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The Water Reuse Roadmap
P R I M E R
Essential practices to make water
reuse an element of a diverse and resilient water
management strategy
Book coming Fall of 2017
2 THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER
Introduction 3
Major Themes 4
Fit for Purpose 4
Legitimacy 7
Key Terms 8
Matrices 9
Product Development 10
Implementing Treatment Technologies 11
Monitoring and Control 12
Implementing Innovation 13
Message Development 14
Communication & Outreach 15
Risk Management & Communication 16
Regulatory Environment 17
Local Issues 18
Strategic Management 19
Financial Sustainability 20
Resiliency 21
Experts’ Meeting Attendees 22
Partners 23
Water Reuse Roadmap Primer
“Water should not be judged by its history, but by its quality.”Dr Lucas Van Vuuren, National Institute of Water Research, South Africa
THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER 3
Introduction
T wo of the Water Environment Federation’s (WEF) critical objectives are to “generate
an increased public awareness of the value of water leading to increased funding to protect water quality through appropriate levels of infrastructure, management approaches, and services” and to “establish the conditions that promote accelerated development and implementation of innovative technologies and approaches in the water sector.”
WEF has been successful at striving toward those objectives through the use of a “maturity model” approach with the development of two roadmaps, on Energy (2013) and Nutrient Management (2015) The Reuse Roadmap development process builds on the experience gained developing the two previous WEF roadmap publications, which demonstrated the importance of a sector scan, effective partners, leveraging planned events with a similar theme, and building off of existing WEF programs
The goal of the Reuse Roadmap is to develop a high-level approach to help guide utilities and industry decision-makers in issues to address when considering water reuse Like the Energy and Nutrients roadmaps, the Water Reuse roadmap is brief and high level to be accessible to all types of stakeholders, including public officials, utility managers, operators, engineers, and regulators The roadmap will not “reinvent the wheel,” with all of the great technical resources available Rather, the focus will be to help decision-makers to quickly understand the strategic issues inherent in a water reuse effort
In February 2016, the Water Environment Federation, the Water Environment & Reuse Foundation (WE&RF), the National Water Research Institute (NWRI), and WateReuse sponsored a 2-day meeting at Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD) in California to take
the next steps in developing a roadmap for the vision of sustainable water resources through the implementation of water reuse OCSD was chosen as the location for the experts’ meeting because of the County’s leadership in water reuse OCSD and the Orange County Water District (OCWD) have partnered on water recycling projects for more than 40 years, including the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS) Beginning in 2008, the GWRS is the world’s largest indirect potable reuse project of its kind that produces 100 MGD
The OCSD experts’ meeting brought together more than three dozen diverse representatives from water utilities, regulatory agencies, academia, consultants, associations, non-governmental organizations (NGO) These attendees built the framework for the Reuse Roadmap based on the aspirational goal developed:
Water reuse is an element of a diverse and resilient water management strategy.
Achieving this goal will require a dedication to integrated resource management (IRM) in order to overcome the public relations challenges, technical barriers, and financial constraints while ensuring public health and environmental quality The development of the Reuse Roadmap will progress in two phases This Primer represents the first phase, a matrix of best practices developed from the major topics and subtopics identified by the experts’ meeting participants This matrix will be further developed by a larger group of subject-matter experts into a guidance document to be published in 2017 The guidance document will be supplemented with case studies and additional resources The Roadmap will also inform future research, training, and advocacy programs to support the movement toward incorporating water reuse into IRM efforts at utilities
4 THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER
W ater reuse is a multifaceted issue and two important terms are used to describe how recycled water is an integral part of the water cycle Recycled Water generally refers to
treated domestic wastewater that is used more than once before it passes back into the water cycle The terms “reused” and “recycled” are often used interchangeably depending on where you are geographically
While a number of topics were discussed by the experts about how to ensure that water reuse is an element of a diverse and resilient water management strategy, two themes were present across the entire conversation: Fit for Purpose and Legitimacy
Major Themes
Fit for PurposeFit for purpose means matching water of a specific quality to a use appropriate for that quality For example, a water with quality suitable for irrigation might not be suitable for industrial use as boiler feedwater Because water can be treated to varying qualities depending on the need, water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) should be aware of the end use of the product water they treat This focus on treating to the appropriate use (fit for purpose) ensures both sufficient treatment for public health, environmental, or product needs while also minimizing the cost of overtreating water to a quality level much different than is actually required by the end use The following three examples show how water reuse can be used for environmental quality and irrigation, industrial, and even for drinking
Environment Agriculture Industry Potable
Tres Rios Wetlands, Arizona
West Basin’s Designer Water, California
Clean Water Services’ Pure Water Brew, Oregon
THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER 5
Habitat Restoration and Public Recreation at Tres Rios Wetlands In 1990, the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality released new water quality standards for wastewater discharges into Arizona waterways The solution that was selected by the City of Phoenix was the construction of the Tres Rios wetland project, meeting water quality requirements while providing habitat for threatened and endangered species, as well as public recreation space After passing through the wetlands, the water is then used for crop irrigation Phoenix reuses 100 percent of their effluent, as the water that does not go to the wetland is provided as cooling water for the nearby power plant
West Basin’s Designer WaterIn the early 1990s, the West Basin Municipal Water District in Los Angeles, California, added recycled water to its portfolio to serve a population of a million people To meet the unique needs of their commercial and industrial customers, the utility produces “designer water,” or amended tertiary water for industrial and irrigation use The types of designer water the district produces include the following:• Irrigation Water: Filtered and disinfected
for industrial and irrigation use• Cooling Tower Water: Tertiary treated
water with ammonia removal • Seawater Barrier and Groundwater
Replenishment Water: Secondary water, with either lime clarification or microfiltration and reverse osmosis (RO)
• Low-Pressure Boiler Feed Water: microfiltration and reverse osmosis membranes for pure RO water
• High-Pressure Boiler Feed Water: Ultra-pure RO water treated by microfiltration membranes and passed through RO membranes twice
The designer water strategy enables the use of recycled water far beyond the potential of common irrigation applications for street medians, parks, and golf courses West Basin also helps ensure the economic production in the area by supplying a critical resource to several local refineries and a power generation company
6 THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER
Clean Water Services’ Pure Water Brew ChallengeIn order to demonstrate that water should be judged by its quality, not its history, Clean Water Services (Portland, OR) began partnering with Oregon brewers in 2014 with the goal of raising awareness and starting conversations about the reusable nature of all water The Pure Water Brew Challenge advances the understanding of how high-purity water can be used for product manufacturing by highlighting one particular product: beer The utility produced a batch of high-purity water that far exceeds safe drinking water standards and provided it to local brewers to make beer These beers were featured at WateReuse’s One Water Innovations Gala at WEFTEC® 2014 and in the Innovation Pavilion at WEFTEC 2015 and 2016 Beer is a product that Oregon is known for around the world; the Pure Water Brew Challenge is engaging industry professionals, public leaders, and people everywhere in this conversation about water The hope is that conversations inspired by Pure Water Brew will broaden understanding about the potential of reused water as a source of clean water
THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER 7
Legitimacy
Three Levels of Legitimacy
Innovative potable reuse projects have often been met with public opposition, despite having proven technology and water quality meeting or exceeding drinking water standards The general mindset from technical professionals such as engineers and scientists is that the public will accept new technologies when provided with information through marketing and public education activities A study at OCWD and OCSD about the success of their indirect potable reuse program showed that the success of their program was due to the legitimacy of their effort In order to have a successful project, answering questions is required to address the concerns of the user at three levels of legitimacy such as:• Pragmatic – How do I benefit?
How am I involved in decision-making?• Moral – How are safety and quality
guaranteed? How has the organization performed in the past?
• Cognitive – How essential is the technology, given any alternatives? How does the technology fit with my daily life?
