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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
MicrobiologyB.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein
AN INTRODUCTIONEIGHTH EDITION
TORTORA • FUNKE • CASE
Chapter 11The Prokaryotes:
Domains Bacteria and Archaea
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea• One circular chromosome, not in a membrane• No histones• No organelles• Peptidoglycan cell walls• Binary fission
Learning objective:
Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the a-proteobacteria described in this chapter.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bergey’s Manual
• Categorizes bacteria into taxa based upon rRNA sequences
• Lists identifying characteristics like: • Gram stain reaction• cellular morphology• oxygen requirements• nutritional properties
• Prokaryotes classified into two domains:• Bacteria• Archaea
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• Bacteria essential to life on earth
• Proteobacteria• Mythical
Greek god, Proteus, who could assume many shapes
• Gram-negative
Domain Bacteria
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• Human pathogens:• Bartonella• B. hensela Cat-scratch disease• Brucella Brucellosis
The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
2
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• Includes nitrogen-fixing bacteria, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs
• Obligate intracellular parasites:• Ehrlichia. Tick-borne, ehrlichiosis• Rickettsia. Arthropod-borne, spotted fevers
• R. prowazekii Epidemic typhus• R. typhi Endemic murine typhus• R. rickettsii Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
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The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.1
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• Wolbachia. Live in insects and other animals
• In an infected pair, only female hosts can reproduce
• “Popcorn” strain causes host cells to lyse
• Possible biological control of insects
The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
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• Have prosthecae:• Caulobacter. Stalked
bacteria found in lakes
• Hyphomicrobium. Budding bacteria found in lakes
The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.2 & 3
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• Plant pathogen:• Agrobacterium.
Insert a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor
The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
Figure 9.17 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Chemoautotrophic:• Oxidize nitrogen for energy• Fix CO2
• Nitrobacter. NH3+ → NO2
–
• Nitrosomonas. NO2– → NO3
–
The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
3
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• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria:• Azospirillum
• Grow in soil, using nutrients excreted by plants
• Fix nitrogen• Rhizobium
• Fix nitrogen in the roots of plants
The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
Figure 27.5 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Produce acetic acid from ethyl alcohol:• Acetobacter• Gluconobacter
The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The β (beta) Proteobacteria
Learning objective:
Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the β-proteobacteria described in this chapter.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Thiobacillus• Chemoautotrophic, oxidize sulfur: H2S → SO4
2–
• Sphaerotilus• Chemoheterotophic, form sheaths
The β (beta) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.5
Sphaerotilus natans:
•Sheathed bacteria found in dilute sewage and aquatic environs
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• Spirillum volutans:• Chemoheterotrophic,
helical• Note polar flagella
• Neisseria• Chemoheterotrophic,
cocci• N. meningitidis• N. gonorrhoeae (diplo-
cocci) – fimbriae attach to mucous membranes for greater pathogenicity
The β (beta) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.4 & 6
4
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• Bordetella• Chemoheterotrophic, rods• B. pertussis (pertussis or whooping cough)
• Burkholderia. Nosocomial infections (hospital infection)• Extraordinary nutritional spectrum, able to degrade
> 100 different organic molecules, can grow in disinfectant!
• Zoogloea. Slimy masses in aerobic sewage-treatment processes – essential to sewage treatment
The β (beta) Proteobacteria
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
Learning objective:
Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the γ -proteobacteria described in this chapter.
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• Pseudomonadales:• Pseudomonas
• Gram -• Opportunistic
pathogens• Metabolically
diverse• Polar flagella (characteristic, as in picture)
• Azotobacter and Azomonas. Nitrogen fixing• Moraxella. Conjunctivitis
The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.7
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• Legionellales:• Legionella
• Found in streams, warm-water pipes, cooling towers of air-conditioning
• L. pneumophilia (Legionnaire's)
• Coxiella• Q fever
transmitted via aerosols or milk
The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
Figure 24.15b
Coxiella burnetii
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• Vibrionales:• Found in coastal water
• Vibrio cholerae causes cholera
• Slight curvature of rods
• V. parahaemolyticuscauses gastroenteritis (raw/undercooked shellfish)
The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.8
5
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• The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria• Enterobacteriales (enterics – intestinal tracts):
• Peritrichous flagella, facultatively anaerobic• Enterobacter• Erwinia• Escherichia• Klebsiella• Proteus• Salmonella• Serratia• Shigella• Yersinia
The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
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The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.9a, b
Proteus mirabilis – swarmer due to multiple flagella
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• Pasteurellales: • Non-motile• Human and animal pathogens• Pasteurella
• Cause pneumonia and septicemia• Haemophilus
• Require X factor (heme) and V factor (NAD+, NADP+) factors from blood hemoglobin
• H. influenzae – several important diseases (meningitis, earaches, epiglotitis, bronchitis, etc.)
The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
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• Beggiatoa• Chemoautotrophic, oxidize H2S to S0 for energy• Interface between aerobic and anaerobic layers in
aquatic sediments• Factor in discovery of of autotrophic metabolism
• Francisella• Chemoheterotrophic, tularemia
The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
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The δ (delta) Proteobacteria
Learning objective:
Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the δ -proteobacteria described in this chapter.
