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Mojgan Nejad
Assistant Professor, Michigan State University
Professor (status only) Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Toronto
CRIBE Meeting, Toronto December 5th , 2018
• Different Sources: Hardwood, Softwood, Corn Stover, Wheat Straw, Miscanthus
• Isolation Processes: Kraft (Lignoboost & Lignoforce), Sulfite, Soda, Organosolv, Ionic
liquid and Enzymatic Hydrolysis from all over the world
Chemical analysis: FTIR, 31P NMR, 13C NMR, 1H NMR, 2D-NMR, in some cases ToF-SIMS
Thermal analysis: Glass transition temperature (Tg) using DSC, Thermal stability (TGA)
Molecular size: Molecular weight (Mw), molecular number (Mn) and PDI using GPC
(analyzing acetylated lignin)
Moisture content: Gravimetrically and TGA
Ash content: Furnace at 525°C for 4 hrs
Elemental analysis: Percentage of C, H, N, S, Na, K and O
Morphology analysis: Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
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Glazer, A. W., and Nikaido, H. (1995)
Phenolic Adhesive
$11.3 B in 2016 projected to grow to
$15.01 by 2021
Plywood
OSB
Carboxylic acidAliphatic OH
Condensed Phenolic
Guaiacyl
Hydroxy-Phenyl
Syringyl
Internal Standard
Sample ID
Phenolic Acids (mg/g) Hydroxyl Content (mmol/g)
p-Coumaric
acid
Ferulic
acidSyringyl Guaiacyl
p-hydroxy
phenyl
Condensed
Phenolic
Total
Phenolic
L1- Kr-HW N/A N/A 2.40 1.00 0.21 0.55 4.16
L2- EH-CS 33 (2) 6.2 (0.7) 0.51 0.68 0.81 0.20 2.2
L3- Kr-SW N/A N/A 0.28 1.92 0.24 0.57 3.01
L4- OS-SW N/A N/A 0.37 1.50 0.16 0.36 2.39
L5- OS-HW N/A N/A 1.55 0.89 0.17 0.44 3.05
L6- Ls-SW N/A N/A 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.16
L7- OS-CS N/A N/A 0.35 0.60 0.14 0.14 1.23
L8- Kr-SW N/A N/A 0.56 2.18 0.25 0.87 3.86
L9- So-WS 1 (0.1) 1.2 (0.1) 1.27 1.01 0.27 0.50 3.05
Note: SW=Softwood, HW=Hardwood, CS=Corn Stover, WS=Wheat Straw
Kr=kraft, Ls=Lignosulfonate EH=Enzymatic Hydrolysis, OS=organosolv, So=Soda
Note: SW=Softwood, HW=Hardwood, CS=Corn Stover, WS=Wheat Straw
Kr=kraft, EH=Enzymatic Hydrolysis, OS=organosolv, So=Soda
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Glazer, A. W., and Nikaido, H. (1995)
Polyurethanes
$54 B market in in 2017 projected to grow
5.9% annually
Adhesives (CLT, Metals, Plastics, etc)
Coatings (Cabinet, wood flooring, and
industrial)
Elastomers
Foams (Rigid and Flexible)
ID Lignin SourceExtraction Method
%Ash
%Na
%K
Hydroxyl Content , 31P NMR Data (mM/g) Molar Mass (g/mole)
R-OH S G H COOH Total OH Mn Mw PDI
1 Softwood Kraft 4.3 0.82 0.094 2.38 0.0 1.92 0.24 0.38 5.77 2002 7998 3.99
2 Softwood Organosolv 0.4 0.01 0.004 1.31 0.0 1.5 0.16 0.42 4.12 1433 5758 4.02
3 Hardwood Organosolv 0.1 0.01 0.001 1.49 1.55 0.89 0.17 0.34 4.88 1555 4089 2.63
4 Softwood Kraft 1.92 0. 53 0.064 2 0.0 2.18 0.25 0.57 6.43 2211 8022 3.63
5 Wheat Straw Soda 1.8 0.11 0.044 1.48 1.27 1.01 0.27 0.93 5.46 1607 4458 2.77
6 Hardwood Kraft 1.1 0.2 0.044 1.19 2.4 1 0.21 0.62 5.97 1311 3100 2.36
7 Softwood Kraft 0.5 0.14 0.042 2.38 0.0 2.46 0.33 0.45 7.29 1748 7126 4.1
8 Hardwood Kraft 1.4 0.39 0.005 2.82 1.45 0.68 0.08 0.42 5.87 2676 12554 4.7
9 Hardwood Organosolv 0.4 0.04 0.042 1.88 1.41 0.93 0.15 0.26 5.52 1772 8202 4.6
10 Softwood Kraft 0.5 0.06 0.015 2.18 0.0 2.13 0.19 0.5 6.21 2097 8516 4.1
11 Softwood Kraft 0.6 0.15 0.016 2.2 0.0 2.45 0.31 0.39 6.84 1864 7172 3.8
We are focusing on formulating PU rigid foam for insulation application.
0% 10% 30% 50% 70% 90%
Replaced 100% of petroleum-based polyol with lignin
High-solid
Zero VOC
Stable prepolymer (3-months with no change in viscosity)
Contains more than 50% lignin (on weight basis)
Can be cured at room temperature
Adhesive Failure
Wood Failure
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Lignin can replace bisphenol-A in formulation of Epoxy resin and used as curing agent.
Advanced Biochemicals a branch of Asahi Glass in Japan is producing biobased ECH
$7.52 B market in in 2015 projected
to grow to $9.96 B by 2020
Coatings, adhesive, composite and foam
Automotive, construction, wind energy,
aerospace
Composite
Lignin
Lignin as raw materials in polymeric resins
Filler
UV-Stabilizer
Radical Scavenger
Flame Retardant
Antimicrobial
Rheology Modifier
CoatingFoam
AdhesiveElastomer
Choosing the right coating for CLT
Improving performance of CLT
Finding the suitable adhesive for
borate-treated CLT
18
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