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EDEN VALLEY: VALLEY OF WATERStuart Walker
Theory, Proposition & PlaceContent:
Location
Introduction to Strategy
Strategy in Location
Strategy in Detail
Part of Strategy in Greater Detail: Absorption
Part of Strategy in Greater Detail: Laminar
Absorption Strage Explained
Location of Absorption
Introduction to Built Elements
Built Element 1
Built Element 2
Built Element 3
Built Element 4
Habitat Study
Landscape Management
Data & Issues
Personal Proposition on Group Work
Maquette Representation of Proposition
Development of Strategy
Design Development 1
Design Development 2
Location
The centre of the Eden Valley is 100 miles north of central Manchester. The valley borders two national parks (Lake District and Yorkshire Dales) and one area of outstanding national beauty (The Pennines). Contained within the valley are two areas of significant population, Carlisle (70,000 people) and Penrith (15,000 people). The 21,000km2 valley has 12 tributaries to its main river, the river Eden, which flows from Kirkby Stephen north to Carlisle and into the Irish Sea.
River Eden Catchment Area
NRIVER EDEN
A
AA
Generic Axonometric
MILLSTO
NE GRIT
FLOW
LAMINAR
FLOW
ABSORPTIO
N
LAMINAR & FILTRATIO
N
CARBONIFERO
US LIMESTO
NE
CARBONIFERO
US LIMESTO
NE
ORDO
VICIAN
LAKE DISTRICTPENNINES
BEE SANDSTONE
MUDSTO
NE
PENRTIH SANDSTONE
R. EDEN
A
AA
+600m
+600m
0m
300m
300m 100m100m
The Eden valley has unique geology that formed from its ancient past, for instance, the Penrith sandstone can only be found in this area and has been used in many of the buildings in the valley.A glacier some 18,000 years ago shaped the topography of the valley, creating steep valley sides and relatively flat bottom. Its this topography combine with the geology of the area, that creates its character but also the valleys issues.
Stone Properties
BEE & PENRITHSANDSTONE
Formed by compressing sand
Water filtersthrough slowly
Natural filter Erodes easily
BEE & PENRITHSANDSTONE
Used mainly in building and carving
Formed by a sea, layering sediment with high alkaline
makeup
Acidic water dissolves the stone and creates caves, tunnels and
reservoirs
Uses include cement ingredient, glassproduction and building material
CARBONIFEROUSLIMESTONE
MILLSTONE GRITFormed by a low fresh water, creating layers
of sediment
Influenceslandform
Water can be retained and transferred; Aquifer
Used for buidling, mill grindstone and rock climbing
Formed by a shallowsea, creating layers
of sediment
Contains particlesof oil
Repels water;Aqutard
Water sits ontop of it creatinglakes and rivers
Used to create clay bricks
MUDSTONE
BEE & PENRITHSANDSTONE
Formed by compressing sand
Water filtersthrough slowly
Natural filter Erodes easily
BEE & PENRITHSANDSTONE
Used mainly in building and carving
Formed by a sea, layering sediment with high alkaline
makeup
Acidic water dissolves the stone and creates caves, tunnels and
reservoirs
Uses include cement ingredient, glassproduction and building material
CARBONIFEROUSLIMESTONE
MILLSTONE GRITFormed by a low fresh water, creating layers
of sediment
Influenceslandform
Water can be retained and transferred; Aquifer
Used for buidling, mill grindstone and rock climbing
Formed by a shallowsea, creating layers
of sediment
Contains particlesof oil
Repels water;Aqutard
Water sits ontop of it creatinglakes and rivers
Used to create clay bricks
MUDSTONE
BEE & PENRITHSANDSTONE
Formed by compressing sand
Water filtersthrough slowly
Natural filter Erodes easily
BEE & PENRITHSANDSTONE
Used mainly in building and carving
Formed by a sea, layering sediment with high alkaline
makeup
Acidic water dissolves the stone and creates caves, tunnels and
reservoirs
Uses include cement ingredient, glassproduction and building material
CARBONIFEROUSLIMESTONE
MILLSTONE GRITFormed by a low fresh water, creating layers
of sediment
Influenceslandform
Water can be retained and transferred; Aquifer
Used for buidling, mill grindstone and rock climbing
Formed by a shallowsea, creating layers
of sediment
Contains particlesof oil
Repels water;Aqutard