The OCWD/OCSD exampled showed the benefits of having utility managers become recognized as trustworthy and competent experts through their dedication to the outreach efforts 1,2,3
Another key reference that blends technical, regulatory, and public support efforts to foster
legitimacy is the Framework for Direct Potable Reuse released in 2015 This framework document was developed through a collaborative effort between WateReuse, WEF, and the American Water Works Association through an independent advisory panel administered by NWRI The panel convened over a period of almost 2 years to identify the subject areas and topics that future direct potable reuse (DPR) guidelines will need to address and prepare the final document This framework represents a consensus among the panel, while taking into consideration input from a Project Advisory Committee comprised of technical experts in water and wastewater treatment, as well as state and federal regulators
The Framework document provides a context for DPR, including the costs, benefits, energy requirements, and comparative issues with other water sources and measures Following this introduction, three key components of a DPR program are examined: • regulatory considerations (e g , measures
to mitigate public health risks); • technical issues related to the production
of advanced treated water; and • public support and outreach
The Framework is freely available at: https://watereuse org/watereuse-research/framework-for-direct-potable-reuse/
1 Binz, C , S Harris-Lovett, M Kiparsky, D L Sedlak, and B Truffer (2016) “The thorny road to technology legitimation— Institutional work for potable water reuse in California ” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 103: 249–263
2 Jordi, A (2015) “Legitimacy – the key to successful implementation ” Eawag Aquatic Research News, October 2015 www eawag ch/fileadmin/Domain1/News/User_Acceptance_englisch pdf
3 Harris-Lovett, S R , C Binz, D L Sedlak, M Kiparsky, and B Truffer (2015) “Beyond user acceptance: a legitimacy framework for potable water reuse in California ” Environmental Science & Technology 49(13): 7552–7561
Pragmatic – the user’s self-interest
Moral – social values and welfare
Cognitive – customs and taken- for-granted routines
8 THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER
W ateReuse has developed a common set of definitions to describe the many technical words, often interchangeably used, to explain the different options for water reuse that a community
could choose from:
Potable Reuse refers to recycled water you can drink The reclaimed water is purified sufficiently to meet or exceed federal and state drinking water standards and is safe for human consumption
Nonpotable Reuse refers to reclaimed water that is not used for drinking, but is safe to use for irrigation, industrial uses, or other non-drinking water purposes
De facto, Unacknowledged, or Unplanned Potable Reuse occurs when water intakes draw raw water supplies downstream from discharges of clean water from wastewater treatment plants, water reclamation facilities, or resource recovery facilities For example, if you are down-stream of a community, that community’s used water gets put back into a river or stream and is delivered downstream to your community and after further treatment becomes part of your drinking water supply
Planned Potable Reuse is publicly acknowledged as an intentional project to reclaim water for drinking water It is sometimes further defined as either direct or indirect potable reuse It commonly involves a more formal public process and public consultation program than is observed with de facto or unacknowledged reuse
Indirect Potable Reuse (IPR) water is blended with other environmental systems such as a river, reservoir, or groundwater basin, before the water is reused
Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) water is distributed directly into a potable water supply distribution system downstream of a water treatment plant or into the source water supply immediately upstream of the water treatment plant
Key Terms
THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER 9
Matrices
The best practices identified by the participants at the experts’ meeting were grouped into 12 themes and displayed in the following matrices The themes are grouped into three basic topic areas:
• Product Development • Implementing Treatment
Technologies• Monitoring and Control• Implementing Innovation • Message Development
• Communication & Outreach• Risk Management
& Communication• Regulatory Environment • Local Issues
• Strategic Management• Financial Sustainability• Resiliency
Product Focus
External Communications
Management and Organizational
TOPIC AREA 1
TOPIC AREA 2
TOPIC AREA 3
10 THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER
1: P
RO
DU
CT
DE
VE
LOP
ME
NT
PLA
NP
RE
PA
RE
& I
MP
LEM
EN
TE
VA
LUA
TE &
IM
PR
OV
E
Mar
ketin
gD
ata
Col
lect
ion
• C
olle
ct d
ata
to u
nder
stan
d th
e m
arke
t
•
Iden
tify
stak
ehol
ders
and
pot
entia
l cus
tom
ers
in
the
mar
ket f
or w
ater
reus
e an
d ot
her
reco
vere
d re
sour
ces
• A
sses
s co
mpe
titio
n fo
r pro
duct
(a
ltern
ativ
e so
urce
s of
sup
ply)
• Id
entif
y an
chor
cus
tom
ers
and
dist
ribut
ion
syst
em•
Det
erm
ine
end
uses
, qua
lity
requ
irem
ents
, an
d va
riabi
lity
(sea
sona
l, da
ily) f
or c
usto
mer
s
or e
nd u
se:
• A
gric
ultu
re
•
Envi
ronm
ent/
Hab
itat
• IP
R
•
DP
R
•
Indu
stria
l use
s (c
oolin
g, w
ashi
ng, e
tc )
Dev
elop
Mar
ketin
g S
trate
gy•
Cre
ate
a va
lue-
cost
pro
posi
tion
• Id
entif
y va
lue
of v
ario
us w
ater
qua
lity
le
vels
for p
rodu
ct
•
Eval
uate
sal
es p
oten
tial w
ith re
spec
t to
treat
men
t, m
onito
ring,
and
dis
tribu
tion
cost
s•
Dev
elop
mar
ketin
g, s
ales
, and
bra
ndin
g st
rate
gy•
Com
mun
icat
e be
nefit
s an
d ad
vant
ages
of
wat
er re
use
Sel
l Rec
over
ed R
esou
rces
• B
rand
and
sel
l rec
ycle
d w
ater
and
oth
er
reco
vere
d re
sour
ces
• Vi
ew c
usto
mer
s as
par
tner
s in
effo
rts to
m
eet c
usto
mer
nee
ds th
roug
h su
stai
nabl
e
wat
er m
anag
emen
t
Fit f
or P
urpo
seId
entif
y Le
vel o
f Tre
atm
ent
• D
eter
min
e le
vels
of t
reat
men
t req
uire
d to
m
eet n
eeds
of c
usto
mer
s an
d en
viro
nmen
t
•
Is re
use
desi
rabl
e, g
iven
sou
rce
w
ater
con
stra
ints
, env
ironm
enta
l nee
ds?
• Is
nut
rient
rem
oval
nec
essa
ry
or a
re n
utrie
nts
desi
rabl
e fo
r irr
igat
ion?
• W
hat l
evel
s of
con
stitu
ents
(met
als,
to
tal d
isso
lved
sol
ids,
etc
) ar
e ne
eded
by
end
use
?
•
Wha
t are
the
seas
onal
, diu
rnal
, or d
aily
va
riatio
ns in
sou
rce
wat
er a
nd p
rodu
ct
wat
er d
eman
ds?
Iden
tify
Opp
ortu
nitie
s•
Pro
duce
pro
duct
s fo
r mar
ket n
eeds
, suc
h as
:
•
Irrig
atio
n (a
gric
ultu
re, m
unic
ipal
, res
iden
tial)
• C
oolin
g
•
Fire
pro
tect
ion
• B
oile
r mak
eup
• W
ash
wat
er•
Dua
l tre
atm
ent o
r flex
