Thinking comparatively about Greek mythology I, He#rakle#s

Thinking comparatively about Greekmythology I, He#rakle#s as athlete

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Citation Nagy, Gregory. 2019.07.26. "Thinking comparatively about Greekmythology I, He#rakle#s as athlete." Classical Inquiries. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.eresource:Classical_Inquiries.

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Home»ByGregoryNagy»ThinkingcomparativelyaboutGreekmythologyI,Hēraklēsasathlete

ThinkingcomparativelyaboutGreekmythologyI,HēraklēsasathleteJuly26,2019 ByGregoryNagylistedunderByGregoryNagy Commentsoff

2019.07.26|ByGregoryNagy

§0.Thereisnosinglewaytothinkcomparativelyaboutmythology—oraboutanythingelse.AndGreekmythologyissurelynoexception.InmyownworkonmythologyingeneralandonGreekmythologyinparticular,Ihavefounditusefultoapply—andtointegrate—threedifferentcomparativemethods:(1)typological,(2)genealogical,and(3)historical.Fordefinitionsandexplanationsoftheseterms,Icite§§3–6ofmyarticle“TheEpicHero”(Nagy2006).InmycomparativeessayhereonHēraklēsasanathlete,whichextendsfromapreviousessaypostedinClassicalInquiries2019.07.19onHēraklēsinthespecificroleofawrestler,Iconcentrateonthesecondofthesethreemethods,geneaologicalcomparison.WhatIwillargueisthattheGreekheroHēraklēs,asanathlete—specifically,inhisroleasafist-fighterorboxer—iscomparabletoaNorseheronamedStarkaðr.RelevantistheimageIshowhere:itisaclose-upofanillustrationfeaturedonamapproducedbyOlausMagnus,Cartamarinaetdescriptioseptentrionaliumterrarum,firstpublishedin1539,picturingourNorsemanholdingtworunestaffs:aswecansee,thestaffinhisrighthandreads,inrunicletters,STARCATERVS(Starcatherus),andthestaffinhislefthandreadsPVGILSVETICVS(pugilSueticus),tobetranslatedas‘fist-fighterofSweden’.

DetailofCartamarinaetdescriptioseptentrionaliumterrarum(1539).OlausMagnus(1490–1557).ImageviaWikimediaCommons.

§1.BeforeweconsiderthemythologicaltraditionsthatgeneratedtheroleoftheNorseheroStarkaðras‘fist-fighterofSweden’andthegenealogicallycomparableroleoftheGreekheroHēraklēsasbothboxerandwrestler,Ineedtomakethreeintroductorycommentsonmethodology.Thesecommentsaremeanttointroducenotonlythepresentessaybutalsothewholeseriesofsubsequentessaysunderthegeneraltitle“ThinkingcomparativelyaboutGreekmythology.”

§1a.First,Icommentontheactualtermgeneaologicalcomparison.HereisanepitomeofwhatIsayaboutthistermin§5ofthearticle(Nagy2006)thatIalreadycitedinmygeneralintroduction:

ThemethodIcallgenealogicalcomparisoninvolvesfindingparallelsbetweenstructuresrelatedtoeachotherbywayofacommonsource.Idescribethiscomparativemethodasgenealogicalbecauseitappliestoparallelismsbetweencognatestructures—thatis,structuresthatderivefromacommonsource,whichwouldbeanearlierstructure.Inthefieldoflinguistics,suchagenealogicalmethodusedtobecalledsimply“laméthodecomparative,”asweseeinthetitleofamostinfluentialbookbyAntoineMeillet,La

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méthodecomparativeenlinguistiquehistorique(1925).Whatisreallymeantbythistitle,however,issomethingmorespecificthanjustanykindofcomparativemethod.Thatsomethingisastructuralistmethodofcomparisonthatdependsonbothsynchronicanddiachronicanalysisofcognatestructuresbeingcompared.Whilesynchronicanalysisviewslanguageasitexistsatagiventimeandplace,diachronicanalysisviewslanguageasitevolvesthroughtime.(Saussure1916:117)