Water sits ontop of it creatinglakes and rivers
Used to create clay bricks
MUDSTONE
BEE & PENRITHSANDSTONE
Formed by compressing sand
Water filtersthrough slowly
Natural filter Erodes easily
BEE & PENRITHSANDSTONE
Used mainly in building and carving
Formed by a sea, layering sediment with high alkaline
makeup
Acidic water dissolves the stone and creates caves, tunnels and
reservoirs
Uses include cement ingredient, glassproduction and building material
CARBONIFEROUSLIMESTONE
MILLSTONE GRITFormed by a low fresh water, creating layers
of sediment
Influenceslandform
Water can be retained and transferred; Aquifer
Used for buidling, mill grindstone and rock climbing
Formed by a shallowsea, creating layers
of sediment
Contains particlesof oil
Repels water;Aqutard
Water sits ontop of it creatinglakes and rivers
Used to create clay bricks
MUDSTONE
ABSORPTION
FLOW
FILTRATION
Mercia Mudstone
Bee & Penrith Sandstone
Carboniferous Limestone
Millstone Grit
Ordovician
LAMINEAR
ABSORPTION
FLOW
FILTRATION
Mercia Mudstone
Bee & Penrith Sandstone
Carboniferous Limestone
Millstone Grit
Ordovician
LAMINEAR
Appro
x heig
ht of b
ank above sea level 90m
3.79m
1.75m
0.20m
0.00m
HIGHEST RECORDED Recorded on the 12/01/2009115.4mm of rainfall
Flood Likely 2.75m
AVERAGE
LOW
2004
Month
Rai
nfal
l mm
0
75
150
225
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2004
0
75
150
225
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
20092000-2012 Overlay
0
75
150
225
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Rainfall Graphs & Section of River
The valley is one of the wettest area in Britain with 800mm of rainfall annually, the wettest area being the Lake District, the valleys neighbour. Much of this rain falls mainly on its North East boundary in the Pennines, 600mm average annual rainfall. With this rain, an associated issue occurs, flooding in the lower reaches of the valley. The cause of this flooding is partly due to heavy down pours (115mm reportedly fell in just 24 hours in 2009), but also the geology and topography, these govern and control the water. Depending on the properties of the various stones and the gradient changes how the water is moving. An additional factor however, is human activity can change how the water flows over the landscape. Human activity has increased the flow rate of the water from where is falls (north east Pennines) to where it causes flooding (lower valley, Penrith to Carlisle).
Approximate River Heights of River Eden near Penrith
2009
Month
Rai
nfal
l mm
2000-2012 Overlay
Month
Rai
nfal
l mm
0
75
150
225
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2004
0
75
150
225
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
20092000-2012 Overlay
0
75
150
225
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0
75
150
225
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2004
0
75
150
225
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
20092000-2012 Overlay
0
75
150
225
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
*Data from Met Office Weather Station in Penrith
0
75
150
225
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2000-2012Rainfall for Eden Valley 2000-2012
Month
Rai
nfal
l mm
Rainfall Graph from 2000-2012
Peaks in the rainfall graph often correlate with flood events in the valley, specifically Carlisle. The rain does not fall predominantly in Carlisle and cause flooding, the majority of the rain falls in the hills of the Pennines and quickly collects in the Eden river. This process of runoff is increased by human activities in the hills. During the Second World War this land was drained and its natural blanket bog habitat destroyed for grazing land for sheep. This land could retain water much better with its natural ecology; the land drains currently there merely decrease the time water takes to get to the Eden. By draining the land, the peat content in the soils decreases and this is what gives the soils their quality to retain water.The water flow rate also increases due to the steep sides to the valley and agricultural practices in the lower valley, which have little vegetation that could slow the water.