ible
trea
tmen
t opt
ions
av
aila
ble
to p
rodu
ce v
aryi
ng q
ualit
y of
wat
er fo
r in
tend
ed p
urpo
ses
• C
onsi
der d
ecen
traliz
ed in
frast
ruct
ure
to
optim
ize
reco
very
•
Trea
tmen
t (se
wer
sca
lpin
g)
Prio
ritiz
e an
d Im
plem
ent
• Te
chni
cal s
olut
ions
des
ign/
tailo
red
to fi
t-
for-p
urpo
se w
ater
dem
ands
• W
ater
allo
catio
n ar
e pr
iorit
ized
am
ong
va
rious
use
rs b
ased
on
wat
er s
uppl
y
need
s an
d bu
sine
ss c
onsi
dera
tions
• D
esig
ner w
ater
app
roac
h pr
ovid
es o
pera
tiona
l fle
xibilit
y to
sup
ply
“flav
ors”
of w
ater
THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER 11
2: I
MP
LEM
EN
TIN
G T
RE
ATM
EN
T TE
CH
NO
LOG
IES
PLA
NP
RE
PA
RE
& I
MP
LEM
EN
TE
VA
LUA
TE &
IM
PR
OV
E
Tech
nolo
gy
Eval
uatio
nId
entif
y Tr
eatm
ent L
evel
s•
Det
erm
ine
leve
l of t
reat
men
t ava
ilabl
e•
Det
erm
ine
leve
l of t
reat
men
t req
uire
d or
des
ired
• D
efine
ope
ratio
nal/p
roce
ss c
hang
es re
quire
d
to p
rovi
de w
ater
qua
lity
• Id
entif
y av
aila
ble
tech
nolo
gies
to p
rovi
de
appr
opria
te m
ulti-
barr
ier p
rote
ctio
n
•
Whe
re u
sed/
expe
rienc
e w
ith te
chno
logy
• M
atur
ity o
f tec
hnol
ogy
• A
ltern
ativ
e an
alys
is
•
Was
te s
tream
(brin
e, o
ther
) im
plic
atio
ns
•
Reg
ulat
ory
issu
es
Iden
tify
Opp
ortu
nitie
s•
Ensu
re a
dequ
ate
treat
men
t vs
ove
rtrea
ting
to
mee
t reg
ulat
ory
requ
irem
ents
with
min
imum
co
ncen
trate
gen
erat
ion
• C
onsi
der s
tora
ge
•
Emer
genc
y
•
Pro
cess
ups
ets
• D
eman
d va
riabi
lity
• Eq
ualiz
atio
n
•
Mon
itorin
g
•
Atte
nuat
ion
• Id
entif
y ad
ditio
nal o
ppor
tuni
ties
requ
iring
mor
e tim
e or
cap
ital t
o im
plem
ent,
and
deve
lop
a
plan
to fi
nanc
e/im
plem
ent
• A
sses
s liq
uid
vs s
olid
reco
very
(wat
er re
use
vs
land
app
licat
ion/
stru
vite
reco
very
)
Eva
luat
e an
d Im
plem
ent
• M
ulti-
barr
ier a
ppro
ach
usin
g co
st-e
ffect
ive
an
d lo
w c
arbo
n fo
otpr
int t
echn
olog
y to
pro
vide
rig
ht q
ualit
y re
use
• U
nint
ende
d co
nseq
uenc
es a
re e
valu
ated
th
roug
h sc
enar
io p
lann
ing
or o
ther
mea
ns,
such
as
• N
o re
turn
flow
s
•
Col
lect
ion
syst
em is
sues
from
sca
lpin
g
•
Agg
ress
ive
wat
er
• Id
entif
y re
sear
ch a
nd d
evel
opm
ent n
eeds
to
driv
e in
nova
tions
• Id
entif
y w
ater
qua
lity
tradi
ng a
nd g
reen
hous
e
gas
offs
et c
redi
t opp
ortu
nitie
s
Trea
tmen
t M
anag
emen
tP
lan
for
the
Futu
re•
Iden
tify
unit
oper
atio
ns/b
asin
s fo
r use
in
futu
re it
erat
ions
of d
esig
ner w
ater
pro
duct
ion
• Lo
ng-te
rm p
lann
ing
such
as
leav
ing
spac
e in
the
faci
lity
hydr
aulic
pro
file
to a
ccom
mod
ate
futu
re
proc
esse
s•
Dev
elop
sce
nario
ana
lysi
s in
mas
ter p
lann
ing
• Fu
ture
regu
latio
ns
•
Wat
er s
uppl
y/de
man
d
•
Trea
tmen
t res
ilienc
y an
d fa
ilsaf
e pl
anni
ng
Miti
gate
Ris
ks•
Des
ign
for c
urre
nt re
quire
men
ts w
ith a
n ey
e to
war
d fu
ture
requ
irem
ents
• Va
lidat
e te
chno
logi
es
•
Rel
iabi
lity
• Lo
ng-te
rm p
rosp
ects
• P
ath
depe
nden
cy
• P
ublic
sup
port
• In
telle
ctua
l pro
perty
issu
es
•
Ope
ratio
nal e
ffici
ency
• S
cala
bilit
y
•
Mon
itorin
g re
quire
men
ts
•
Byp
rodu
cts
and
copr
oduc
ts
Man
age
Trad
eoffs
• U
nder
stan
d tra
deof
fs
•
Rel
iabi
lity
vs a
dvan
ced
tech
nolo
gy
•
Reg
ulat
ory
requ
irem
ents
vs
bus
ines
s ne
eds
• R
esou
rce
reco
very
vs
trea
tmen
t
12 THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER
3: M
ON
ITO
RIN
G A
ND
CO
NTR
OL
PLA
NP
RE
PA
RE
& I
MP
LEM
EN
TE
VA
LUA
TE &
IM
PR
OV
E
Mon
itorin
gC
olle
ct In
form
atio
n•
Par
amet
er m
onito
ring
for d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing,
po
tent
ially
incl
udes
• U
pstre
am
•
Col
lect
ion
syst
em
•
Indu
stria
l dis
char
gers
• A
t tre
atm
ent f
acilit
y
•
Influ
ent,
in-fa
cilit
y, a
nd e
fflue
nt
•
End
Use
• C
usto
mer
(agr
icul
ture
, ind
ustri
al)
• En
viro
nmen
t (re
ceiv
ing
body
, aqu
ifer)
• La
bora
tory
cap
acity
at f
acilit
y an
d th
roug
hout
re
gion
ana
lyze
d fo
r ana
lytic
al, b
iolo
gica
l ser
vice
s fo
r cat
ion-
exch
ange
cap
acity
, CC
L3, a
nd
unre
gula
ted
cont
amin
ant m
onito
ring
rule
• W
RR
F co
nsid
ers
frequ
ency
of s
ampl
ing
to
acco
unt f
or d
iurn
al a
nd s
easo
nal v
aria
tions
Ana
lyze
Dat
a•
Pro
cess
info
rmat
ion
to u
nder
stan
d op
tions
, ex
ampl
es in
clud
e
•
Rat
e of
acc
umul
atio
n an
d
cont
rol o
f sal
ts a
nd m
etal
s
•
Tech
nica
l res
ilienc
y (e
g, d
ynam
ic re
spon
se
time
to s
pike
load
ing)
• M
odel
the
treat
men
t pro
cess
to u
nder
stan
d its
con
stra
ints
and
opp
ortu
nitie
s, a
nd e
nsur
e re
dund
ancy
in d
esig
n •
Ass
ess
curr
ent f
acilit
y pe
rform
ance
for
vary
ing
wat
er q
ualit
y ne
eds
of c
usto
mer
s•
Bio
assa
y to
ols
for p
roce
ss m
onito
ring
ar
e de
velo
ped
• R
elia
ble
onlin
e/ea
rly w
arni
ng m
onito
ring
sy
stem
s ar
e in
pla
ce•
Dat
a an
alyt
ics
man
agem
ent p
lan
deve
lope
d
Pro
activ
ely
Use
Dat
a•
Use
dat
a to
impr
ove
• Fa
cilit
y op
erat
ions
• Tr
adin
g pr
ogra
ms
• S
ourc
e co
ntro
l
•
Nex
t des
ign
upgr
ade
• C
ontin
ual i
mpr
ovem
ent o
f mon
itorin
g pr
ogra
m•
Sen
sor a
nd m
onito
ring
adva
nces
for
repo
rting
are
trac
ked
• W
ell-d
evel
oped
labo
rato
ry c
apab
ilitie
s an
d/or
pa
rtner
ship
s fo
r per
form
ance
and
com
plia
nce
• U
CM
R
•
CC
L3
•
LEC
•
Unr
egul
ated
wat
er q
ualit
y pa
ram
eter
s
Pro
cess
Con
trol
Get
the
Big
Pic
ture
• B
asel
ine
perfo
rman
ce (w
ater
qua
lity,
ene
rgy
use,
et
c ) a
nd b
ench
mar
ks a
re d
eter
min
ed•
Sup
ervi
sory
con
trol a
nd d
ata
acqu
isiti
on
(SC
AD
A) a
nd o
ther
con
trol s
yste
m c
apab
ilitie
s
and
need
s ar
e id
entifi
ed
Und
erst
and
Key
Pro
cess
es•
Pro
activ
e m
aint
enan
ce is
in p
lace
thro
ugh
com
pute
rized
mai
nten
ance
man
agem
ent s
yste
m
• Te
chno
logi
es fo
r rem
ote
mon
itorin
g sy
stem
ar
e in
pla
ce (e
g ,
wid
e in
tegr
atio
n in
clud
ing
sate
llite
syst
ems)
• R
eal-t
ime
mon
itorin
g an
d co
ntro
l stra
tegy
in p
lace
• D
evel
oped
mas
s ba
lanc
es
• W
ater
• O
rgan
ics
(ene
rgy)
• N
utrie
nts
(nitr
ogen
and
pho
spho
rus)
• S
alts
• M
etal
s
Mon
itor
for
Rea
l-Tim
e C
ontro
l and
Opt
imiz
atio
n•
Rea
l-tim
e co
ntro
l is
in p
lace
(e g
, S
CA
DA
) to
optim
ize
wat
er q
ualit
y, c
hem
ical
use
, ene
rgy
use,
an
d ef
ficie
ncy
• S
yste
m le
arni
ng a
lgor
ithm
s (d
ata
driv
en) t
hat
inco
rpor
ate
dyna
mic
sup
ply–
dem
and
chal
leng
es
are
in p
lace
Qua
lity
Con
trol
Pro
duct
Dev
elop
men
t•
Dev
elop
a q
ualit
y as
sura
nce
prog
ram
and
pr
oces
s fo
r pro
duct
s•
Impl
emen
t ada
ptiv
e m
anag
emen
t tec
hniq
ues
Pro
duct
Pro
duct
ion
• Q
ualit
y as
sura
nce
proc
esse
s in
pla
ce
•
Wat
er q
ualit
y (in
clud
ing
chem
ical
add
ition
)
•
Wat
er q
uant
ity (t
o av
oid
supp
ly d
isru
ptio
ns)
Qua
lity
Verifi
catio
n•
Util
ity h
as a
dopt
ed a
qua
lity
stan
dard
(H
AC
CP,
Six
Sig
ma,
ISO
900
1)
• Pe
rmit
and
com
plia
nce
prog
ram
exis
ts w
ith
esta
blis
hed
wat
er a
naly
sis
prot
ocol
•
Act
ive
partn
ersh
ip w
ith a
gric
ultu
re e
xists