6
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• Bdellovibrio. Prey on other bacteria• Desulfovibrionales. Use S instead of O2 as final
electron acceptor (sulfur reducing)• Releases tons of H2S into atmosphere, key part in
sulfur cycle• Myxococcales. Gliding. Cells aggregate to form
myxospores (stalked fruiting body – 2nd slide next)• Leave behind a slime trail (next slide)• Nutrition from bacteria they encounter
The δ (delta) Proteobacteria
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The δ (delta) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.10a
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The δ (delta) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.1b Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The ε (epsilon) Proteobacteria
Learning objective:
Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the ε -proteobacteria described in this chapter.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The ε (epsilon) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.1a
• Helicobacter• Multiple flagella • Peptic ulcers• Stomach cancer
• Campylobacter• One polar flagellum• Gastroenteritis
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Helicobacter pylori:
Example of a helical bacterium that doesn’t make a complete twist (different from spirochetes)
7
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria
Learning objective:
Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the gram-negative nonproteobacteria described in this chapter.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Oxygenic photosynthesis • Once called blue-green algae• Water species have gas vacuoles for
buoyancy• Gliding motility• Fix nitrogen in heterocysts• Played important part in development of life
on earth, producing oxygen atmosphere
Cyanobacteria
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Cyanobacteria
Figure 11.12a-c Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Anoxygenic photosynthesis• Purple and green sulfur bacteria (bottom formula)
Purple and Green Photosynthetic Bacteria
2H2O + CO2light
(CH2O) + H2O + O2
2H2S + CO2light
(CH2O) + H2O + 2S0
Learning objective:
Compare and contrast purple and green photosynthetic bacteria with cyanobacteria
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Purple sulfur bacteria: intracellular sulfur granules (multicolored refractile objects (anoxygenic photoautotrophs)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Low G + C• Gram-positive
FirmicutesLearning objective:
Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the low G + C gram-positivedescribed in this chapter.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Clostridium• Endospore-
producing• Obligate anaerobes• Endospores usually
distend the cell wall• Epulopiscium
• Very large, shown on the head of a pin
• rRNA determined placement with prokaryotes
Clostridiales
Figure 11.14 & 15
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• Bacillus• Endospore-producing
rods• B. anthracis - anthrax
Bacillales
Figure 11.16b Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Staphylococcus aureus• Cocci in grapelike clusters• Gram-positive, produces enterotoxin• Grow fairly well under high osmotic pressure
and low moisture (nasal secretions, skin, ham and other cured meats)
Bacillales
Figure 1.17
9
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• Generally aerotolerant anaerobes, lack an electron-transport chain• Lactobacillus – lactic-
acid producing• Streptococcus –
more illnesses and diseases than any other bacteria group
• Enterococcus –intestinal tract, oral cavity
• Listeria –contaminates dairy
Lactobacillales
Figure 11.18
Streptococcus – many of spherical cells are dividing and somewhat oval
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• Mycoplasma pneumoniae• No cell walls• Pleomorphic (irregular
cells)• Arrows indicate terminal
structures that likely aid attachment to eukaryotic cells
• 0.1 - 0.24 µm
• Filamentous growth of M. pneumoniae• Reproduces by
fragmentation of the filaments
Mycoplasmatales
Figure 11.19a, b
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• High G + C• Gram-positive
ActinobacteriaLearning objective:
Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the high G + C gram-positivedescribed in this chapter.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Actinomyces• Corynebacterium• Frankia• Gardnerella• Mycobacterium• Nocardia• Propionibacterium• Streptomyces
Actinobacteria
Figure 11.20b
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• Streptomyces –• Filamentous
branching growth with asexual reproductive conidiospores at tips
• Make up much of soil bacteria
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsActinomyces – notice branched filamentous morphology
10
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• C. trachomatis• Trachoma• STD, urethritis
• C. pneumoniae• C. psittaci
• Causes psittacosis
Chlamydiae
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Generalized life cycle of Chlamydia (48 hours)
Figure 11.22a
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Generalized life cycle of Chlamydia
Figure 11.22b
Elementary bodies – infectious stage
Reticulate bodies – reproduce in host cell
Intermediate bodies – stage in between Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Borrelia• Leptospira• Treponema
Spirochaetes
Figure 11.23
Spirochetes –
•Helical, axial filaments under outer sheath
•Move by corkscrewlike rotation
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• Anaerobic• Bacteroides. In mouth and large intestine• Cytophaga. Cellulose-degrading in soil
Phyla Bacteroidetes & Fusobacteria
• Fusobacterium• Found in mouth• May be involved in
dental diseases
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• Hyperthermophiles (heat)• Pyrodictium• Sulfolobus
• Methanogens (methane)• Methanobacterium
• Extreme halophiles (salt)• Halobacterium
Domain Archaea
Figure 11.25
Archaea – Pyrodictium abyssi:
•Deep ocean, 110 degrees C
•Cells disk-shaped with network of tubules (cannulae)
11
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• Bacteria size range• Thiomargarita
(750 µm) to nanobacteria (0.02 µm) in rocks
Microbial Diversity
Figure 11.26
Thiomargarita namibiensis:
•Energy from reduced sulfur compounds
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• Few of the total number of prokaryotes have been isolated and identified
• PCR indicates up to 10,000 bacteria/gm of soil. Many bacteria have not been identified or characterized because they:• Haven't been cultured• Need special nutrients• Are part of complex food chains requiring the
products of other bacteria• Need to be cultured to understand their metabolism
and ecological role
Microbial Diversity
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