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The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)• Technology and Industrial Growth
– End of Civil War marks major transformation in American Society
• 1800 – US largely an agrarian (agricultural) society (90% of population on farm)
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)– Transformation in American Society (cont.)
• 1830s-1860s – Territorial expansion/population growth (spurred by immigration) challenges country to improve technology/transportation & communication networks
– Roads & Bridges, Canals, Steamboats, Railroads, Telegraph
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)
– Transformation in American Society (cont.)
• Civil War – products needed to be made quickly/ efficiently
– Factories employ new tools/methods of production
– Food industry developed methods to process food and transport it long distances
– Railroads expanded exponentially
– Technological advances allow manufactured goods to be made cheaply/efficiently
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)
– Encouraging Industrial Growth
• Abundant Natural Resources– Edwin Drake successfully
drills for crude oil in Titusville, PA in 1859
– By 1871, the entire industry producing 5.8 million barrels/year
– Soon replaced whale oil for lighting/fuel because it was easy to produce/transport
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)– Encouraging
Industrial Growth (Cont.)
• Government encouraged immigration to meet increasing demands for industrial labor
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)
• Encouraging Industrial Growth (Cont.)– Capitalism
• End of Civil War meant investment funds to build war materials diverted to industrial purposes
– Government Policies• Gave railroad industry million of acres of land for
promise to build a transcontinental system• Set protective tariffs against foreign manufactured
goods to encourage buying of US products • Laissez faire policies allowed business to operate
without government interference/regulation
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)
• Innovation Drives the Nation– Rise of Industrialism
• Industrialism- movement from agriculture to manufacturing as the main source of economic growth
– Before Civil War most manufacturing tied to agriculture» Cotton and wool to clothing» Hides to shoes/boots» Trees to ships/barrels/furniture
– After Civil War increased funding and labor leads to manufacturing explosion (consumer goods, railroad, steam engine)
– Heavy industry driven by steel, iron ore, coal, oil
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)• Rise of Industrialism
(Cont.)– Thomas Alva Edison
(1880) electric light bulb• Cheap/efficient replacement
for candles, oil lamps• Produces other technology
for production/distribution of electricity
• Edison receives over 1000 patents before death in 1931
• Also invents phonograph, movie camera
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)
Electric Dynamo
Phonograph
Movie Camera
Edison’s Menlo Park Laboratory
Electric Dynamo
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)• Andrew Carnegie (1873) steel
plant to produce railroad tracks– Bessemer converter and open-hearth
steel making (50 percent less labor)– Combines all phases of steel
production in one plant (smelting, refining, rolling, etc.)
– Price of rails drop from $107/ton in 1870 to $32/ton in 1890
– Steel produced in the United States went from 77,000 tons in 1870 to over 10 million tons in 1900 (Carnegie controls 90%)
– Drives rapid railroad expansion and other steel construction (Suspension bridges, skyscrapers)
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)
• Technology Boom– Alexander Graham
Bell (1876) telephone• revolutionizes long-
distance communication
• 1884 long distance service between New York and Boston
• By 1900, 1.3 million telephones in US
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)
• Technology Boom (Cont.)– Elisha Otis (1861) steam
elevator• Electric elevator
(1880s), escalator (1890s)
– George Westinghouse -railroad airbrakes, AC Electric Generator
– George Pullman - railroad sleeping cars, luxury passenger cars
Otis Elevator
AC Generator
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)
• Technology Boom (Cont.)– Isaac Merritt Singer
(1853) - sewing machine
Elijah Howe Machine (1844)
Singer Machine (1853)
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)• National Markets
– Refrigerated railroad cars (1880s) end need to ship live animals to eastern markets
• Gustavus Swift- Chicago cattle dealer- processed/ packed meats
• Joseph Armour-Kansas City cattle dealer- begins meat-packing
– Creates market for fresh fruit/vegetables from California and Florida
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)– National Businesses
• McCormick Harvesting Machine Company- farm machinery (International Harvester)
• Singer Sewing Machine Company- give access to cheap machines for home use
• F.W. Woolworth- five & ten-cent variety stores
• Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P)- first chain grocery stores
• John Wannamaker – Department Stores
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)• Aaron Montgomery Ward-
first mail-order retailer
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)• Impact of Industrialization
US Railroads (1887)
Growth of US Railroads
Miles of Track (approx.)
1850 – 9000
1860 - 30,000
1870 – 53,000
1880 – 93,000
1890 – 130,000 (65% west of Mississippi
River)
The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)
• Impact of Industrialization (Cont.)– Linking of World Markets
• By 1880s 50% of all world’s railroad tracks in the US• Goods easily transported to ports for shipment• Export of food, consumer goods, oil make US world
economic power
– Changes American Society• Farms mechanize; less labor needed• Many former farmers move families to urban areas
looking for work • Mass production leads to goods being
available/abundant for all who could afford them
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