to
ensu
re d
owns
tream
pro
duct
qua
lity
THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER 13
4: I
MP
LEM
EN
TIN
G I
NN
OV
ATI
ON
PLA
NP
RE
PA
RE
& I
MP
LEM
EN
TE
VA
LUA
TE &
IM
PR
OV
E
Res
earc
h an
d D
evel
opm
ent
(R&D
)
Pre
pare
for
R&
D•
Col
labo
ratio
n w
ith re
sear
ch o
rgan
izat
ions
as
WE&
RF
driv
es in
nova
tion
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g
and
adop
tion
• S
taff
wel
l-ver
sed
in e
xistin
g te
chno
logi
es•
Opp
ortu
nitie
s ar
e id
entifi
ed b
y su
rvey
of
emer
ging
tech
nolo
gies
•
Red
uce
risk
thro
ugh
colla
bora
tive
rese
arch
an
d in
form
atio
n sh
arin
g •
Hav
e W
RR
F le
ader
ship
/man
ager
s re
cogn
ize
an
d re
war
d in
nova
tive
appr
oach
es
Pre
form
R&
D•
Util
ity b
udge
t inc
lude
s R
&D fu
ndin
g to
de
mon
stra
te c
ultu
re o
f em
brac
ing
inno
vatio
n•
Util
ity a
ctiv
ely
parti
cipa
tes
in w
ater
inno
vatio
n pa
rtner
ship
s (e
g ,
Wat
er In
nova
tion
Cen
ters
, re
sear
ch fo
unda
tions
, uni
vers
ity p
artn
ersh
ips,
etc
)
Exp
and
R&
D•
Site
vis
its to
faci
litie
s ut
ilizin
g in
nova
tive
tech
nolo
gies
occ
ur re
gula
rly
• C
ompl
eted
tria
ls a
nd re
sear
ch p
roje
cts
pr
ovid
e th
e fo
unda
tion
for f
urth
er a
dvan
cem
ent
with
in th
e in
dust
ry•
Util
ity s
erve
s as
a d
emon
stra
tion
faci
lity
for
publ
ic e
duca
tion
and
colla
bora
tion
with
re
sear
ch o
rgan
izat
ions
like
WE&
RF
Test
Bed
sE
valu
ate
Tech
nolo
gies
• Te
chno
logi
es th
at re
duce
ene
rgy
use
or
incr
ease
gen
erat
ion
are
iden
tified
• Te
st b
eds
are
iden
tified
to e
nhan
ce c
olla
bora
tion
with
uni
vers
ities
, R&D
of t
he e
quip
men
t sup
plie
s an
d ag
enci
es a
nd o
ther
sta
keho
lder
s •
Valid
atio
n an
d da
ta re
quire
men
ts fo
r new
/al
tern
ativ
e te
chno
logi
es a
re id
entifi
ed
Initi
ate
Tria
ls•
Trea
tmen
t tec
hnol
ogie
s ar
e de
mon
stra
ted
• S
tand
ard
valid
atio
n pr
otoc
ols
deve
lope
d
to e
valu
ate
tech
nolo
gies
for e
ffect
iven
ess
an
d su
stai
nabi
lity
• D
evel
op m
obile
trea
tmen
t tes
ting
for fi
eld
test
ing
• P
lans
are
mad
e to
leve
rage
test
bed
s an
d co
mm
unic
ate
resu
lts w
ith d
ata
base
of r
esul
ts•
Inst
itutio
nal r
esis
tanc
e is
ove
rcom
e by
de
mon
stra
tion
faci
lity,
pilo
t pro
ject
s, s
peci
ficity
of
des
ign
and
tech
nolo
gy o
ptio
ns, a
nd g
oals
of
the
reus
e pr
ojec
t
Impl
emen
t Ful
l-Sca
le S
olut
ion
• Fl
exib
le a
nd e
ffect
ive
tech
nolo
gies
are
im
plem
ente
d to
mee
t the
nee
ds o
f the
va
rious
qua
lity
leve
ls o
f rec
ycle
d w
ater
s
Alte
rnat
ive
Man
agem
ent
App
roac
hes
Iden
tify
Alte
rnat
ives
• D
ecen
traliz
ed tr
eatm
ent o
ptio
ns a
re c
onsi
dere
d
•
Pac
kage
pla
nts
and
tech
nolo
gies
• S
calp
ing
plan
ts
•
On-
site
reus
e
•
Gre
en in
frast
ruct
ure
• P
lann
ing
is p
erfo
rmed
on
a w
ater
shed
bas
is a
nd
incl
udes
con
side
ratio
n of
robu
stne
ss o
f sat
ellit
e no
dal s
truct
ure
of d
ecen
traliz
ed in
frast
ruct
ure
Impl
emen
t Alte
rnat
ives
• G
reen
Infra
stru
ctur
e te
chno
logi
es s
uch
as
treat
men
t wet
land
s an
d rip
aria
n bu
ffers
are
im
plem
ente
d w
here
app
ropr
iate
as
part
of
mul
tiple
bar
riers
app
roac
h•
Enha
nced
regi
onal
izat
ion
(e g
, bi
osol
ids
proc
essi
ng) h
as b
een
cons
ider
ed a
nd
impl
emen
ted
whe
re a
ppro
pria
te
Exp
and
Inte
grat
ion
• A
ltern
ativ
e m
anag
emen
t app
roac
hes
(e g
, de
cent
raliz
atio
n, re
gion
aliz
atio
n, e
tc )
are
used
, w
here
app
ropr
iate
, to
max
imiz
e ov
eral
l,
regi
onw
ide
bene
fit
14 THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER
5: M
ES
SA
GE
DE
VE
LOP
ME
NT
PLA
NP
RE
PA
RE
& I
MP
LEM
EN
TE
VA
LUA
TE &
IM
PR
OV
E
Legi
timac
yId
entif
y R
esou
rces
• A
tran
spar
ent p
lann
ing
proc
ess
is d
evel
oped
to
est
ablis
h le
gitim
acy
of p
roje
ct o
wne
r
•
Inde
pend
ent a
dvis
ory
grou
p or
exp
ert
pane
l con
side
red
• S
ucce
ss s
torie
s an
d be
st p
ract
ices
from
re
leva
nt o
rgan
izat
ions
are
iden
tified
Col
labo
rativ
e C
omm
unic
atio
n•
App
rais
al c
ondu
cted
of p
ublic
per
cept
ion
of:
utilit
y co
mpe
tenc
e le
gitim
acy,
pub
lic h
ealth
is
sues
, wat
er s
uppl
y, ri
sks
• P
lans
in p
lace
to a
ddre
ss P
ragm
atic
, Mor
al,
and
Cog
nitiv
e Le
gitim
acy
Ong
oing
Lea
ders
hip
• Le
gitim
acy
of p
roje
ct a
nd p
roje
ct o
wne
r es
tabl
ishe
d to
mee
t the
regi
on’s
wat
er n
eeds
• O
rgan
izat
iona
l com
mitm
ent t
o pu
blic
hea
lth
prot
ectio
n is
acc
epte
d by
pub
lic•
Util
ity is
the
trust
ed s
ourc
e of
qua
lity
Sta
keho
lder
Iden
tify
Sta
keho
lder
Val
ues
• Id
entif
y va
lues
of c
omm
unity
and
ut
ility
boar
d of
trus
tees
• S
hift
cultu
ral m
inds
et fr
om “
mee
ting
the
perm
it”
to re
cove
ring
reso
urce
s•
Iden
tify
envi
ronm
enta
l, so
cial
, and
eco
nom
ic
ince
ntiv
es fo
r wat
er re
use
• Id
entif
y vi
sibl
e ag
ency
cha
mpi
on
Pub
lic O
utre
ach
& In
take
• D
evel
op p
ublic
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
new
pu
rpos
e of
a W
RR
F•
Gat
her i
nput
from
all
stak
ehol
der c
ateg
orie
s
Sha
red
Exp
erie
nce
• S
hare
bes
t pra
ctic
es w
ith o
ther
util
ities
an
d th
e se
ctor
•
Iden
tified
sta
keho
lder
gro
ups
vest
ed in
ea
ch b
enefi
t/se
rvic
e
Mes
sage
D
evel
opm
ent
Dev
elop
Mes
sage
• U
nder
stan
d lo
cal c
ultu
ral v
alue
s •
Posi
tive
mes
sagi
ng (N
OT
“do
not d
rink
from
pu
rple
pip
e”) d
evel
oped
for r
euse
Th
emes
to in
clud
e•
Res
ilienc
y•
Wat
er in
depe
nden
ce•
Dro
ught
pro
ofing
• S
usta
inab
le•
Saf
ety
• “A
ll w
ater
is re
used
” –
de fa
cto
reus
e•
“Wat
er s
houl
d be
judg
ed b
y its
qua
lity,
no
t its
his
tory
”•
“One
Wat
er”
– re
use
is ju
st a
noth
er
part
of th
e po
rtfol
io•
Valu
e of
wat
er•
Wat
er a
s a
valu
able
ser
vice
whi
ch e
nhan
ces
heal
th a
nd w
ealth
of c
omm
unity
•
Wat
er a
s cr
itica
l pro
duct
for a
gric
ultu
re,
indu
stry
, com
mer
cial
use
s an
d th
e
asso
ciat
ed e
cono
mic
dev
elop
men
t
Enh
ance
Mes
sage
• C
onsi
sten
t ter
min
olog
y us
ed
• C
ount
er-a
rgum
ent d
evel
oped
to c
ount
er
fals
e in
form
atio
n•
Mes
sage
use
s ea
sy-to
-und
erst
and
com
mon
te
rmin
olog
y fo
r reu
se te
chno
logi
es a
nd p
rese
nts
them
in e
xciti
ng a
nd e
ntic
ing
way
s
Con
tinua
lly E
valu
ate
Mes
sage
• A
ll ut
ility
mem
bers
kno
w th
e “e
leva
tor s
peec
h” o
f th
e re
use
mis
sion
and
can
cle
arly
arti
cula
te th
e m
essa
ge w
heth
er a
t wor
k or
in th
e co
mm
unity
• P
artn
er a
genc
ies
are
cons
iste
nt in
mes
sagi
ng
on re
use
• “F
lavo
rs”
of w
ater
use
d to
dem
onst
rate
fit
for p
urpo
se•
Mea
sure
s of
pub
lic o
pini
on a
re u
sed
on a
pe
riodi
c ba
sis
to e
valu
ate
prog
ram
and
upd
ate
mes
sagi
ng to
ens
ure
publ
ic a
ccep
tanc
e•
Ong
oing
eng
agem
ent w
ith o
ppon
ents
w
ith re
spec
t •
Educ
atio
nal a
ctiv
ities
are
eng
agin
g fo
r ap
prop
riate
aud
ienc
es (e
g ,
field
trip
s fo
cusi
ng
on e
nviro
nmen
t and
tech
nolo
gy fo
r stu
dent
s,
reus
e be
er ta
stin
g fo
r adu
lts)
THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER 15
6: C
OM
MU
NIC
ATI
ON
& O
UTR
EA
CH