0
75
150
225
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2000-2012
*Data from Met Office Weather Station in Penrith
1. Intensive farming
2. Erosion
3. Flooding
4. Water Abstraction
5. Drought
6. Climate Change
7. Pollution
8. Obstacles
9. Invasive Species
1
2
3 7
8
9
4
5
6
Generic Problems throughout the Valley
Erosion of Land
Grazing removes vegetation from banks and increases erosion rate by 60%
Erosion occurs particularly after heavy rainfall, but also due to agricultural processes. Sediment build up in water can damage aquatic habitats.
Heavily grazed areas increases water runoff by 9 times more than lightly grazed areas
River in the Eden catchment have had 15% of their length effected by
erosion from livestock
1. Intensive farming
2. Erosion
3. Flooding
4. Water Abstraction
5. Drought
6. Climate Change
7. Pollution
8. Obstacles
9. Invasive Species
1
2
3 7
8
9
4
5
6
Obstacles (dams, weirs etc.)Ostacles are used to control flooding effects, but can interfere with the breeding patterns of aquatic life which use the rivers as passageways.
There are 8 major barriors in the Eden catchment and several smaller ones, preventing spawning fish
Eden River Trust installed 5 fishpasses, allowing access to 60,000m2 of previously inaccessible spawning grounds
Issues within the valley are related directly or indirectly to water, sometimes water is the cause of the issues, however it is often humans interventions that causes many of the problems associated with water. The topography and geology govern where these issues occur and how often in the valley.
1. Intensive farming
2. Erosion
3. Flooding
4. Water Abstraction
5. Drought
6. Climate Change
7. Pollution
8. Obstacles
9. Invasive Species
1
2
3 7
8
9
4
5
6
Water AbstractionThis can upset the natural water cycle, by removing water out of a system it effects other areas of that system. Effects such as loss of aquatic habitat or rivers drying out.
Water Available
No Water Available
Over Licensed
Over Abstracted
Not Assessed
Abstraction Map of Eden Valley Catchment Area
90% of water abstracted is taken from the valley...
20 MILLION LITRES
ABSTRACTED DAILY
...10% of water abstracted is used in the valley.
1. Intensive farming
2. Erosion
3. Flooding
4. Water Abstraction
5. Drought
6. Climate Change
7. Pollution
8. Obstacles
9. Invasive Species
1
2
3 7
8
9
4
5
6 TimeSea levels rise by 3mm annually.
UKs average temp. set to increase by 0.9-2.00C in the next decade.
Climate ChangeA large scale global issue, but the effects can be noticed at a much smaller scale, such as weather extremes. The ice caps are melting due to rising temperatures, this raises the sea level, which changes the way lower parts of the valley work in a few years, such as the Carlisle area.
Drought
From long, hot summers, can significantly reduce water levels. However abstraction of water contributes to this.Significant drought periods in the region are 1995, 2003 and 2009. Although not often, the effects are severe.
River Derwent at Seathwaite, Lake District 2003
1995 the region only recieved 50% of its average annual rainfall
1. Intensive farming
2. Erosion
3. Flooding
4. Water Abstraction
5. Drought
6. Climate Change
7. Pollution
8. Obstacles
9. Invasive Species
1
2
3 7
8
9
4
5
6
JUNE 2010HAWESWATER IS 60% FULL WHEN EXPECTED TO BE CLOSER TO 80%.DIFFERENCE OF
15,320ML
1. Intensive farming
2. Erosion
3. Flooding
4. Water Abstraction
5. Drought
6. Climate Change
7. Pollution
8. Obstacles
9. Invasive Species
1
2
3 7
8
9
4
5
6
Intensive Farming ActivitiesThere are a lot of associated problems with intensive farming, and it can lead to monocultures and a loss of biodiversity.In the Eden valley, issues arise from over grazing largely.
