 54 135, Final Report. Wuerselen: RWTUEV Fahrzeug
GmbH.
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