PLA
NP
RE
PA
RE
& I
MP
LEM
EN
TE
VA
LUA
TE &
IM
PR
OV
E
Cus
tom
ers
and
Com
mun
ity•
Com
mun
ity e
duca
tion
on fi
t for
pur
pose
wat
er,
the
urba
n w
ater
cyc
le, a
nd is
con
tinuo
usly
up
date
d E
duca
tion
prec
edes
cus
tom
er o
utre
ach
and
educ
atio
n st
rate
gy o
n sp
ecifi
c pr
ojec
t nee
ds•
Com
mun
ity g
roup
s ar
e id
entifi
ed fo
r out
reac
h to
de
velo
p un
ders
tand
ing
• Ea
rly e
duca
tion
and
outre
ach
to th
e pu
blic
avo
ids
oppo
sitio
n ba
sed
on y
uck
fact
or fo
r all
reus
e so
urce
s bu
t par
ticul
ar d
rinki
ng w
ater
• A
genc
y ob
ligat
ion
to in
itiat
e di
scus
sion
with
th
e pu
blic
•
Ensu
re th
at “
Com
mun
ity”
lead
ers
are
invo
lved
in
the
deci
sion
pro
cess
•
Spe
aker
s B
urea
u tra
ined
for e
ffect
ive
com
mun
icat
ion
with
the
publ
ic
(edu
cate
d vo
lunt
eers
)•
Pub
lic v
olun
teer
s re
pres
entin
g di
ffere
nt
inte
rest
s ar
e es
sent
ial t
o se
rve
as
com
mun
ity a
mba
ssad
ors
• P
roac
tive
cust
omer
edu
catio
n an
d ou
treac
h pr
ogra
m (e
g ,
bill
inse
rts, t
ours
, fac
t she
ets,
w
ebsi
te) t
hat f
ocus
es o
n pu
blic
hea
lth, e
cono
mic
gr
owth
, env
ironm
enta
l ben
efits
, and
co
st-e
ffect
iven
ess
is e
stab
lishe
d•
Com
mun
ity o
pini
on le
ader
s ar
e en
gage
d
•
Polit
icia
ns
• R
epor
ters
•
Envi
ronm
enta
l int
eres
ts
•
Cle
rgy
• P
hysi
cian
s an
d ot
her m
edic
al p
rofe
ssio
nals
• Fa
rmer
s
•
Teac
hers
• S
ervi
ce g
roup
s •
Early
ado
pter
s ar
e id
entifi
ed a
nd e
ncou
rage
d
to e
duca
te th
ose
with
que
stio
ns (d
oubt
ers)
• U
tility
eng
ages
cus
tom
ers
in h
elpi
ng to
ach
ieve
su
stai
nabl
e w
ater
reso
urce
s m
anag
emen
t•
Util
ity a
nd p
ublic
em
ploy
ees
are
amba
ssad
ors
to
com
mun
ity•
Tran
spar
ent p
roce
ss fo
r com
mun
ity-d
riven
de
cisi
on-m
akin
g is
in p
lace
to d
emon
stra
te
resp
ect f
or c
omm
unity
• “H
ands
on”
eng
agem
ent o
ppor
tuni
ties
exis
t
•
Dem
onst
ratio
n an
d vi
sito
r cen
ter
• In
tera
ctiv
e an
d st
atic
dis
play
s an
d ex
hibi
ts
•
Wat
er ta
stin
gs
•
Bee
r tas
ting
• Te
chno
logy
tour
s
•
Util
itize
info
rmat
ion
that
alre
ady
exis
ts th
roug
h th
e W
ateR
euse
Ass
ocia
tion
and
othe
rs
•
“Dow
nstre
am”
• “T
he G
loba
l Con
nect
ions
Map
• ”T
he W
ays
of W
ater
” vi
deo
• W
ater
: Thi
nk &
Drin
k an
imat
ions
Med
ia
• M
edia
out
lets
are
iden
tified
and
stra
tegi
es
are
deve
lope
d•
Med
ia k
it is
dev
elop
ed (e
g ,
vide
o,
soun
d-bi
tes,
pic
ture
s, a
nd p
ress
rele
ases
) •
Dea
l pro
activ
ely
with
nat
iona
l wat
er c
risis
in
new
s (F
lint,
food
con
tam
inat
ion,
floo
ds,
drou
ghts
, etc
)
• D
edic
ated
util
ity s
taff
wor
k on
mes
sagi
ng
with
med
ia, b
oth
new
s an
d so
cial
• M
edia
cha
mpi
ons
are
nurtu
red
to in
form
pub
lic
of fa
ctua
l ben
efits
and
issu
es w
ith re
spec
t to
reus
e, e
spec
ially
pot
able
app
licat
ions
Wat
er S
ecto
r•
Key
ener
gy s
taff
netw
ork
at lo
cal/r
egio
nal i
ndus
try
even
ts a
nd in
form
atio
n sh
arin
g gr
oups
sup
porti
ng
•
Nat
iona
l goa
l sup
porti
ng re
use
and
cons
erva
tion
• U
nifo
rm c
riter
ia fo
r IP
R/D
PR
pro
ject
s
•
Ris
k-ba
sed
reus
e gu
idel
ines
for a
gric
ultu
re,
indu
stria
l, an
d co
mm
erci
al p
roje
cts
• S
ucce
sses
, fai
lure
s, a
nd le
sson
s le
arne
d ar
e sh
ared
at i
ndus
try e
vent
s•
Sta
ff co
ntrib
utes
to d
evel
opm
ent o
f gui
delin
es
for d
esig
n an
d op
erat
ion
of re
lativ
ely
new
er
treat
men
t and
mon
itorin
g te
chno
logy
• S
taff
lead
s in
dust
ry in
itiat
ives
to s
uppo
rt se
ctor
ad
vanc
emen
ts in
wat
er re
use,
spe
cific
ally
• N
atio
nal r
euse
fram
ewor
k
•
Nat
iona
l reg
ulat
ory
stan
dard
s
16 THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER
7: R
ISK
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
& C
OM
MU
NIC
ATI
ON
PLA
NP
RE
PA
RE
& I
MP
LEM
EN
TE
VA
LUA
TE &
IM
PR
OV
E
Pub
lic H
ealth
Iden
tify
Pub
lic H
ealth
Issu
es•
Enga
ge p
ublic
hea
lth tr
acki
ng n
etw
orks
(Cen
ter f
or D
isea
se
Con
trol a
nd P
reve
ntio
n it)
• P
roje
ct p
lans
con
side
r pub
lic h
ealth
and
env
ironm
enta
l ris
k fo
r bot
h ne
w a
nd e
stab
lishe
d rip
aria
n pr
ojec
ts
Miti
gate
Pub
lic H
ealth
Ris
ks•
Sys
tem
s ap
proa
ch is
use
d fo
r rel
iabi
lity
an
alys
is m
itiga
ting
risks
of
• C
onta
min
atin
g po
tabl
e w
ater
sou
rce
IPR
• R
econ
tam
inat
ion
of g
roun
dwat
er
Enh
ance
Pub
lic H
ealth
Net
wor
k•
Mul
tiple
bar
riers
are
in p
lace
to re
duce
he
alth
and
env
ironm
enta
l ris
ks
•
Rob
ust/
redu
ndan
t tre
atm
ent
• C
ross
-con
nect
ion
cont
rol
• R
eal-t
ime
path
ogen
mon
itorin
g an
d
risk
man
agem
ent t
hrou
ghou
t tre
atm
ent
and
dist
ribut
ion
Ris
k M
anag
emen
tId
entif
y an
d P
riorit
ize
Ris
ks•
Ris
k of
hig
h co
nseq
uenc
e of
a s
ingl
e
dram
atic
failu
re is
und
erst
ood
• S
trate
gy fo
r ris
k m
itiga
tion
is d
evel
oped
• P
lann
ing
incl
udes
con
side
ratio
n of
• M
easu
res
for c
limat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
(e
g ,
extre
me
even
ts)
• O
vertr
eatm
ent v
s p
ublic
saf
ety
• W
ater
sho
rtag
e
•
Not
reco
verin
g re
clai
med
wat
er in
G
WR
/aug
men
tatio
n pr
ojec
ts
•
Trea
tmen
t tec
hnol
ogy
• C
yber
tech
nolo
gy
•
Uni
nten
ded
cons
eque
nces
• H
ealth
, env
ironm
enta
l, so
cial
Miti
gate
Ris
ks•
Ris
k is
redu
ced
thro
ugh
wat
er s
ourc
e di
vers
ifica
tion
• R
isk
allo
catio
n en
sure
s ea
ch p
arty
take
s th
e ris
k th
at th
ey c
an m
anag
e/co
ntro
l •
Cyb
er-s
ecur
ity c
apab
ilitie
s an
d co
ntin
genc
y pl
ans
are
in p
lace
Leve
rage
Inno
vatio
n•
Hav
e co
ntin
genc
ies
to d
eal w
ith
unce
rtai
ntie
s•
Tech
nolo
gy ri
sk le
vel s
et s
o th
at n
o si
ngle
failu
re o
f an
activ
e co
mpo
nent
sh
all r
esul
t in
heal
th ri
sk•
Org
aniz
atio
n ca
n su
cces
sful
ly tr
ial a
nd
impl
emen
t inn
ovat
ive
proj
ects
and
is
adap
tabl
e to
em
ergi
ng o
ppor
tuni
ties
and
chan
ging
env
ironm
ents
Ris
k C
omm
unic
atio
nD
efine
Ris
k M
essa
ge•
Age
ncy,
com
mun
ity, r
egul
ator
y ris
k to
lera
nces
iden
tified
• R
isk
conc
epts
incl
ude
• O
ppor
tuni
ties
inst
ead
of c
halle
nges
• U
ncer
tain
ty in
stea
d of
risk
• C
ost v
s ri
sk
•
Ris
k of
sta
tus
quo
• R
isk
vs b
enefi
ts, w
ithou
t ove
rsel
ling
• Te
stin
g an
d m
onito
ring
fram
ewor
k an
d co
ntro
ls in
pla
ce
•
Nee
ds v
s ri
sk
•
Mee
ting
regu
latio
ns v
s c
ost o
f ove
r-tre
atin
g
•
Zero
risk
doe
s no
t exis
t, an
d sa
fety
is w
hat t
he
publ
ic w
ants
Refi
ne R
isk
Com
mun
icat
ions
• R
isk
info
rmat
ion
on C
EC
s, to
xicol
ogy,
and
ot
her p
roba
bilis
tic s
tate
men
ts a
re c
rafte
d in
pl
ain
Engl
ish
• C
omm
unic
atio
n ef
forts
lear
n fro
m o
ther
se
ctor
s (H
AC
CP,
etc
)
Valid
ate
App
roac
h•
Inde
pend
ent e
xper
t pan
el in
pla
ce to
ev
alua
te a
nd p
rovi
de o
vers
ight
for r
isk
man
agem
ent
THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER 17
8: R
EG
ULA
TOR
Y E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TP
LAN
PR
EP
AR
E &
IM
PLE
ME
NT
EV
ALU
ATE
& I
MP
RO
VE
Reg
ulat
ory
an
d Le
gisl
ativ
eId
entif
y R
egul
atio
ns•
Key
regu