69%GRAZING
LIVESTOCK
23%DAIRY
8% CROP
76% of land in the Eden valley is Grade 2 or 3 agricultural land
0%
100%
Generic Problems throughout the Valley
1. Intensive farming
2. Erosion
3. Flooding
4. Water Abstraction
5. Drought
6. Climate Change
7. Pollution
8. Obstacles
9. Invasive Species
1
2
3 7
8
9
4
5
6300mm
150mm
75mmAverage level a rainfall per day 80mm
225mm
0mm
150-200mm fell in just 72 hrs in 2009
230mm UKs average rainfall for the entire winter
EFFECTING 27,000HOMES
400 MILLION INDAMAGE
2005 CARLISLE FLOOD
FloodingThere is a high flood rate in the valley, especially in Carlisle, this is due to high rainfall. The wettness of the region can be linked to its topography.
1. Intensive farming
2. Erosion
3. Flooding
4. Water Abstraction
5. Drought
6. Climate Change
7. Pollution
8. Obstacles
9. Invasive Species
1
2
3 7
8
9
4
5
6Nitrate levels in water in 59 monitored sites across the Eden Valley
HIGHEST RECORDED - 32mg/l
25 SITES HIGH LEVELS - 6mg/l12 SITES EXCEEDED NOT SAFE TO DRINK LEVEL - 30mg/l
NATURAL LEVEL - 0.6mg/lNa
NaNa
NaNa
NaNa
NaNa
NaNaNa
NaNa
NaNaNaNa Na
NaNaNa
NaNaNaNaNa
NaNa
NaNa NaNa NaNa NaNaNaNa NaNa NaNa NaNa
Na NaNa Na
Na NaNa Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na
NaNa NaNa NaNa NaNaNa Na NaNa Na Na
Na Na NaNa Na Na
NaNa NaNa NaNa NaNaNa Na
Na Na
NaNaNa NaNaNaNa Na
NaNaNa NaNaNaNaNaNaNaNaNa Na
NaNa NaNaNaNa
NaNa
61
% of n
itrogren
20%
of pho
sphorus
75%
of
sedim
ent% of each pollutant agriculture is responsible for...
EDEN VALLEY RIVERS
PollutionThere are many sources of pollution within the valley, the most significant is from agriculture and will be the focus of the project as it contributes the most to the issue.
Western edge of PenninesHigh rainfallLow peat contentFast water runoSheep farmingH
IGH
LAN
DS
Millstone Grit Carboniferous Limestone Bee Sandstone Penrith Sandstone Bee Sandstone Mudstone
STEE
P H
ILLS
IDE
FARM
LAN
D
LOW
LAN
D
CARL
ISLE
LOW
LAN
D
IRIS
H S
EAFast ow of water Obstacles try to slow the owAbrstaction of water
Picking up pollutantsEroding eldsObstacles obstructing owFlood plane, high house pricesCrop and livestock farming
Flood planeHigh house pricesFlood defences
FloodingPollutionsObstaclesFlood defences
Flood planeCompeting with sea and river levelsFlood defences
Rising in sea levels caused by the melting of ice caps due to climate change
KNa NaNa PbKKK Na
NaNaPb PbPbPb P P
P
K
Na NaNa Na
PbPb
PbPb
P
K K
KK
NaNaNa
PbPbPb
Pb
P
AA
A
Western edge of PenninesHigh rainfallLow peat contentFast water runoSheep farmingH
IGH
LAN
DS
Millstone Grit Carboniferous Limestone Bee Sandstone Penrith Sandstone Bee Sandstone Mudstone
STEE
P H
ILLS
IDE
FARM
LAN
D
LOW
LAN
D
CARL
ISLE
LOW
LAN
D
IRIS
H S
EAFast ow of water Obstacles try to slow the owAbrstaction of water
Picking up pollutantsEroding eldsObstacles obstructing owFlood plane, high house pricesCrop and livestock farming
Flood planeHigh house pricesFlood defences
FloodingPollutionsObstaclesFlood defences
Flood planeCompeting with sea and river levelsFlood defences
Rising in sea levels caused by the melting of ice caps due to climate change
KNa NaNa PbKKK Na
NaNaPb PbPbPb P P
P
K
Na NaNa Na
PbPb
PbPb
P
K K
KK
NaNaNa
PbPbPb
Pb
P
The Waters Journey to Sea
AA
A
As previously mentioned the issues in the valley are related to water, yet governed by the topography and geology in where they occur. In the Pennines the there is a problem of fast runoff, in the lower valley farmland there is a problem of pollution and erosion of land. In Carlisle there is the problem of flooding and obstacles in rivers causing fish not being able to reach spawning grounds.
