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Tongue Stones
An Evolution Story Told
by Patrick Staley
Presentation Outline
• Legend to Science
• Why Use Tongue Stones to Study Evolution
• Parts and Features
• Environment
• Specific Evolutionary Lines
Magical Properties
• Counter-Act Toxins
• Snake Bite
• Dip in Wine
Folklore
• Eerily well-polished when dug up• Petrified tongues of serpents, a
creature associated with the devil.• Medieval practice to dip a
tonguestone in a glass of wine.
Japanese Legend
• Thumbnails of Tengu Man, a mythical mountain goblin with a Pinnochio-like long nose.
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More Legends
• Pliny the Elder (AD 23-79), a great Roman naturalist, believed that they fell from the sky during lunar eclipses.
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Saint Paul on Malta
• Many tongue stones on Malta• Saint Paul shipwrecked on Malta in AD60.• Saint Paul was bitten by a snake.• Turned the tongues of serpents into stone.
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Nicholas Steno
• In 1666 fishermen caught a giant shark.• The local duke ordered that this
curiosity be sent to Ncholas Steno.• Steno is an anatomist.• Steno dissected the shark.• The shark teeth resembled tongue
stones.• Paleontology is Born.
Steno’s Shark Head Drawing
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In 1666 Who Thought
• Living matter could be turned to stone
• Encased in solid rock• Rocks well above sea level• Marine organisms on dry land
Abundance of Sharks’ Teeth Fossils?
• Soft Tissue vs. Bone
• Getting Buried
• Time (400 million years)
• Opportunity (35,000 teeth per shark)
Teeth per Shark
• Sharks continually shed their teeth, and some can shed as many as 35,000 teeth in a lifetime.
Shark Dentition
• Embedded in Flesh
• Constant Replacement
• Files and Rows of Teeth
Parts of a Shark’s Tooth
• Root
• Crown
• Dental Band
• Cusplets
• Serrations
• Striations
Other Features
• Nutrient Grove
• Nutrient Foramen
• Longitudinal Ridges
• Crown Tip
• Crown Notch
• Crown Shoulder
Sides of a Shark’s Tooth
• Lingual
• Labial
• Mesial
• Distal
Dentition by Location
• Upper or Lower
• Anterior
• Lateral
• Posterior
• Intermediate
• Symphseal
Cenozoic Evolution of the Large Sharks
• Climatic Context
• Geographic Context
Cenozoic Global Temperature
Polar Ice Earth
Global Geography
• Cretaceous
• Eocene
• Recurring Ice Ages
Great White Line
• Carcharodon carcharias
• Isurus hastalis
• Isurus planus
• Isurus desori
Carcharocles megalodon
• Cretolamna appendiculata
• Odotus obliquus
• Carcharocles auriculatus
• Carcharocles angustidens
• Carcharocles megalodon
megalodon intermediates
• Odotus aksuaticus
• Odotus chubutensis
megalodon side branches
• Paleocarcharodon orientalis
• Carcharocles sokolovi
• Parodotus benedeni
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