lato
rs a
re id
entifi
ed a
nd e
ffect
ive
w
orki
ng re
latio
nshi
ps a
re e
stab
lishe
d pr
ior
to p
roje
ct d
evel
opm
ent
• Le
gisl
ativ
e st
rate
gy is
dev
elop
ed to
enh
ance
op
portu
nitie
s an
d m
inim
ize
hurd
les
for
wat
er re
use
• R
egul
ator
y fra
mew
ork
and
gaps
are
iden
tified
• A
s pa
rt of
an
ongo
ing
rela
tions
hip,
key
regu
lato
rs
are
educ
ated
on
pota
ble
and
nonp
otab
le
reus
e is
sues
See
k to
Uni
fy R
egul
atio
ns•
Util
ity a
dvoc
ates
for u
nifie
d re
gula
tions
that
• A
re s
cien
ce b
ased
• P
rote
ct h
ealth
and
env
ironm
ent w
hile
m
aint
aini
ng fl
exib
ility
for t
ypes
of t
echn
olog
ies
• In
cent
iviz
e co
llabo
ratio
n ac
ross
dis
trict
bo
rder
s an
d ac
ross
dis
cipl
ines
• A
re fl
exib
le fo
r sm
all s
yste
ms
• En
cour
age
inno
vatio
n
•
Are
cle
ar a
nd c
onsi
sten
t, w
ithou
t con
flict
s (s
uch
as b
etw
een
Nat
iona
l Pol
lutio
n D
isch
arge
Elim
inat
ion
Sys
tem
and
recy
cled
w
ater
per
mits
, or w
ater
vs
air,
gro
undw
ater
vs
wat
ersh
ed)
• R
egio
nal c
olla
bora
tion
with
oth
er a
genc
ies
occu
rs (e
g ,
for f
undi
ng o
r pol
icy
chan
ges)
Res
olve
Diff
eren
ces
• U
tility
wor
ks w
ith in
dust
ry a
ssoc
iatio
ns to
in
fluen
ce re
gula
tors
/legi
slat
ure
to c
reat
e in
cent
ives
to e
ncou
rage
reus
e, w
here
app
ropr
iate
• U
tility
influ
ence
s fu
ndin
g ag
enci
es to
prio
ritiz
e w
ater
sec
tor p
roje
cts
• R
egul
ator
s an
d ut
ility
wor
k to
geth
er to
reso
lve
cros
s-m
edia
issu
es•
Mec
hani
sm e
xists
for r
esol
ving
diff
eren
ces
in
confl
ictin
g re
gula
tions
, dea
ling
with
ext
erna
litie
s,
and
crea
ting
the
spac
e fo
r inn
ovat
ion
Reg
ulat
ory
Ris
k M
anag
emen
tId
entif
y an
d P
riorit
ize
Ris
ks•
Eval
uate
lega
l/reg
ulat
ory
impl
icat
ions
of
volu
ntar
y ac
tion
• Id
entif
y ea
rly te
chno
logy
ado
ptio
n ris
ks
• S
tate
-of-t
he-a
rt te
chno
logy
vs
new
tech
nolo
gy
vs t
echn
olog
y sp
ecifi
ed b
y re
gula
tion
• Ev
alua
te c
osts
of o
vertr
eatm
ent o
r reg
ulat
ions
th
at a
re n
ot p
ract
icab
ly im
plem
enta
ble
Miti
gate
Ris
ks•
Dev
elop
stra
tegy
for r
isk
miti
gatio
n
and/
or s
harin
g
•
“Cre
atin
g th
e S
pace
for I
nnov
atio
n”
•
“Saf
e H
arbo
r”•
Enco
urag
e po
licie
s th
at e
nabl
e ra
pid
new
te
chno
logy
eva
luat
ion
and
adop
tion
Leve
rage
Inno
vatio
n•
Org
aniz
atio
n su
cces
sful
ly im
plem
ents
inno
vativ
e pr
ojec
ts a
nd is
ada
ptab
le to
em
ergi
ng
oppo
rtuni
ties
• A
ntic
ipat
e fu
ture
regu
latio
ns a
nd im
pact
s•
Org
aniz
atio
n su
ppor
ts in
tegr
ated
, sys
tem
s-
thin
king
app
roac
h to
regu
latio
ns, s
uch
as
•
Reu
se a
s cr
op ir
rigat
ion
sour
ce a
nd o
ther
Fo
od E
nerg
y W
ater
Nex
us is
sues
• P
ublic
–priv
ate
partn
ersh
ips
Wat
er R
ight
sE
valu
ate
Lega
l Fra
mew
ork
• Ev
alua
te p
ositi
ve a
nd n
egat
ive
impl
icat
ions
of
polic
ies
such
as
• C
onse
rvat
ion
man
date
s
•
Wat
er ri
ghts
(agr
icul
ture
, urb
an)
Man
age
Per
mits
• Pe
rmitt
ing
reus
e pr
ojec
ts a
ddre
ss le
gal r
isks
of
wat
er ri
ghts
Sou
rce
Ow
ners
hip
• O
wne
rshi
p of
sou
rce
(was
tew
ater
) and
the
prod
uct (
recy
cled
wat
er) i
s w
ell-d
efine
d
18 THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER
9: L
OC
AL
ISS
UE
SP
LAN
PR
EP
AR
E &
IM
PLE
ME
NT
EV
ALU
ATE
& I
MP
RO
VE
Loca
l Driv
ers
Iden
tify
Driv
ers
• Ke
y dr
iver
s ar
e co
nsid
ered
, inc
ludi
ng
•
Econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t
•
Wat
er s
carc
ity
• C
limat
e ch
ange
• R
egul
ator
y re
quire
men
ts
•
Urb
aniz
atio
n
•
Div
ersi
ficat
ion
of w
ater
sou
rces
• R
educ
ed d
epen
denc
y on
ext
erna
l sou
rces
Eva
luat
e Im
pact
s•
Eval
uatio
n of
impa
cts
to lo
cal n
eeds
dev
elop
ed•
Pro
ject
bou
ndar
ies
are
iden
tified
• Ec
onom
ic im
pact
s qu
antifi
ed (g
ross
dom
estic
pr
oduc
t gro
wth
, job
cre
atio
n)•
Nat
ural
reso
urce
s, im
pact
s ar
e id
entifi
ed (l
and
subs
iden
ce, w
ildlif
e ha
bita
ts, w
ater
sou
rces
)
Mai
ntai
n Vi
gila
nce
• P
lans
are
in p
lace
to a
dapt
to c
hang
es o
f driv
ers
Inte
grat
ed W
ater
R
esou
rces
M
anag
emen
t for
“O
ne W
ater
”
Eva
luat
e O
ppor
tuni
ties
• Ex
plor
e an
d an
alyz
e op
portu
nitie
s fo
r co
llabo
ratio
n on
wat
er re
sour
ces
betw
een
wat
er,
was
tew
ater
, and
sto
rmw
ater
util
ities
, as
wel
l as
oth
er w
ater
sta
keho
lder
s su
ch a
s th
ose
in
indu
stry
and
agr
icul
ture
• A
ll av
aila
ble
sour
ces
of w
ater
are
iden
tified
, in
clud
ing
reus
e, s
urfa
ce w
ater
, gro
undw
ater
, se
awat
er, s
torm
wat
er•
Pote
ntia
l par
tner
s an
d ne
ighb
orin
g ag
enci
es a
re
invo
lved
in w
ater
shed
-bas
ed p
lann
ing
• U
tiliti
es
•
Agr
icul
ture
• In
dust
ry
•
Pow
er p
lant
s
•
All
rele
vant
sec
tors
Est
ablis
h C
onne
ctio
ns•
Util
ity p
lann
ing
effo
rts a
re in
tegr
ated
with
ot
her a
genc
ies
rega
rdin
g m
ultip
le re
sour
ces
(e
g ,
wat
er, s
torm
wat
er, e
tc )
• Im
plem
ent c
ontra
cts
with
par
tner
s to
faci
litat
e da
ta e
xcha
nge
and
plan
ning
•
Reg
ulat
ory
issu
es h
ave
been
add
ress
ed a
nd
satis
fact
orily
reso
lved
• C
onsi
der e
mbe
dded
reso
urce
s in
wat
er s
uch
as
nutri
ents
and
ene
rgy
in w
ater
reso
urce
pla
nnin
g•
Con
side
r acc
umul
ativ
e co
nstit
uent
s
(sal
ts, m
etal
s) a
nd d
evel
op lo
ng-te
rm
man
agem
ent s
trate
gy•
Par
tner
s un
ders
tand
rela
tions
hips
bet
wee
n tre
atm
ent,
disc
harg
e, a
nd re
use
• Fr
amew
ork
for f
utur
e po
tabl
e re
use
deve
lope
d,
even
if in
itial
reus
e is
non
pota
ble
Leve
rage
Res
ourc
es•
Hol
istic
eva
luat
ion
met
hodo
logi
es (e
g ,
tripl
e bo
ttom
line
) are
use
d to
regi
onal
(wat
ersh
ed)
wat
er s
uppl
y pl
an•
Mat
ure
prot
ects
par
ticip
ate
in d
ialo
gue
to
prom
ote
wat
er v
alua
tion
that
is c
onsi
sten
t with
re
gion
al/w
ater
shed
sus
tain
abilit
y
•
Ret
urn
to ri
ver
• Lo
cal i
ssue
s (d
esal
inat
ion
plan
t nex
t to
floo
d fa
rmin
g)•
Opt
imiz
ed s
uppl
y de
man
d m
odel
exis
ts o
f fut
ure
grow
th a
nd re
silie
ncy
plan
s •
Opp
ortu
nitie
s ex
ist f
or w
ater
trad
e be
twee
n co
mm
unity
and
regi
onal
use
rs•
Wat
er re
sour
ces
man
aged
in a
n in
tegr
ated
m
anne
r (in
tegr
ated
wat
er re
sour
ces
utilit
y w
ith
wat
er/w
aste
wat
er o
r mul
ti-ag
ency
app
roac
h w
ith
embe
dded
lead
ersh
ip a
t all
leve
ls o
f org
aniz
atio
n
Col
labo
rativ
e P
artn
ersh
ips
for
“One
Wat
er”
Eva
luat
e O
ppor
tuni
ties
• Id
entif
y m
arke
ts/o
ppor
tuni
ties
for r
euse
wat
er,
as w
ell a
s ap
plic
able
wat
er q
ualit
y an
d
treat
men
t req
uire
men
ts
• S
ourc
e w
ater
and
trea
tmen
t obj
ectiv
es
are
iden
tified
acc
ordi
ng to
mar
ket a
nd
wat
er q
ualit
y ne
eds
Est
ablis
h C
onne
ctio
ns•
Con
nect
with
cus
tom
ers
and
pote
ntia
l cus
tom
ers
to e
nsur
e th
ey u
nder
stan
d op
portu
nitie
s fo
r di
vers
e, s
usta
inab
le s
ourc
es o
f wat
er
Leve
rage
Res
ourc
es•
Util
ity u
ses
partn
ersh
ips
to m
axim
ize
wat
er re
use
sale
s re
venu
es a
nd/o
r red
uce
dem
and
for w
ater
an
d en
ergy
, and
opt
imiz
e th
e ne
ed fo
r adv
ance
d an
d co
stly
leve
ls o
f tre
atm
ent