Precedent: Detroit, USA. Showing relationship between water and land use. A key image in the development of this project.
Outcomes from Current Solutions
National Issues
Issues
Water: Issues within the valley are linked to water, either directly or indirectly
Current Solutions to Issues
FLO
OD
ING
FARM
ING DROUGHT
HOUSING MARKET
LACK OF ECONOMIC DIVERSITY
FRAGIL
E EC
ONO
MY
FLOOD DEFEN
CES
ABSTRACTION NO BUILDING
ON TH
E FLO
OD
PLA
NE
INCR
EASE
TOURI
ST INDUSTRY
LOSS
OF
BIO
DIV
ERSI
TY
HIGH H
OUSE PRICES
POLLUTION
ERO
SION
DEPENDENCE ON ONE INDU
STRYC
LIM
ATE
CHAN
GE
ECO
NO
MIC CLIM
ATERISE
IN S
EA L
EVEL
S
FRE
QUENT SEVERE WEATHER EVENTS
ECONOMIC DOWNTURNWATER
Onion Diagram of Issues
Issues within the valley relate to water, many have been mentioned already. However, what has not is the economy. The local economy in the valley, has too main sources; agriculture (specifically dairy and beef) and tourism. Both have felt the effects of water or weather. Tourism is obviously down while the weather is bad and agriculture suffers if little sunshine is to be had. Water however, can offer solutions, such as a way to diversify the economies sources of income.
Introduction of Heterogeneous
ChaosOrder
Homogeneous Adaptability
BiocentricAnthropocentric
THE HETEROGENEOUS RANGE
WATER REGULATION WOODLAND JUMBLELAND DIVISION LEAF MAYHEM
DWELLING PATTERN FLOOD DISARRAYRESOURCE MANAGEMENT RANDOM MUTATION
TRANSPORT STRUCTURE TOPOGRAPHY CREATION
Within the valley, there is tension between the human world (anthropocentric) and the natural world (biocentric), caused by water. These issues however could be resolved by the anthropocentric working in similar way as the biocentric.The biocentric works with an ordered chaos, by having this chaos element, the biocentric can adapt and change with unpredictable events like weather changes or climate. This is in turn creates heterogeneity, a variety of solutions for different situations.The anthropocentric however, has a low capacity to adapt to unexpected change; such as surges of high rainfall causing flooding. This low capacity derives from its ordered nature and is much more homogeneous.The aim is to resolve the issues related to water, through manipulating topography, geology and ecology to form a more heterogeneous landscape.
Group treaty position:Heterogeneous is NOT always positive.
Personal proposition:Water creates issues between the anthropocentric and biocentric, and heterogeneous could resolves these.
Maquette
OrderRegular UniformControlledUnadatpable
ChoasIrregularDissimilar partsAdaptable
Complex ideas about the anthropocentric and biocentric world can be simplified by a chemistry analogy. A substance can react quicker, better and with greater number of other substances if it has a greater surface area. Therefore if we think of the anthropocentric as having a low surface area, so a low capacity to react with other substances, it is uniform and regular. Whereas the chaos element is very irregular, large surface area and therefore a greater capacity to react with other elements. The biocentric has elements of both in its system, an ordering element that helps govern processes and hierarchy, but also this chaos element allows it to adapt better to situations.