§1b.Second,IcommentonthegeneraltitlefortheseriesIamlaunchinghere,“thinkingcomparativelyaboutGreekmythology.”Inmostoftheessaysinthisseries,mymodeofcomparisonwillbeprimarily“genealogical,”basedinpartonfindingsIoncegatheredtogetherinasinglebook,GreekMythologyandPoetics(Nagy1990b).ThereIsayattheverybeginningthatIacceptingeneralthemethodsofcomparativemythologyasdemonstratedperhapsmostclearlyinathree-volumeseries,Mytheetépopée,byGeorgesDumézil(theoriginalyearsofpublicationwere1968,1971,1973).ThegeneralapproachofDumézilistotakethecomparativemethodologyofIndo-Europeanlinguisticsbeyondthelevelofpurelanguageandtoapplyitonthelevelofmythasexpressedbylanguage.Inthissense,itisappropriatetothinkofcomparativemythology,morebroadly,ascomparativephilology:

Oneoftheservicesthat“comparativephilology”canrenderthe“separatephilologies”[as,forexample,Classicalphilology]istoprotectthemagainsttheirownuncheckedattitudesconcerning“origins,”toorientthemtowardthekindofempiricalprocess,positiveornegative,thatgoesbeyondtheuncertaintyandconsequentarbitrarinessthatcanresultfromevaluatingfactspurelyfromaGreekorRomanorIndicorScandinavianpointofview.(Dumézil1985:15;mytranslation)

§1c.Third,Icommentonthevalueof“comparativephilology”inthestudyofGreekmythology.IepitomizeherewhatIalreadysaidinGreekMythologyandPoetics(Nagy1990b:7–8),thoughIhaveslightlyadjustedmyformulationtofitmorecloselythecomparativeevidencethatweareabouttoconsider:

JustastheGreeklanguageiscognatewithotherIndo-Europeanlanguages,includingLatin,Indic,andOldNorse,soalsovariousGreekinstitutionsarecognatewiththecorrespondinginstitutionsofotherpeoplesspeakingotherIndo-Europeanlanguages.Inotherwords,suchdiversesocietiesasrepresentedbytheancientGreekandRomanandIndicandScandinavianpeopleshaveacommonIndo-Europeanheritagenotonlyontheleveloflanguagebutalsoonthelevelofsociety.ToappreciatethebreadthandthedepthofthisIndo-EuropeanheritageinGreekinstitutions,onehasonlytoreadthroughtheprodigiouscollectionofdetailedevidenceassembledbyÉmileBenvenisteinLevocabulairedesinstitutionsindo-européennes(1969).Fornow,however,IfocusonDumézil’sargumentthatonesuchIndo-European“institution”isthetraditionofmythingeneral—andofepicinparticular.

§2.Thatsaid,Inowturntocomparativeevidence,assembledbyDumézil(1971:25–124),connectingtheheroHēraklēsinGreekmythsandtheheroStarkaðrinthemythsofScandinavianpeoples.Inthesecondcase,theevidencecomesfromOldNorsetexts,oftenmediatedbymedievalLatinparaphrases.WithregardtotheGreekandtheOldNorseevidence,DumézilhassucceededinprovingthatthemythsaboutthesetwoheroesHēraklēsandStarkaðrarecognateinavastvarietyofdetails.ThesedetailshavebeenanalyzedfurtherinanarticlebyOlgaM.Davidson(1980)andinthebookComparativeMythologybyJaanPuhvel(1989,especiallypp.249–255).LimitationsoftimeandspacepreventmefromincludinghereathirdcomparandumanalyzedbyDumézil,Davidson,andPuhvel:thisistheIndicheroŚiśupāla.

§3.FornowIconcentrateononlyonedetailthatshowsthecognateheritageofmythsaboutHēraklēsandStarkaðr—adetailthathasIthinknotbeennoticedbefore.Ithastodowiththeathleticism,asitwere,ofboththeseheroes.

