The United States Becomes a Nation

The United States Becomes a Nation

SC Standard IB

Standard USHC 1-2

Analyze the early development of representative government and political rights in the American colonies, including the influence of the British political system and the rule of law as written in the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights, and the conflict between the colonial legislatures and the British Parliament over the right to tax that resulted in the American Revolutionary War.

Representative Government: Origins

Borrowed from EnglandEnglish settlers

knew the Magna Carta & English Bill of Rights

Representative Government: Origins

Magna Carta: King can’t tax without permission of people

Rule of Law: All people (even the king) must obey the law

These principles were applied to colonial governments

Early Representative Governments

1. House of Burgesses – Virginia Started to attract

colonists to Jamestown, VA

Only property owners could vote

Early Representative Governments

1. House of Burgesses – Virginia A social elite

developed – not true democracy

The king eventually appointed a royal governor

Early Representative Governments

2. The Mayflower Compact▪ Agreement signed by Pilgrims in Mass.

Early Representative Governments

2. The Mayflower Compact▪ Stated that government gets its authority

from the people

Early Representative Governments

3. Puritan Ideals▪ Found in New England▪ Men from church

congregations met in town meetings

▪ Each town sent representatives to the General Court in Boston

Early Representative Governments

All 13 colonies had representative assemblies that could collect taxes

Most had a royal governor (one appointed by the king)

Events in England

Glorious Revolution King James fled & was replaced by William

& Mary

These new rulers agreedto follow the English Bill of Right

Events in England

Glorious RevolutionThese new rulers were bound by law!

Events in England

John LockeWrote The Social

ContractArgued that man has the

natural right to life, liberty, and property

Events in England

John LockeAuthority to govern rests

on the will of the people

Events in England

Weakens king, strengthens power of colonial assemblies in eyes of the colonists

Conflicts with Royal Governors

Colonial legislatures & royal governors often disagreed

Colonists controlled taxes (power of the purse) so the governor usually lost

Conflicts with Royal Governors

The colonists WERE loyal to the crown, but only wanted their assemblies to have power to tax

Conflicts with Royal Governors

Parliament began a policy of salutary neglect – Let the people rule themselves

Letter to the Editor Imagine that you are a colonist in SC in the 1700’s.

You have just heard that Parliament has passed a tax on sugar in the colonies.

Write a Letter to the Editor (2-3 SHORT paragraphs) explaining your thoughts on the matter. Do they have this power? Why/Why not? How should the colonies react to this? How does this make you feel? Why

Bell Ringer 8/21

Emily was born in the colonies. Her parents emigrated from England in the early 1700s. Her parents came because they were searching for freedom of religion and because her father wanted to work in a large city and make money by exporting agricultural goods.

In which colony did Emily’s family live?A. MassachusettsB. PennsylvaniaC. ConnecticutD. Georgia

The French & Indian War

Conflicts with Royal Governors

French & Indian War The French & British went to war in N.

America

To pay for the war, Parliament taxed the colonies & cracked down on smugglers

No more salutary neglect!

Conflicts with Royal Governors

Navigation Acts –Parliament’s first direct tax on the colonies (vs. indirect Sugar Act)

Stamp Act – Tax on royal notarization

Conflicts with Royal Governors

Opponents created: A boycott Sons of Liberty Stamp Act

Congress

Conflicts with Royal Governors

Stamp Act was repealed, but troops were sent to restore order

Boston Massacre – 5 colonists were killed by British soldiers

Conflicts with Royal Governors

New taxes! The Townshend Act –

was boycotted The Tea Act – Led to

Boston Tea Party The “Intolerable”

Acts – Led to 1st Continental Congress

Ideas Behind Protests

Colonists wanted “Rights of Englishmen”

“No taxation without representation”

Conflicts with Royal Governors

British & Colonial troops finally clash at Lexington & Concord, beginning the Revolutionary War

Cause & Effect

1. Number & list the 5 major actions England took followed by the response of the colonies

Example: 1. British: Created Admiralty Courts

Colonists: Protested courtsIncreased Smuggling

Homework: Declaration Reading Read the Declaration of Independence

Online / Your textbook

Answer the following questions: Who do you think the DOI was written to? What are the four most important points of the DOI? When was this document signed? Where do you think this document had the most impact? Why did the signers feel they needed independence? How did this influence the course of the Rev. War?