Biocentric SystemMixture of order and chaos elements.
OrderCurrent anthropocentric tends towards order.
ChoasThe biocentric ends towards choas.
Maquette
The aim of this scheme is to increase the anthropocentric surface area or increase its capacity to adapt to unpredictable change. This will lead the anthropocentric working in a similar way to the biocentric and reduce the tension between the two. Unpredictable changes within the Eden valley caused by water. Therefore by having a greater number of options or greater heterogeneity a better water system can be created.
Goal of Project for the AnthropocentricGreater capacity to adapt with greater surface area.Ordered choasHigh capacity to adaptCope with unpredictable eventsSimilar to biocentric
Western edge of PenninesHigh rainfallLow peat contentFast water runoSheep farmingH
IGHLANDS
Millstone Grit Carboniferous Limestone Bee Sandstone Penrith Sandstone Bee Sandstone Mudstone
STEE
P H
ILLS
IDE
FARM
LAND
LOWLAND
CARL
ISLE
LOWLAND
IRIS
H S
EAFast ow of water Obstacles try to slow the owAbrstaction of water
Picking up pollutantsEroding eldsObstacles obstructing owFlood plane, high house pricesCrop and livestock farming
Flood planeHigh house pricesFlood defences
FloodingPollutionsObstaclesFlood defences
Flood planeCompeting with sea and river levelsFlood defences
Rising in sea levels caused by the melting of ice caps due to climate change
KNa NaNa PbKKK Na
NaNaPb PbPbPb P P
P
K
Na NaNa Na
PbPb
PbPb
P
K K
KK
NaNaNa
PbPbPb
Pb
P
Wat
er R
eten
tion
Div
erse
Eco
nom
y
Here. Here.
Here.
Here. Here.
Here.
Throughout.
+-
+-
Throughout.
Throughout.
Throughout.
Biod
iver
sity
CO2
Rete
ntio
n
Ada
ptab
ility
Capa
city
for C
hang
e
Flex
ibili
ty
Dro
ught
Obs
tacl
es
Pollu
tion
Floo
ding
Here.
Western edge of PenninesHigh rainfallLow peat contentFast water runoSheep farmingH
IGHLANDS
Millstone Grit Carboniferous Limestone Bee Sandstone Penrith Sandstone Bee Sandstone Mudstone
STEE
P H
ILLS
IDE
FARM
LAND
LOWLAND
CARL
ISLE
LOWLAND
IRIS
H S
EAFast ow of water Obstacles try to slow the owAbrstaction of water
Picking up pollutantsEroding eldsObstacles obstructing owFlood plane, high house pricesCrop and livestock farming
Flood planeHigh house pricesFlood defences
FloodingPollutionsObstaclesFlood defences
Flood planeCompeting with sea and river levelsFlood defences
Rising in sea levels caused by the melting of ice caps due to climate change
KNa NaNa PbKKK Na
NaNaPb PbPbPb P P
P
K
Na NaNa Na
PbPb
PbPb
P
K K
KK
NaNaNa
PbPbPb
Pb
P
Wat
er R
eten
tion
Div
erse
Eco
nom
y
Here. Here.
Here.
Here. Here.
Here.
Throughout.
+-
+-
Throughout.
Throughout.
Throughout.
Biod
iver
sity
CO2
Rete
ntio
n
Ada
ptab
ility
Capa
city
for C
hang
e
Flex
ibili
ty
Dro
ught
Obs
tacl
es
Pollu
tion
Floo
ding
Here.
SpecificAimsofProjectDue to the topography and geology, various issues have arisen at different points in the water cycle within the valley. As a result different aims have been set out for different areas along the water system.
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