• S
yste
ms
thin
king
inte
grat
ion
of s
yste
ms
–
wat
er, e
nerg
y, fo
od –
is in
pla
ce
THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER 19
10:
STR
ATE
GIC
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
PLA
NP
RE
PA
RE
& I
MP
LEM
EN
TE
VA
LUA
TE &
IM
PR
OV
E
Visi
onD
evel
op V
isio
n•
Lead
ersh
ip G
roup
dev
elop
s W
ater
Reu
se V
isio
n
•
Long
-term
5 y
ears
to 5
0 ye
ars
• R
esilie
nce
and
drou
ght-p
roofi
ng
•
Wat
er in
depe
nden
ce
•
Flex
ibilit
y
•
Util
ity fi
nanc
ial s
usta
inab
ility
• Ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent
• En
viro
nmen
tal e
nhan
cem
ent
• R
esou
rce
reco
very
• H
ealth
and
eco
logi
cal
• B
ecom
e cl
imat
e-re
ady
• R
educ
e di
rect
and
indi
rect
em
issi
ons
• Im
prov
e re
silie
nce
— a
ddre
ss w
ater
sca
rcity
an
d di
vers
ify w
ater
sou
rces
• Im
prov
e ef
ficie
ncy
of w
ater
sup
ply
Com
mun
icat
e In
tern
ally
• W
RR
F le
ader
ship
/man
ager
s lin
k th
e vi
sion
to
sta
ff pe
rform
ance
pla
ns•
WR
RF
lead
ersh
ip/m
anag
ers
inco
rpor
ate
sust
aina
bilit
y go
als
and
key
perfo
rman
ce
indi
cato
rs in
to s
trate
gic
plan
Com
mun
icat
e E
xter
nally
• U
tility
sha
res
visi
on w
ith e
xter
nal s
take
hold
ers
and
the
indu
stry
• Lo
ng-te
rm, y
et fl
exib
le, p
lans
are
in p
lace
to
embr
ace
exte
rnal
mar
ket c
hang
es
•
Futu
re re
gula
tions
• Po
litic
al o
utlo
oks
• C
hang
ing
dem
and
• C
hang
ing
publ
ic a
ccep
tanc
e•
Rob
ust a
sset
and
risk
man
agem
ent i
n pl
ace
• R
evie
w p
erfo
rman
ce a
gain
st g
oals
• R
eass
ess
long
-term
goa
ls
Stra
tegi
c D
irect
ion
Set
Goa
ls•
Goa
ls a
nd k
ey p
erfo
rman
ce in
dica
tors
are
es
tabl
ishe
d fo
r bot
h w
ater
con
serv
atio
n an
d w
ater
reus
e to
enc
oura
ge e
ffici
ent u
se o
f in
tegr
ated
wat
er re
sour
ces
• In
vest
igat
ion
cond
ucte
d of
org
aniz
atio
nal
capa
city
(tec
hnic
al, m
anag
eria
l, an
d fin
anci
al)
to h
andl
e in
terd
epen
denc
ies
of a
reus
e pr
ogra
m
Gat
her
Sup
port
• U
tility
inco
rpor
ates
goa
ls a
nd k
ey p
erfo
rman
ce
indi
cato
rs in
to s
trate
gic
plan
•
Ade
quat
e or
gani
zatio
nal c
apac
ity e
xists
to
ensu
re e
ffect
ive
prac
tices
can
be
deve
lope
d an
d ad
opte
d to
mee
t dem
ands
of r
euse
pro
gram
s
Prio
ritiz
e &
Impl
emen
t•
Pro
gram
initi
ativ
es a
re p
riorit
ized
usi
ng to
ols
su
ch a
s S
trate
gic
Bus
ines
s P
lann
ing
• U
tility
util
izes
trip
le b
otto
m li
ne a
ppro
ach
for
sust
aina
bilit
y pr
ojec
t dec
isio
n-m
akin
g•
Inte
rdis
cipl
inar
y co
llabo
ratio
n ex
ists
to e
nsur
e th
orou
gh u
nder
stan
ding
of t
imes
cale
and
re
sour
ces
requ
ired
for r
euse
pro
gram
s
Sta
ff D
evel
opm
ent
and
Alig
nmen
t
Set
Tra
inin
g P
lan
• U
tility
fulfi
lls tr
aini
ng n
eeds
for a
ll re
leva
nt
posi
tions
: man
agem
ent,
engi
neer
ing,
an
d op
erat
ions
• C
urre
nt p
ract
ices
are
eva
luat
ed fo
r tra
inin
g ne
eds
with
resp
ect t
o po
tent
ial i
mpa
ct o
f wat
er re
use/
reso
urce
reco
very
act
iviti
es
•
Tech
nolo
gy c
ompl
exiti
es
•
Flex
ibilit
y to
mee
t mul
tiple
obj
ectiv
es
Trai
n an
d S
uppo
rt S
taff
• R
elev
ant s
taff
are
train
ed a
ccor
ding
to c
urre
nt
and
futu
re k
now
ledg
e re
quire
men
ts, i
nclu
ding
• Te
chno
logy
ope
ratio
ns
•
Pota
ble
appl
icat
ions
con
stra
ints
• P
redi
ctiv
e an
alyt
ics
• S
afet
y•
Sta
ffing
and
inst
itutio
nal k
now
ledg
e is
sues
, in
clud
ing
recr
uitm
ent,
enha
ncem
ent,
and
succ
essi
on a
re p
lann
ed fo
r
Em
pow
er S
taff
• S
tand
ard
oper
atin
g pr
oced
ures
and
S
CA
DA
sys
tem
are
sui
tabl
e fo
r new
pr
oces
ses
and
tech
nolo
gies
• O
pera
tions
sta
ff ar
e ce
rtifie
d in
bot
h
was
tew
ater
and
drin
king
wat
er o
pera
tions
• W
RR
Fs m
ento
r and
gui
de o
ther
loca
l and
re
gion
al u
tiliti
es to
adv
ance
reus
e go
als
• Te
am c
onne
cts
to o
ther
org
aniz
atio
ns to
m
aint
ain
curr
ency
of k
now
ledg
e
20 THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER
11:
FIN
AN
CIA
L S
US
TAIN
AB
ILIT
YP
LAN
PR
EP
AR
E &
IM
PLE
ME
NT
EV
ALU
ATE
& I
MP
RO
VE
Ben
efit
Iden
tifica
tion
Iden
tify
Ben
efits
• B
enefi
ts o
f wat
er a
vaila
ble
thro
ugh
reus
e ar
e id
entifi
ed a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith s
peci
fic
bene
ficia
ries
• B
enefi
ts a
re q
uant
ified
•
Long
-term
vie
w is
und
erta
ken
to r
epre
sent
fu
ture
gen
erat
ions
Ana
lyze
Ben
efits
• B
enefi
ts a
re e
xpre
ssed
in m
onet
ary
term
s to
de
mon
stra
te th
e in
here
nt v
alue
in w
aste
wat
er•
Ben
efits
are
eva
luat
ed o
n tr
iple
bot
tom
line
fo
r su
stai
nabi
lity
• D
efer
red
capi
tal a
nd o
ther
opp
ortu
nity
cos
ts
rela
ted
bene
fits
are
iden
tified
and
qua
ntifi
ed
Obt
ain
Ben
efits
• B
enefi
ts a
re in
tern
aliz
ed th
roug
h re
duce
d
cost
s an
d re
venu
e en
hanc
emen
t•
Rew
ard
ince
ntiv
es a
re c
reat
ed fo
r
oper
atio
ns s
taff
• E
nerg
y ef
ficie
ncy
• W
ater
res
ourc
e m
anag
emen
t
•
Inor
gani
c sa
lt m
anag
emen
t •
Car
bon
man
agem
ent r
esou
rce
reco
very
Cos
t Ide
ntifi
catio
nId
entif
y C
osts
• C
osts
of s
ervi
ce fo
r re
use
are
iden
tified
• Tr
eatm
ent,
dist
ribut
ion,
mar
ketin
g,
cust
omer
ser
vice
• C
apita
l, op
erat
ions
and
mai
nten
ance
• A
bsol
ute
and
mar
gina
l
Allo
cate
Cos
ts•
Cos
ts a
re a
lloca
ted
to fu
nctio
ns a
nd
orga
niza
tions
(w
ater
, was
tew
ater
, cus
tom
er)
• A
ncill
ary
bene
fits
to w
ater
reu
se a
re in
clud
ed
in c
ost a
naly
sis
with
res
pect
to o
ther
wat
er
sour
ces
to e
nsur
e co
nsis
tent
cal
cula
tion
and
com
paris
on b
etw
een
alte
rnat
ives
Ens
ure
Fairn
ess
• E
nviro
nmen
tal j
ustic
e/w
ater
as
a ba
sic
hum
an
right
is r
ecog
nize
d an
d ac
com
mod
ated
in th
e co
st m
odel
to e
nsur
e af
ford
abili
ty
Fina
ncia
l Via
bilit
yId
entif
y Fu
ndin
g O
ptio
ns•
Dev
elop
fina
ncia
l str
ateg
y to
sup
port
wat
er
reus
e pr
ojec
ts
• S
ourc
es o
f pot
entia
l fun
ding
are
iden
tified
• S
tate
Rev
olvi
ng F
und
(SR
F), f
eder
al,
and
stat
e gr
ants
• C
onsi
der
alte
rnat
e fin
anci
ng m
etho
ds
•
Pub
lic–p
rivat
e pa
rtne
rshi
ps (
P3)
an
d jo
int v
entu
res
• A
ltern
ativ
e pr
ojec
t del
iver
y (d
esig
n-bu
ild-o
pera
te,
build
-ow
n-op
erat
e-tr
ansf
er, e
tc )
• R
ecov
ery
of c
osts
from
rat
epay
ers
is e
valu
ated
to
ens
ure
full
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
lega
l fra
mew
ork
(incl
udin
g re
gula
tory
and
tax
ref
orm
law
s)•
Ince
ntiv
es a
nd t
ax c
redi
ts fo
r ne
w/in
nova
tive
or
ava
ilabl
e te
chno
logi
es a
re in
vest
igat
ed
Bud
get f
or S
ucce
ss•
Use
life
cycl
e an
alys
is fo
r pr
ojec
t de
cisi
on-m
akin
g•
Wat
er r
euse
is c
onsi
dere
d on
all
capi
tal
proj
ect d
esig
ns, i
n op
erat
ing
budg
et d
ecis
ions
, an
d st
anda
rd o
pera
ting
prac
tices
• S
usta
inab
le r
even
ue m
odel
is in
pla
ce
to a
ddre
ss
•
Equ
itabl
e co
st a
lloca
tion
• Va
riabi
lity
of d
eman
d (s
easo
nalit
y,
drou
ght,
abun
danc
e)
•
Div
ersi
ficat
ion
of fi
nanc
ial p
ortfo
lio
Inve
st in
the
Futu
re•
Effe
ctiv
e ut
iliza
tion
of a
vaila
ble
sour
ces
of
fund
ing
(pub
lic, p