• Written to colonists who didn’t support independence

• Appealed to natural rights of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”

• Government should “secure those rights”

• It was the “right of the people to alter or abolish” governments that didn’t

• Listed how King George III had violated their rights

What specific charges did the colonists bring?

Who are they pointing them out to?

• Impact on the Waro The new country could now enter treaties

o After winning the Battle of Saratoga, Europeans believed the colonists could actually win

• Impact on Revolutionary WaroThe French didn’t support democracy, but

wanted the British defeatedo Sent naval support & suppliesoThe British finally surrendered at Yorktown

• Domestic Impactso State governments

copied ideals of DOI

o (But still only male property owners could vote)

• Domestic Impactso States in the North

allowed gradual Emancipation of slaves

o States allowed religious freedoms

• Do we live out the idea that all men are created equal today?

• International ImpactsoPeople around the world

have rallied around the call for “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness”

Declaration of Independence

• When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive to these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. --Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.

Declaration Project – (IN CLASS)

You and your partners will work together to create and perform a political ad.

Your ad will explain the main ideas of the Declaration to the American colonists from the perspective of its authors

Your Ad Must:

Be at least 2 minutes long Explain the political ideas behind the declaration Identify three specific complaints against the king Include roles for all members of your group

Actor, Narrator, Musician, Prop – Just use them!

What questions would the colonists have had about the Declaration?

What components of the Declaration MUST be included in an explanation so people understand what it is?

Portfolio B

• Create a political pamphlet at either argues that the King is just or unjust.

• Pamphlets should have: color, 2 or more pictures, 5 bulleted arguments, and an introduction that summarizes your position

Bellwork

• What are 3 problems that could happen to an athletic team if the players went for individual stats instead of the team win?

EQ: What were the failures and accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation?

• Basically written so 13 countries could work together on some issues

• State governments had almost all power

• Unicameral (one house) Legislature

• Each state got one vote• No executive• No judiciary

• Confederation worked when they had a common cause – like the Revolution!

• NW Ordinance Created – Added the land & set up rules for creating stateso Slavery would be Illegal

there!

o Proves the AoC gov’t can set up new equal states

• Negotiated the Treaty of Paris (ended the Revolutionary War)

• Economicso Couldn’t levy taxes – Could only request funds from

states

• Economicso Shay’s Rebellion - Depression led men to march on

courts to prevent farm foreclosures in Mass. Government couldn’t stop it

• Diplomacyo British troops didn’t leave all their forts as

promised in the Treaty of Paris

o British wouldn’t resume trade with the colonies

o Spanish wouldn’t allow Americans access to the sea through the port of New Orleans

• Diplomacyo States were trying to negotiate separately with

foreign countries

o No funds = no army = no ability to back up demands

• Governmento No authority of the central government

o Power was shared equally between the states & national government

o Articles couldn’t be amended without unanimous consent of ALL states

“Let’s meet up…”

Delegates from 12/13 states meet in Philadelphia to fix the Articles

After 5 Days of work, the men vote to write a new document we now know as…

The United States Constitution

Bell Ringer

A major failing of the United States Government under the Articles of Confederation was its

A. inability to allow the United States to expand.B. inability to regulate commerce among the states.C. failure to allow the United States to conduct foreign

relations.D. failure to settle conflicts over the settlement of

western lands.

Announcements

• Parking Decals - All students who drive to GMC must get a new 2012/13 parking decal. The application is on our website and the decals will be available on the deck from 7:30-8:00 Monday and Tuesday of this week.

• Trash - Students are reminded to throw away all trash and not leave it lying on the deck or the cafeteria tables. We have not been doing a good job of this.

• Open house is this Thursday and will be from 6-7:30.

Announcements

• Dress Code - Students need to continue to be in dress code and have all shirts tucked in, belts on, etc. by the time you get on the deck in the mornings.

