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Topic #1: Ethics. 1. the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment; moral philosophy 2. the system or code of morals of a particular person, religion, group, profession, etc. Ethics. Is it ever ethical to…. WIKILEAKS. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Topic #1: Ethics
Ethics
1. the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment; moral philosophy
2. the system or code of morals of a particular person, religion, group, profession, etc.
Is it ever ethical to….
WIKILEAKS
Freedom of the Press has been crucial in facilitating the political discourse and
education necessary for the maintenance of democracy.
(Code of Ethics)
Activity: Choose five ethical practices from the
SPJ Code of Ethics handout that are most
important in maintaining the media’s role in
democracy
Cook’s Top 5
• #5 – Balance a criminal suspects fair trial rights with the public’s right to be informed
• #4 – Be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges
• #3 – give voice to the voiceless; official and unofficial sources of information can be equally valid
Cook’s Top 5
• #2 – Tell the story of the diversity and magnitude of the human experience boldly, even when it is unpopular to do so.
• #1 – Support the open exchange of views, even views they find repugnant.
Topic #2: Hype / Sensationalism
MediaThe 4th branch of government?
Is the media actually the one who sets the agenda?
Multiple reasons lie behind the lack of real investigative
journalism today and the plethora of simplistic, eye-
catching stories.
$$$ and Media Conglomerates (more on conglomerates later)
Did the shift from issues to character result from the shift
to television from newspapers?
Freedom of the Press has been crucial in facilitating the political discourse and
education necessary for the maintenance of democracy.
Does the press meet its obligation to provide objective, issue-based
coverage or does the media tend to focus on the trivial and sensational??
Topic #3: Is news coverage biased?“Slanted Words”
This is not rocket science, simply be aware of “slants” or “bias” in the news. It may be obvious, it may be very subtle, but it’s almost always there.
Andre Agassi beat his opponent soundly in straight sets. It was also six-love, six-
love for America’s sweetheart, Serena Williams
Hillary spoke at the National Convention on Friday. Her chat was followed by an address by Senator Joe
Lieberman.
The Navy’s mission team included four aviators from Miramar and one female
aviator from the Naval Air Station.
11 year-old boy charged with murder, was an avid hunter.
Young woman, 22, was bound and raped repeatedly for 10
days.
(One station reported she was a prostitute and went to his house for “business”, the
other station never mentioned it)
Riot/Demonstration
Aggressive/Assertive
Bold/Shrill Lecture/Speech
Threaten/Warn
Plan/Scheme
Lively/Heated
Integrity/Stubbornness
Explained/Insisted
Agenda/Platform
Topic #4: Propaganda
PropagandaThe spreading of ideas,
information, and rumors for the purpose of
helping or hurting an institution, a cause, or a
person
Propaganda
Propaganda is amoral
Propaganda
Many techniques are not only used in
marketing, but in politics as well.
Generally divided into three main categories:
• White Propaganda: acknowledged sources and aimed at a sympathetic audience
• Grey Propaganda: anonymous quotes “Some Say” “Our Sources indicate…”
• Black Propaganda: pretends to be from a source it really is not and is aimed at an enemy audience
Propaganda
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulates advertising.
Their role is consumer protection (more on them in CH 13)
Who regulates all of this?
The IPA An organization composed of social scientists, opinion leaders, historians, educators, and journalists.
“To teach people how to think rather than what to think.”
Criticisms of the IPA
• Some argue that the IPA's approach is too simplistic because many messages fall into more than one category.
• They do not discuss the credibility of the propagandist.
• HOWEVER…Few argue with the IPA's basic goal of promoting critical thought among citizens.
Institute for Propaganda Analysis (IPA)
Created the ABC’s of Propaganda:
7 of the basic techniques very much used and discussed today
#1 Name-Calling
John Kerry is a Flip-Flopper. George W. Bush is too dumb to be
president.
#2 Glittering Generalities(Virtue Words)
Making broad statements that really say nothing of
importance.
“If elected, I will get this country back on track!”
A vote for Shawn is a vote for peace and security
#3 Transfer
Attempting to make viewers apply their feelings of love, admiration, distrust, or disgust from one thing
to something else totally unrelated.
Perry endorsers say Obama “may be a Muslim”
Transfer as “Name Dropping”
Jarrod Martin mentioned he was at Steve Austria’s
fundraiser.
#4 Testimonial
Our customers say……
#5 Plain Folks
Thanks ya’ll! I reckon this is the greatest class I’ve ever teached.
I’m not a big city lawyer; I am a regular guy like you!
#6 Card Stacking(I simply think of this one as “bias”)
Emphasizing one side and repressing another.
#7 Bandwagon
Don’t be the last on your block to own a new
Chevrolet !
Many different (and similar) techniques have been added/identified through the years as
politics and advertising have evolved
“Ad Hominem”
An assertion which usually attacks a person,
rather than looking at the merits of their
argument.
You can’t trust Jane Higgins to be your mayor, she is just a
geek!*Reverse ad hominem may work
as well…Jane Higgins is such a
professionally dressed woman, she will make a great mayor.
Appeal to Authority
Referring to a well-known expert to strengthen an
argument.
“AP Government teacher Shawn Cook is voting for
The Rent is Too Damn High candidate Jimmy McMillan.
What more do you need to know?”
Scientific Appeal Providing the audience with survey results and statistical evidences to publicize their
product.
(overlaps many times with A.T.A.)
Appeal to Elitism
Appeal to the audience’s desire to be
better than other people.
Appeal to Tradition
Something is better simply because it is older.
This government has worked for over 200 years, why
change it?
“Vote to keep the curfew in effect in Beavercreek, after all, it’s been around for 10
years now!
…any ad with “since….”
Appeal to Emotion
Sex Appeal
Euphemisms and Dysphemisms
Euphemism: making something sound better
Dysphemism: making something sound worse
Car dealerships no longer sell “used cars;” they sell “______ vehicles.”
“Freedom Fighter” OR “Terrorist?”
Euphemisms Dysphemisms
• Kick the bucket• “Powder my nose”• “Birds and the Bees”• “Hankie-Pankie”• “Mess Around”
• “Cancer Sticks”• “Feminazi”• Junk Food• Snail Mail• Idiot Box• Blow chunks
False Dilemma
Framing an argument in a misleading way, as though there are only two possible
options.
Superintendent Jones opposes school prayer. She must be an
atheist.
FearDisaster will result if people
do not follow a particular course of action.
Storm Center 7 Weather can save your life!
Fear
Help! I’ve fallen….and I can’t get up!!
Obtain Disapproval
Associating the opposite of your message with
individuals or groups your audience dislikes.
The NRA loves this policy, let’s be sure we get it voted down!
Straw-ManIgnoring a person's actual position and substituting a
distorted, or misrepresented version of that position.
(very similar to a false dilemma)
"Senator Jones says that we should not fund the attack
submarine program. I can't understand why he wants
to leave us defenseless like that."
Repetition
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