§3a.Inthepreviousposting,ClassicalInquiries2019.07.19,IhadalreadyconsideredamythcenteringontheathleticismofHēraklēsintheroleofawrestler,butnowIturntohisparallelroleasaboxer.InthescholiaforPlato’sPhaedo89cwereadaboutamyth,mediatedbyDurisofSamos(DFGHF76;alsotobeconsideredisPherecydesDFGHF368),tellinghowHēraklēs,afterhavingfoundedtheathleticcontestsatthefestivaloftheOlympicsatOlympiaandhavingwonineveryoneoftheseathleticcontestsonthefirstoccasionofthefestival,failedtowinontheoccasionofthesecondOlympics,fouryearslater,intheathleticeventofboxing,sincehisopponentsatthiseventwerenowtwoathletesratherthanone.Fortherecord:thenamesgivenforthetwovictoriousathletesinthisreportareElatosandPherandros.Sothestorygoes.ThusevenHēraklēs,asthesayinghasit,cannotwinwhenthecontestistwo-against-one.ThatsayingiswhatwereadinPlato’sPhaedo89c,wheretherelevantmythabouttheboxingmatchbetweenHēraklēsononesideand,ontheotherside,ElatosandPherandros,isnotevenretold.

§3b.Atthispoint,IreferagaintotheimageIshowedatthebeginningofthisessay:asIalreadynotedbackthen,thisimageisfeaturedonamapproducedbyOlausMagnus,firstpublishedin1539,whereweseeStarkaðrholdingtworunestaffs—andwherethestaffinhisrighthandreads,inrunicletters,STARCATERVS(Starcatherus),whilethestaffinhislefthandreadsPVGILSVETICVS(pugilSueticus),tobetranslatedas‘fist-fighterofSweden’.ThankstotheexpertguidanceofmycolleagueanddearfriendStephenMitchell,Icannowaddthatthispicture,andthedescriptionofStarkaðrasa‘fist-fighterofSweden’,matchesanarrativefoundinanotherworkofOlausMagnus,Historiadegentibusseptentrionalibus,publishedin1555.Thetextofthisnarrativestartsoffatp.161withanillustrationintheformofawoodcutthatreproducesthepictureof‘Starcatherus’asfoundinthemapofOlausMagnus,andthenarrativethatfollowsactuallyexplainsatpp.161–162whyStarkaðrgetstobedescribedasaboxer.Thisnarrativeatpp.161–162correspondstoanearliernarrativerecordedbySaxoGrammaticus,wholived

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inthelate12thandearly13thcenturiesCE,inhisGestaDanorum,firstprintedin1514.ThiscorrespondingnarrativeofSaxoGrammaticus,tobefoundinGestaDanorum6.5.17–18,isprobablyatleastinpartthesourceforthelaternarrativeofOlaus.WereadinthesetwonarrativesthattheDaneswereonceuponatimeatwarwiththeSaxons,whopersuadedayouthfulchampionnamedHamatofightinaone-on-oneduelwithanagingStarcatherus,whowouldberepresentingallbyhimselfthekingoftheDanestogetherwiththeking’sentirearmy.TheSaxonHama,showinghisoverconfidence,preferredtostartfightingwithhishands,notwithweapons,and,inthiscontext,heisactuallydescribedbyOlausatp.161asapugilis‘fist-fighter’.Then,truetoform,Hamafist-punchesStarcatherussoviolentlythattheoldmangetsfloored.ButStarcatheruspickshimselfupandnowgainstheupperhand.Intheend,StarcatheruskillsHamabycleavingtheyoungchampioninhalfwithablowofthesword.ThustheSaxonsaredefeated,andtheyarenowsubjugatedenmassebytheDanes.Sogoesthestory.

Page161ofOlausMagnus,Historiadegentibusseptentrionalibus(1555),withwoodcutillustrationof

Starkaðr.

3c.HereistherelevanttextintheGestaDanorumofSaxoGrammaticus(5.16–17,ed.Friis-Jensen2015):

5.16.IntereaSaxonesdefectionemmoliriidquemaximeinanimohaberecoeperunt,qualiterinuictumbelloFrothonempreterpubliciconflictusmoremopprimerent.Quodoptimeduellogerendumratimittunt,quiregemexprouocationelacesserent,scienteseumdiscrimenomnepromptasempermentecomplecti,animiqueeiusmagnitudinemnulliprorsusexhortationicessuram.Quemtunctemporismaximeadoriendumputabant,cumStarcatherum,cuiusplerisqueformidolosauirtusextabat,negotiosumabessecognoscerent.CunctanteueroFrothonesequecumamicissuperdandoresponsocollocuturumdicentesuperuenitStarcatheruspiraticaiamregresssus,quiexhocmaximeprouocationishabitumreprehendit,quoddiceretregibusnonnisiincomparesarmacongruereeademqueaduersumpopularescapiendanonesse:perseuerotamquamobscurioreloconatumpugnamrectiusamministrandamexistere.