• This Friday will be a regular dress down day. • Underclassmen $2 for shirts and $3 for pants. • Seniors $1 for shirts and $2 for pants.

• RR Pass Policy Change:• No passes in first or last 20 minutes of class• Wait 5 minutes after last person returns

The Constitutional Convention

Objective

1.4 – Identify and explain the major principles of the US Constitution

Any guesses?

3 Major Conflicts:

1. Representation in Congress

2. Counting Slaves

3. Commerce / Slave Trade

Representation in Congress

Virginia Plan -Wanted representation based on State’s population

Big states agree

Representation in Congress

New Jersey Plan - Each state equally represented

Small states agree

Representation in Congress

The Connecticut (Great) CompromiseBicameral legislatureSenate = all states get two votesHouse of Representatives = votes

based on population

Counting Slaves in Congress

How should slaves be counted in the south? South wanted them

counted North did not.

Counting Slaves in Congress

The 3/5 Compromise – Slaves were counted as 3/5 of a person

Slave Trade Compromise

The South had concerns re: power of the federal gov’t to make treaties

Compromise: Slave trade couldn’t be

stopped for 20 years (1808)

The Constitution

Despite disagreements, the Framers agreed on: More powerful central

government “We the People…” give

government its power

Finished Sept. 17, 1787

Bell Ringer

How did the Constitutional Convention delegates resolve the issue of Southern representation in Congress?A. The legislative branch was organized into two separate houses.B. Every five enslaved persons would count as three free persons.C. The Senate and House of Representatives were given special

powers.D. The Electoral College would select the president and vice-

president.

Political Foundations

• Principle of Sovereignty – National Government holds ultimate authority over the states

• What was this in response to?

Political Foundations

• Principle of Sovereignty

• Why is this important?

Objective

1.4 – Identify and explain the major principles of the US Constitution

Political Foundations

oLimited Government Government can only do what the Constitution says it can

Political Foundations

oLimited Government

oWhy is this important?

Political Foundations

oSeparation of Powers – Governmental powers are broken up into 3 branches

Political Foundations

oSeparation of Powers:oWhy is this important?

Political Foundations

oChecks and Balances – Branches should hold each other accountable

Political Foundations

oChecks and Balances:

oWhy is this important?

Political Foundations

• Federalism – The division between & sharing of power between the state and National Governments

Political Foundations

• Federalism –

• Why is this important?

Political Foundations

o Individual Rights – Protect people from the abuses of governmental power

Political Foundations

o Individual Rights

oWhy is this important?

Principles of the Constitution

• Create a mini poster that illustrates the 6 principles of the Constitution.

• For each, include the principle, a brief definition and an image that illustrates the concept.

• Your choice: Color OR obvious artistic effort

Other Tidbits

Taxes must come from House of Reps.

Other Tidbits

Senators were appointed by states

Other Tidbits

Electoral college elects the president

Other Tidbits

Supreme Court justices nominated by president, confirmed by Senate

Other Tidbits

Are we a democracy or a republic?

Other Tidbits

We’re a Democratic Republic!

Democratic – we vote for people…Republic – who represent us

Objective

1.4 – Identify and explain the major principles of the US Constitution

Homework: Chapter Glossary

Bell Ringer

Separation of powers means thatA. The House and Senate may never pass joint resolutions

without Presidential approval.B. Each Congressional act is concerned with only one

particular power granted to Congress.C. Powers assigned to the national government are

distinct from those assigned to the states.D. The legislative, executive, and judicial functions are held

by separate people and groups.

Announcements

Garbage - Students are still making a mess on the deck with food and trash. We have several garbage cans around on the deck. If you make a mess – clean it up.

Electronics - Students are reminded that all electronic devices are to be put away and turned off before entering campus each morning. Electronic devices cannot be used throughout the day without permission.

Announcements

This Friday will be a regular dress down day. Underclassmen $2 for shirts and $3 for non-dress code pants. Seniors $1 for shirts and $2 for non-dress code pants.