rivat
e, b
onds
, SR
F, g
rant
s)•
Full
valu
e of
wat
er is
rec
over
ed in
reu
se r
ates
, in
clud
ing
varia
ble
cost
s ba
sed
on “
flavo
r” o
f w
ater
use
d an
d in
cent
ives
for
upst
ream
reu
se
and
recy
clin
g•
Loca
l ind
ustr
y an
d N
GO
s ar
e en
gage
d to
en
sure
con
tinuo
us s
uppo
rt fo
r fu
ndin
g•
WR
RF’
s re
cove
red
reso
urce
rev
enue
s
gene
rate
suf
ficie
nt fu
ndin
g to
inve
st in
oth
er
prio
ritie
s an
d re
duce
upw
ard
pres
sure
on
rate
s
THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER 21
12:
RE
SIL
IEN
CY
PLA
NP
RE
PA
RE
& I
MP
LEM
EN
TE
VA
LUA
TE &
IM
PR
OV
E
Res
ilienc
yE
valu
ate
Wat
er R
esou
rces
• A
vaila
ble
wat
er r
esou
rces
are
qua
ntifi
ed to
ev
alua
te r
esili
ency
of c
urre
nt s
uppl
y an
d th
e cu
rren
t sys
tem
s ab
ility
to m
eet f
utur
e de
man
ds
base
d on
gro
wth
and
sup
ply
shor
tage
• Im
port
ance
of d
iver
se w
ater
sup
ply
port
folio
is
und
erst
ood,
incl
udin
g
•
Reu
se
•
Sur
face
wat
er
•
Gro
undw
ater
• S
eaw
ater
• S
torm
wat
er
•
Con
serv
atio
n
Impl
emen
t Wat
er S
uppl
y P
lan
• M
etho
ds d
evel
oped
to d
efine
val
ue fo
r lo
ng-te
rm
sust
aina
bilit
y th
roug
h di
vers
ifica
tion
• W
ater
por
tfolio
and
res
ilien
cy a
nd
sust
aina
bilit
y
•
Clim
ate
chan
ge, u
rban
izat
ion,
etc
Opt
imiz
e S
uppl
y•
No
stra
nded
ass
ets
as fu
ll ut
iliza
tion
of
reu
se a
s a
new
wat
er s
uppl
y•
Div
erse
wat
er r
esou
rce
port
folio
is r
esili
ent a
nd
adap
tabl
e to
cha
nges
in d
eman
d, w
ater
qua
lity
Con
tinui
ty o
f O
pera
tions
Pre
pare
Pla
ns•
Inte
grat
ed c
ontin
uity
of o
pera
tions
pl
an is
dev
elop
ed
•
Nat
ural
dis
aste
rs (
hurr
ican
e, e
arth
quak
e,
flood
ing,
fire
s, e
tc )
• S
yste
m in
tegr
atio
n ris
k
•
Wat
er q
ualit
y dy
nam
ics
impa
ctin
g cu
stom
er
agre
emen
ts
•
Pub
lic s
afet
y•
Wor
ker
safe
ty (
gas,
che
mic
al s
pills
, etc
)
Test
, Im
plem
ent,
Impr
ove
• P
lan
is te
sted
and
rev
iew
ed fo
r
curr
ency
on
annu
al b
asis
Con
tinuo
us M
onito
ring
• P
roac
tive
cont
rols
and
mon
itorin
g
anal
ytic
s m
anag
e pr
oces
s ris
k
22 THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER
Experts’ Meeting Attendees
Kati Bell MWH
Raj Bhattarai Austin, TX
Jeff Biggs Tucson, AZ
Bryan Brooks Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Texas
Wendy Broley Brown & Caldwell
Ufuk Erdal CH2M
Ralph Exton General Electric
Roger Gorke United States Environmental Protection Agency
Anndee Huff Black & Veatch
Bob Holt General Electric
Bob Hultquist California Dept of Public Health (former)
Al Lau Padre Dam MWD
Barry Liner Water Environment Federation
Linda Macpherson New Water Resources
Melissa Meeker WateReuse
Julie Minton Water Environment & Reuse Foundation
Jeff Mosher NWRI
Naoko Munakata Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, CA
Eric Owens West Basin, CA
Megan Plumlee Orange County Water District
Mark Poling Clean Water Services
Phil Rolchigo Pentair
Andrew Salveson Carollo
Andy Shea HDR
Bahman Sheikh
Brad Spangler Meridian
Christopher Stacklin OCSD
James Strayer Black & Veatch
Vijay Sundaram Stantec
Claudio Ternieden Water Environment Federation
Chris Thompson Edison International
Sebastien Tilmans Stanford University
Udi Tirosh IDE Technologies
Marisa Tricas Water Environment Federation
Ryujiro Tsuchihashi AECOM
Ifetayo Venner Arcadis
Rick Warner Washoe County, NV
THE WATER REUSE ROADMAP PRIMER 23
Partners
About WEFThe Water Environment Federation (WEF) is a not-for-profit technical and educational organization of 33,000 individual members and 75 affiliated Member Associations representing water quality professionals around the world Since 1928, WEF and its members have protected public health and the environment As a global water sector leader, our mission is to connect water professionals; enrich the expertise of water professionals; increase the awareness of the impact and value of water; and provide a platform for water sector innovation To learn more, visit www wef org
About WateReuseWateReuse is an international thought-leader on alternative water supply development and the global go-to source for applied research, education, and advocacy on water reuse Representing a coalition that includes utilities, government agencies, and industry, WateReuse works to educate policy-makers and the public on the science, economic value, and environmental benefits of treating water to safely use it for designated purposes, such as irrigation, manufacturing, and drinking To learn more, visit www watereuse org
About NWRIThe National Water Research Institute (NWRI) is a 501c3 nonprofit based in Fountain Valley, California Their focus is to sponsor projects and programs dedicated to ensuring safe, reliable sources of water for both now and future generations Since NWRI’s founding in 1991, they have participated in collaborative efforts with more than 100 partners the world over to fund and further efforts in water education, outreach, and research To learn more, visit www nwri-usa org
About WE&RFThe Water Environment & Reuse Foundation (WE&RF) is a 501c3 charitable corporation seeking to identify, support, and disseminate research that enhances the quality and reliability of water for natural systems and communities with an integrated approach to resource recovery and reuse, while facilitating interaction among practitioners, educators, researchers, decision-makers, and the public To learn more, visit www werf org
The Water Reuse RoadmapCreate a diverse and resilient water management strategy with The Water Reuse Roadmap
COMING FALL 2017
Other resources available at www.wef.org/ShopWEF
The Nutrient RoadmapThe Nutrient Roadmap is a first step toward accelerating the transition to smarter nutrient management, facilitating the shift from removal to recovery, and anticipating future requirements to conserve energy and reuse resources Case studies explore the innovative, cost-effective solutions employed by pioneering wastewater resource recovery facilities
The Nutrient Roadmap acknowledges that each utility faces unique challenges and provides you with a variety of paths to follow and alternative destinations from which to choose as you embark on the road toward sustainability
184 pages | Order No P150002 | List $105 | WEF Member $84
The Energy RoadmapThe Energy Roadmap serves as a guide for utilities of all sizes on the path to sustainable energy management In it, you will explore innovative approaches to cost-effectively recover and reuse resources to transform “wastes” to valuable products The book outlines six stops on the path to resource recovery, presenting insights and models for1 strategic management,2 creating an organizational culture,3 effective communication and outreach,4 demand-side management,5 energy generation, and6 innovating for the future
148 pages | Order No P130001 | List: $55 | WEF Member: $44
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