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To the North Pole and back: a pan-Arctic barium synthesisLaura M. Whitmore(USM), Tristan Horner(WHOI), Phoebe Lam(UCSC), Chantal Mears(HZG),
Rob Rember(UAF),Frank Dehairs(VUB), Helmuth Thomas(HZG), Yang Xiang(UCSC), Alan Shiller(USM)
Background Take Home Messages
Acknowledgements: Thanks to the crews and chief scientists of the GN01, GN02, GN03, and GN04 expeditions. Funded by NSF Chemical Oceanography Program
Barium Distributions Mass Balance Carbon Proxy
Isotopes
Dissolved barium (dBa) has been used as a water mass tracer and Ba can be applied as a proxy for productivity due to a relationship between particulate Ba (pBa) and organic carbon. The utility of Ba depends on predictable behavior of the tracer.
We aim to describe and quantify non-conservative behavior (sources and sinks) of Ba in the Arctic marine system.
New data in this study are from GEOTRACES campaigns conducted throughout the Arctic Ocean from July β October 2015.
There are substantial non-conservative components to the dBa distribution in the Arctic Ocean.
β’ Ba flux from the shelf contributes the largest individual component to the surface 500 m of the basin.
We observed a large range of POC:pBa ratios and a log-linear relationship between pBa and POC; median and mean values from this study are higher than previous records.
A linear Ba isotope and 1/[dBa] trend indicates mixing is a dominant process, but mixing of what endmembers?
Contact: laura.whitmore@usm.eduUniversity of Southern Mississippi
Barium Behavior
ππ βπππ£ππ = ππ‘ππππ ππππ‘ β ππππππππ β ππ΄π‘ππππ‘ππ β ππ ππ£πππ
Simplified Form
Flux Term Flux (π¦π¨π₯ ππ π²βπ) Budget
ftransport 2.2 Γ 1010 β
fPacific 2.0 Γ 109 9.1 %
fAtlantic 9.4 Γ 109 42.3 %
frivers 8.1 Γ 108 3.6 %
fshelf π. π Γ ππππ 45.0 %
Barium isotopes have a linear relationship, which indicates mixing β although of what endmembers is unclear. Two low [dBa] shelf samples deviate from the trend.
A full water column profile from the Canada basin has an isotopic maximum around 500 m, likely indicating formation of barite. The particle maximum is above the isotopic maximum and likely indicates lateral transport of pBa off the shelves.
BRINES?ICE MELT
4000
500
Sinking and remineralization
pBa formation associated with organic matter
Ba distribution is controlled predominantly by inputs from Atlantic, Pacific, and riverine contributions. The role of ice, pBa, and shelves on the Ba mass balance is poorly constrained.
We assume that ice and pBa input and removal terms are small; we solve for the shelf flux considering only the surface 500 m:
Study Range Median Mean
This Study 90 β 90,000 2,260 6,450
Thomas et al. (2011) π πππππ‘ππ ππππ ππ πππ‘πππ‘π’ππ π£πππ’ππ : 2,575
Francois et al. (1995) 240 β 7,200 916 1,350
Dymond et al. (1992) 263 β 1,410 630 2,600
Corg:pBanonlithogenic (mol:mol)
Dep
th (
m)
North Pole
Dep
th (
m)
Beaufort Sea Barents Sea
0
100
200
300
400
500
dB
a (n
M)
80
70
60
50
40
0
100
200
300
400
500
1.4
1
0.6
Beaufort Sea Barents Sea
Ba S
atu
ratio
n In
dex
De
pth
(m
)
0
100
200
300
400
500Beaufort Sea Barents Sea
Large Size Fraction (> 51 Β΅m) Small Size Fraction (1 β 51 Β΅m)
Beaufort Sea Barents Sea
No
nlith
og
en
ic
pB
a (n
M)
0.3
0.1
0.03
0.01
1/[dBa] (kg mol-1)
Ξ΄1
38
/134B
a (
β°)
0.070.01 0.050.03
0.3
50.4
50
.55
Yenisey
~ 75 nM
Mackenzie300 β 500 nM
Yukon
~ 300 nM Kolyma
~ 75 nM
Lena
~ 115 nM
Obβ
~ 120 nM
If dBa behaves conservatively then we expect:
π΅πππππ = π΅ππππ£πππ fπππ£πππ + π΅ππππ fπππ + π΅ππ΄π‘π ππ΄π‘π + π΅ππππ ππππ
π΅ππππππππ¦ = ππ΅ππππ β ππ΅πππππ
We define Baanomaly as the difference between observed and predicted Ba:
Using water mass fractions from Pasqualini et al. for the US transect, we observe a positive Ba anomaly between 25 and 250 m, which is consistent with Pacific-derived waters. Is this evidence of a shelf Ba signal?
Dep
th (
m)
0
100
200
300
400
500
-20 -10 0 10 20
Baanomaly (nM)
Endmember dBa (π§π)
Pacific 57
Atlantic 45
Rivers 100
Ice 0
0
1000
2000
3000
40000.35 0.45 0.05 0.25
Ξ΄138/134Ba
(β°)
Nonlithogenic
pBa (nM)
Dep
th (
m)
Beaufort
Barents
Ra-based Arctic fshelf estimate:
ππ βπππ =π΅π
π πΓ ππ βπππ (π π)
π. π Γ πππ π¦π¨π₯ ππ π²βπ
Ra flux from Kipp et al. (2018)
Area scaled benthic flux chamber
estimate:
π. π Γ πππ π¦π¨π₯ ππ π²βπ
California shelf benthic flux from McManus et al. (1994)
Dep
th (
m)
No
nli
tho
ge
nic
pB
a(n
M) 1
0.1
0.01
0.001
100.10.010.001 1
POC (Β΅M)
Large Size Fraction (> 51 Β΅m)
No
nli
tho
ge
nic
pB
a(n
M)
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.10.010.001 1
POC (Β΅M)
Small Size Fraction (1 β 51 Β΅m)
Dep
th (m
)
3000
0ππππππππ + ππ¨πππππππ +ππΉπππππ +ππππ + ππ βπππ£ππ = πππ΅π + ππππ + ππ‘ππππ ππππ‘
Inputs Outputs
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