Drivers - some of you are driving too fast in the parking lot and others are “horse-playing” in the parking lot. Cars – speed – and horse-playing do not mix.

Announcements

Juniors – Herff Jones will be on campus Friday to talk about class rings.\

Baseball meeting September 11th in B7

School pictures will be September 14th.

Ratification of the Constitution

•Ratification – The process of approval

9 states had to ratify

Ratification of the Constitution

•How many states had to agree to ratify the Articles?

Ratification of the Constitution

Ratification of the Constitution

• Federalists – Supported the strong Federal government of the new Constitution

o Alexander Hamiltono James Madisono John Jay

Ratification of the Constitution

• Federalistso Represented the elite (upper

classes) from coastal regions

o Wrote the Federalist Papers in NY to support the Constitution

Ratification of the Constitution

• Antifederalists – Opposed the new Constitution• Wanted strong

state governments

Ratification of the Constitution

• AntifederalistsoRepresented

backcountry farmers

oDemanded a Bill of Rights to protect people from their government

Bill of Rights

• 1st 10 Amendments

• Added to ensure ratification of Constitution

Political Foundations

• Bill of Rights:oFreedom of Speech,

Press, Religion, Assembly

oRight to bear arms

oFair Trials

Political Foundations

o Protection from: oUnreasonable Search

and Seizure

The Two Party

System

Objective

Compare and contrast the beliefs of the first two American political parties

The Two Party System

Hamilton – Washington’s Secretary of the Treasury Jefferson – Washington’s Secretary of State

Their disagreements lead to our two-party system

Paying off Bonds

Hamilton

National Government should pay them off

(Wins)

Jefferson

• Don’t pay them off

Taking Debts of States

Hamilton Gov. should pay

debts of the states

Northern states (in debt) agree

Jefferson• No!

• Southern states (paid debts) agree

Taking Debts of States

Compromise: State debts taken by government Capital moved further South (to DC)

National Bank

HamiltonStart a bank to:

Keep $$$ of USA Give loans to cause

economic growth

This is “necessary and proper”

The “elastic clause” allows it

Jefferson• It’s not in the

Constitution!

National Bank

Hamilton wins – the bank is created

Protective Tariff

HamiltonYes! It secures

American industry

Jefferson• No! It raises prices

on the farmers!

• (Also, I don’t want industry getting too big)

Taxing Whiskey

HamiltonTax it! Fewer people

will drink & the government will get more $$!

Jefferson• It hurts farmers who

make whiskey!

Taxing Whiskey

Whiskey Rebellion: Farmers in PA revolt George Washington leads troops in & the farmers leave Proves there’s a MAJOR split between the two groups

Hamilton’s Followers

HamiltonWealthy merchantsIndustryNorthSome rich plantation

owners

Federalists“Loose construction”

Jefferson’s Followers

• Rural & backcountry• “Common man” /

farmers• James Madison• Wanted limited central

government• State governments are

closest to the people

• Democratic-Republicans• Strict Construction

Two Party System

oStrict Construction - The Constitution should be read literally

oGov’t can’t do anything other than what the Constitution says.

Two Party System

oLoose Construction – Belief that the Constitution can be bent to allow what is “necessary and proper”

Example:Your parents tell you “we’re leaving for a

weekend and you can’t have any parties in the house.”

Strict Constructionist Interpretation

Loose Constructionist Interpretation

Foreign Policy

HamiltonSupport the British!

(They’re our mother country!)

Jefferson• Support the French!

(They like our Bill of Rights & helped win the Rev. War!)

Diplomatic Issues

oAlien and Sedition Acts: gave the government power to arrest & deport dangerous immigrants & others who spoke against the government

oKY and VA Resolutions: Said the laws were unconstitutional & void

Foreign Policy

HamiltonoThe states don’t

have the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Jefferson• Yes they do!

• These laws are politically motivated!

Political Party PosterYou have been hired to create a poster to

represent either the Federalists or the Democratic Republicans containing: Party name – prominent!! Picture of their leader OR the class they represent Include 3 major beliefs of the party A brief (2-3 sentence) explanation of the party’s

view of the Constitution Color!!