5.17.IgiturSaxonesHamam,quiapudeosgymnicispalmisclarissimushabebatur,multisaggressipollicitationibus,siduellooperamcommodaret,molemcorporiseiusauroserepensurosessepromittuntillectumquepecuniapugilemadcampumconfluctuideputatummilitarispompetripudioprosequuntur.HincDaniStarcatherumregissuipartesexequuturumadcertaminislocummilitieinsignibusornatiperducunt.QuemHamaetatemarcidumiuuentefidutiadespicatusdefunctumuiribussenemluctaquamarmisexciperepreoptauit.Eundemadortusterrenutabundumadegerat,nifortuna,queuinciuetulumnonsinebat,iniurierestitisset.ItaenimimpellentisHamepugnoobrutusmemoratur,utgenibusnixushumummentocontingeret.Quamcorporisnutationemegregiaultionepensauit.Namubiresuscitatopoplitemanumexpedireferrumquedistringerelicuit,mediumHamecorpusdissecuit.Compluresagrisexagenaquemancipiauictoriepremiumextitere.

3d.Hereismytranslation(guidedbytheearliertranslationofFisher2015,whichIhavemodifiedhereandthere):

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5.16.MeanwhiletheSaxonsweremountingrebellion[againsttheDanes]andgivingparticularthoughttohowtheycouldeliminate[king]Frotho,sofarundefeated,inawaythatwouldbypassamassconflict.Thinkingthatthebestwaytodoitwouldbeindividualcombat,theysentemissariestoissueachallengetotheking,awarethathealwaysembracedeverydangereagerlyandthathishighspiritwouldcertainlynevergivewaytoanyadmonition.OncetheyknewthatStarcatherus,whosebraveryintimidatedmostmen,wasoccupiedelsewhere,theyreckonedthatthiswasthetimetoaccostFrotho.Butwhilethekingwashesitatingandsayingthathewouldhavetoconsulthisfriendsaboutareply,Starcatherusappearedonthescene,backfromhissea-roving[=Vikingactivities];hemoststronglyobjectedtotheideaofthechallenge,because,ashepointedout,suchfightswerenotappropriateforkingsexceptagainsttheirequalsandcertainlytheyshouldnotbeundertakenagainstmenofthepeople;moreproperlyitwasuptohim[=Starcatherus],asoneborninalessluminoussituation,tohandlethisfight.

5.17.So,theSaxonsapproachedHama,famousamongthemforhisathleticvictories,withmanyassurancesthatifhewouldthrowhisenergiesintoasinglecombat,theywouldrepayhimwiththeweight,ingold,ofhismountainousbulk;attractedbytheprizemoney,thechampion[pugilis‘fist-fighter]wasaccompaniedbyajubilantprocessionofwarriorstothefieldmarkedforthecombat.OntheirsidetheDanes,alldeckedoutintheirwargear,ledStarcatherustotheplaceofcombat,sothathecouldfulfilltherole[partes]ofhisking.Hama,exultinginhisyouth,wasscornfulofanopponentfeeblewithageandchoserathertoengagehand-to-handwiththisworn-outoldmanthanencounterhimwithweapons.HewentatStarcatherusandwouldhavesenthimreelingtotheearth,hadnotFortune,whowouldnotallowtheveterantobeovercome,stoppedhimfrombeingharmed.ItisrecordedinmemorythathewasstruckdownwithsuchforcebyHama’sdrivingfistthathewasbroughttohiskneesandtouchedthegroundwithhischin.Starcatherustookfinecompensationforbeingthrownoffbalance:assoonasheregainedhisfeetandhadahandfreetodrawhissword,hecutHama’sbodyinhalf.Alargeportionoflandandsixtyslaveswerethepriceofhisvictory.

