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The Unity & Diversity of Life
An Overview
Vocabulary to know:• Prokaryotic: cell contains no nucleus, no
membrane-bound organelles, but does have ribosomes and DNA
• Eukaryotic: cell has a nucleus, organelles, ribosomes and DNA
• Unicellular: made up of one cell• Multicellular: made up of many cells• Autotroph: an organism that makes its own food• Heterotroph: an organism that depends on others
for food
Kingdom: Archaea• Cell Structure: prokaryotic
(no nucleus)• Unicellular• They can make their own
food by a process called chemosynthesis, or they can consume food. (autotroph/heterotroph)
• Reproduction: asexual by binary fission
• FYI: – Typically found in extreme
environments– Thought to be the most
primitive organisms on Earth
Yellowstone Nat’l Park Hot Springs
Kingdom: Bacteria• Cell Structure: prokaryotic
(no nucleus)• Unicellular• Autotrophic (chemosynthesis
& photosynthesis) or heterotrophic (recall fermentation)
• Reproduction: mostly asexual by binary fission, though some can reproduce sexually by conjugation.
• FYI: – Not all bacteria are harmful to
humans– They come in many shapes– Used for biotechnology
Kingdom: Protists• Cell Structure: eukaryotic
(has nucleus)• Unicellular• Autotrophic
(photosynthesis) or heterotrophic
• Reproduction: mostly asexual (binary fission), but some sexual (conjugation)
• FYI:– Mostly found in moist
environments
Kingdom: Fungi• Cell Structure: eukaryotic
(has nucleus)- some have more than one!
• Multicellular• Heterotrophic- they’re
decomposers• Reproduction: asexual or
sexual• FYI:
– Some fungi can be harmful (Athlete’s foot, ringworm)
– Others are useful: yeast, edible mushrooms
Kingdom: Plants• Cell Structure: eukaryotic
(has nucleus)• Multicellular• Autotrophic
(photosynthesis)• Reproduction: mostly
sexual• FYI:
– Carnivorous plants are NOT heterotrophs, they can also do photosynthesis.
– Self-pollination is NOT asexual reproduction
Kingdom: Animals
• Cell Structure: eukaryotic (has nucleus)
• Multicellular• Heterotrophic• Reproduction: mostly
sexual• FYI:
– Some animals can reproduce asexually (regeneration, budding, fragmentation)- ex.: starfish
Starfish
Hydra
More about Plants & Animals
• Plants and animals have many structural adaptations- this is the reason we see so many different kinds of them.
• Recall an adaptation is any inherited trait that increases an organisms chance of survival.
• What kinds of adaptations have they come up with, and what purpose do they serve?
Plant Adaptations
• For life on land:– Vascular tissue- tube-like
cells that transport water and nutrients from roots to leaves
• Called xylem (for water) and phloem (for food)
– Roots- help anchor the plant to the ground and absorb water and nutrients from soil
• Desert plants have shallow roots- quickly absorb rain
Plant Adaptations
– Stems- support plant • hold up leaves for
photosynthesis
• hold up flowers to pollinators
• transport water and food
• can protect against predators
Plant Adaptations
– Leaves- used for photosynthesis, control gas exchange and water loss
• Rainforest floor- broad leaves
• Desert- cactus have spines to prevent water loss
• Cold climates- needles on evergreen trees
Plant Adaptations
• For Reproduction:– Attracting pollinators-
brightly colored or fragrant flowers
– Seeds- protective coat outside, nourishment inside to protect plant embryo and allow it to lie dormant for awhile.
Animal Adaptations
• For life on land:– Amniotic egg-
provides food & protection to developing embryo (Reptiles developed it first.)
Animal Adaptations
• Reproductive:– Internal fertilization-
sperm more likely to get to the egg, and egg is protected inside the female
Animal Adaptations
• Predators:– Speed- ex.: lions,
cheetahs
– Toxin production to stun/kill prey- ex.: jellyfish, snakes
– Hunt at dark using• Echolocation- ex.: bats
• Night vision/big eyes- ex.: owl
Animal Adaptations
• Prey:– Mimicry- look like
something harmful– Camouflage- blend in– Warning colors &
toxins• Ex. Monarch butterfly,
poison dart frogs
– Puff up- look bigger– Regeneration- grow
back legs or tails
Camoflauge for all seasons
Snowshoe Hare
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