View
52
Download
3
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648. The FIRST continent-wide war in modern history!!!! Culmination of religious wars from the 16 th century!!!! And it ends with . . . Peace of Westphalia: 1648. Why another War?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
The Thirty Years’ War1618-1648
The FIRST continent-wide war in modern history!!!!
Culmination of religious wars from the 16th century!!!!
And it ends with . . . Peace of Westphalia: 1648
Why another War? Peace of Augsburg (1555, princes could choose
Catholic or Lutheran) – solved nothing granted rights to Lutherans, but other Protestant
religions left out an issue for Palatinate Elector = Calvinist
Whose who of Protestantism majority of 300 German states = Lutheran Bohemia = Protestant Austria = supposed to be Catholic, but strong
Protestant influence Swiss = Catholic & Calvinist Hungary = Protestant Transylvania = Calvinist
Why another War? War between emperor and princes
It seems the “emperor” isn’t really an emperor (i.e. no power!), HRE too divided
Instead we have a “Protestant Union”(1608) and a “Catholic League”(1609) determined to hold the other at bay
PU supported by Dutch, English & Henry IV of France CL founded in Bavaria & backed by Spain
Austrian Habsburgs would like a strong central government (nation-state); must push out Protestantism
Why another War? Twelve Years’ Truce (Netherlands/Spain) to
expire 1621 Spanish Army still strong although Armada
KAPUTT! Spain wants to control Scheldt River & remove
Dutch from East Indies BUT Dutch refuse to leave East Indies & they control Antwerp
Spain wants to expand into the Rhineland & some Swiss cantons BUT French are strongly opposed (again they are protecting the Protestants)
consolidate Habsburgs position in Europe after failure in Netherlands
Other Problems in the HRE Cultural decline in HRE
Lutherans distrust world outside Germany decline in university attendance as universities
become platform for religious/political reform debates
witch-hunts most prevalent in Eastern Europe trade in decay due to Dutch control; serfdom
alive and well; Commercial Revolution doesn’t effect the middle class in East as in West
What kind of war? not just a religious war
German civil war of religion German civil war of constitutional issues International war between France & Habsburgs,
Spain & Dutch, kings of Denmark & Sweden and prince of Transylvanian become involved
all of these groups found allies within Germany majority of battles fought on German soil generals were soldiers of fortune with their own
designs on land, wealth & power
Four Phases of the War Bohemian (Czechs) (1618-1625) Danish (1625-1630) Swedish (1630-1635) Swedish-French (1635-1648)
Habsburg Family Tree – Part IIMaximilian I(1493-1519)Philip___________La Loca
Charles V (Sp/HRE) Ferdinand I(1516-1556) (1556-1564) HRE
Philip II (Sp)(1556-1598) Maximilian II Charles of Styria Philip III (Sp) (1564-1576)(1598-1621) Rudolf II Matthias Ferdinand II(1576-1612) (1612-1619) (1619-1637)
RII & M = kings of Hungary, Bohemia/ FII = king of Bohemia
Phase I: Bohemian Phase 1618-1625 HRE – Matthias (Ferdinand’s grdson)
dying, successor to Empire Logical choice: cousin, Ferdinand II BUT electors are mainly Protestant and
Ferdinand is Catholic Ferdinand ALSO king of Bohemia! Bohemians (Czechs / Germans) –
together with Slovaks = mainly Protestant vs. Catholic king
Bohemia revolts Defenestration of Prague: Mathias’ reps
thrown out the window (land on dung) Mathias send in troops to restore order & is
deposed Mathias dies & Ferdinand II should reign
Bohemians elect “Frederick of the Palatinate”
So War: Ferdinand and Catholic League vs. Frederick and Protestant Union
Ferdinand crowned as HRE and defeats Frederick at Battle of White Mountain 1620
Outcomes of Phase I Spain dig-in in Rhineland; prepare to take
on French and Dutch Ferdinand II gets elected king of Bohemia
& confiscates 50% of nobles’ estates some goes to churches, monasteries & orders some goes to mercenaries = new aristocracy
Jesuits re-Catholicize Bohemia missions, schools, court proceedings,
executions Protestantism expunged in Austria Protestant Union dissolved in 1621
Phase II:Danish Phase 1625-1630Danish Lutherans vs. Habsburg power! Denmark’s King Christian IV (a.k.a.
Duke of Holstein) vs. Ferdinand II religious as well as political agenda some Dutch, English, French backing
Ferdinand wins under gen. Wallenstein who plunders Germany and Danes (Spanish cousins of HRE help) Wallenstein actually reaches Baltic & Danish
Pen.
Results of Phase II Germany is completely engulfed
by the Counter Reformation Palatinate, northern Lutheran states,
Bohemia & Austria = re-Catholicized 1629 HRE issues “Edict of
Restitution”: All Catholic states pre Peace of Augsburg (1555) are restored as Catholic
Results of Phase II Terror sweeps Germany, France, Denmark &
Sweden Germans fear for Protestantism as do Danish, who are also dealing with
Wallenstein French (Richelieu) dealing with internal conflicts,
can’t take Ferdinand II alone, so... engage Swedes, by ending their conflict with
Poland and paying them 1 million livre/year for 40,000 troops (Dutch pay 50,000 florins a month)
Phase III:Swedish 1630-1635 Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus: great
ruler united Sweden conducted overseas operations increased land holdings bu acquiring areas of
Poland & Russia creates Europes most modern army
1630 lands in Germany to take over fight for Protestantism in the meantime...Richelieu has turned Catholic
states against FII (fear of centralization)
Phase III – Swedish 1630-1635 Glorious Victories (military backing from
Saxony) 1631 Breitenfeld 1632 Lützen (GA dies in battle)
Oxenstierna (GA’s Chancellor) picks up fight penetrates Bohemia as far south as the Danube
Internal Discord Wallenstein upset with power of Spanish and
gives up fight; begins private peace talks with Swedes & Saxons; assassinated by one of his own
Phase III – Swedish 1630-1635 Internal Discord (con’t.)
Saxons (ind. of Swedes) enter into talks w/ Emperor
1635 Peace of Prague: annuls Edict of Restitution, many other German states sign treaty & pull support of Swedes
Swedes left isolated in Germany French/Spanish not ready to give
Phase IV: French-Swedish /International Phase 1635-1648
Richelieu not happy the Habsburgs won again … so … he declares war on Spain (Habsburg – Philip IV – helping HRE)! Portugal & Catalonia declare independence from Sp.
Netherlands, Savoy also enter on Swedish side! Battles go both ways, Richelieu, Ferdinand II,
Louis XIII, Wallenstein all die early 1640’s Germany grows to resent this foreign invasion Exhaustion – and Peace of Westphalia 1648
And the final results???
Germany devastated! Some areas 2/3 population dead
HRE once a leader – now stagnates borderlands fall away, Netherlands & Switzerland no longer
belong; no laws may be made, taxes levied, soldiers recruited, war
waged or peace treaty signed without approval of imperial estates
Germany sinks back into “feudal chaos” – 300 independent states (Staatensystem)
Habsburgs weakened – Austria losses power over HRE Spain losses United Provinces, Portugal & Catalonia
Europe enters “Balance of Power” Religious Wars END!!! = permanent split in
Christendom FRANCE begins to rise!
Recommended