§4.ThisOldNorsemythaboutanunevenboxingmatchbetweentheoldStarkaðrandayouthfulSaxonherocalledHama,whoisactuallydescribedasapugilis‘fist-fighter’intheGestaDanorumofSaxoGrammaticusasalsointheHistoriaofOlausMagnus,helpsusseehowtheoldheromayhaveearnedthetitlepugil‘fist-fighter’inhisownright.Inthemythwehavejustconsidered,theheroStarkaðrisengaginginsinglecombatonbehalfoftheDanes,butinothermyths,hecouldhavebeenfightinginsinglecombatonbehalfoftheSwedes—hencehisfulltitlepugilSueticus‘fist-fighterofSweden’intheillustrationfoundontheCartaofOlausasalsointhewoodcutforthestoryaboutStarkaðrasreportedbythesameOlausinthatauthor’sHistoria.Also,asStephenMitchellpointsouttome,therewereotherNorseheroeswhoreceivedthetitlepugilSueticus‘fist-fighterofSweden’inotherstories,asweseefromtheapplicationofthissametitletotheheroArngrimat5.13.1intheGestaDanorumbySaxoGrammaticus.InthatnarrativeofSaxoaboutvictorieswonbyArngriminbattlesonbehalfoftheSwedes,however,wefindnoretellingofanystoryaboutanyone-on-oneboxingmatch.Similarly,wefindnoretellingofanystoryaboutaone-on-oneboxingmatchinvolvingStarkaðrinbattleswherethisherofightsonbehalfoftheSwedesinsteadoftheDanes.Inanycase,theoldheroStarkaðrisapugilfortheDanes,notfortheSwedes,inthestoryaboutthekillingoftheSaxonboxercalledHama,andIamarguingthatthisparticularstoryiscognatewiththelittle-knownGreekstoryaboutanotherunevenboxingmatch—thisonebetweenHēraklēsandthetworivalathleteswhoactuallydefeatedhimontheoccasionofthesecondOlympicseverheld.IftheGreekstoryhadbeenwellknowninmedievaltimes,wemighthavesuspectedthatsuchastoryaboutHēraklēshadservedasamodelfortheOldNorsestoryaboutStarkaðr.Afterall,thesimilaritiesbetween‘Hercules’andStarcatheruswererecognizedbythelearnedScandinaviantransmittersofstoriesaboutStarkaðr—somuchsothatthenarrativeofOlausMagnusaboutStarkaðractuallyreferstohimatonepointasanalterHercules,‘anotherHēraklēs’:thishappensatp.161oftheHistoriadegentibusseptentrionalibusbyOlausMagnus—thoughnotinthecontextoftheensuingstoryabouttheunevenboxingmatchbetweenHamaandStarcatherus.Thatsaid,ImustneverthelessinsistthatthesimilaritiesbetweentheOldNorseandtheancientGreekboxingmatchesarenotatallcloseenoughtojustifyoursupposingthattheScandinaviantransmittersoftheStarkaðrmyths—nomatterhowlearnedtheymayhavebeenintheGreco-Romanclassicaltradition—wouldhavesomehowmodeledthemythabouttheduelofStarkaðrwithHamaonabarely-knownmythaboutalossbyHēraklēsinaboxingmatch—amyththatremainsmostopaquetothisday.

§5.IgrantthatotherfeaturesoftheStarkaðrstory,likethepositioningofaferociouslionthatweseeintheforegroundofthatpicturethatlabelsthisheroasaboxer,maypossiblybeamatterofborrowingfromacognatefigureofHēraklēs,sincethelinkingoftheGreekherowiththelionskinthathewearsissoubiquitousintheclassicaltradition.Thesamecanbesaid,perhaps,abouttheclubthatweseepositionednexttothehero’sswordinthesamepicture.

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Tags:AntoineMeillet,Elatos,GeorgesDumézil,Hama,Herakles,JaanPuhvel,OlausMagnus,OlgaM.Davidson,Pherandros,SaxoGrammaticus,Starkaðr

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