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The Sudanese Peaceful Revolution ( 2018-2019):
Causes, Dynamics and Success
Prepared by:
Prof. BalghisBadri
Ms. Tayseer AL Fatih
Regional Institute of Gender, Diversity, Peace and Rights, Ahfad University for Women
September 2019
Background:
The Sudan witnessed two upraises that had
overthrown Military coupes of dictatorship
rule. In 1956 Sudan gained independence
from Egypt and Britain through a peaceful
process that started with the formation of a
league of graduates in 1934 and formation
of political parties since 1945. In 1955
Sudan through the parliament voted for
independence which was declared from
within the parliament. The two colonial
countries Egypt and Britain accepted
Sudanese decision and Sudan declared as
independent state on first of January 1956.
Election was undertaken and a new
government was formed but a military coup
occurred in November 1958 that ruled till
October 1964, then. It was over thrown by
peaceful demonstrations led by a coalition of
political parties, trade unions and university
students and engaged several sections of the
society, including women who effectively
participated in the demonstrations.
A transitional government formed and
elections after one year led to the formation
of democratic government but that was
overthrown by another military coup in May
1969. That military dictatorship was
overthrown by another peaceful revolution
in April 1985 and another one year
transitional government and election but
again over thrown by an Islamic led military
coup in June 1989 that led to El-Bashir‘s 30
years of rule.
The 2018 -December Uprising Process:
In 2013 the medical doctors led
demonstrations and strikes against the
deteriorating health services offered to
patients and many were arrested. That led to
the formation of the medical doctors’ central
committee. In 2014 the medical doctors
secretly formed their independent legal
union and was secretly functioning to build
networks inside and outside Sudan.
In 2013 an uprising led by youth and
secondary school and university students’
took place against the uprising of prices of
service, transport and food items. These
demonstrations were met with brutality that
led to more than 200 citizens being killed
mainly youth of graduates and children of
undergraduates. That upraise led to several
professional unions to organize themselves
such as the Engineering Union in 2013 and
the universities union in 2014. The teachers
union was established as well. The lawyers,
the press union and several others were
secretly formed and started organizing
themselves. Other youth groups have
organized themselves since 2011 but
1
became effective in the 2013 uprise and
along with floods break in 2012 known as
Nafeer which means working together to
help each other is a Sudanese traditional
culture of communal support. The different
professionals and youth started to organize
themselves secretly and established different
types of coalitions.
In July 2018 a new prime minister was
appointed and he developed a strict financial
budget that led to scarcity, prices escalation
and inflation. A demonstration against these
scarcities in bread, petrol, and cash at bank
started in Damazin and in Atbara in North
Sudan led to the meeting of all these
professional bodies to form a coalition
known as “The Professionals Coalition”.
The opposition political parties had since the
late1990’s formed two main coalitions
known as “National Consensus Front” and
“Sudan Now Front”. The two contain the
main political parties in Sudan. Some other
smaller political parties joined and civil
society organizations also established a
coalition.
These four categories (professionals,
political parties, two coalitions, civil
societies, neighborhood resistance
committees) worked together to form what
is known as the “Forces of Freedom and
Change (FFC)”. These forces developed a
declaration for overthrowing the government
using peaceful measures by organizing for
demonstrations in all parts of Sudan having
solidarity to achieve freedom, peace and
justice. These became the main slogans of
the revolution demanding nothing but to step
down “Tasgut Bas”.
As the people all suffered from the regime,
they voluntarily followed the plan of action
of the FFC. Neighborhood level youth
groups were formed to lead these
demonstrations. Youth of both gender where
the ones mainly demonstrating on the streets
as they face shooting and tear gas, hence
running and hiding is needed to escape the
possibilities of being injured or killed.
Both youth and their parents were
encouraged to participate in different ways
2
of support, offering house for refugee of
demonstrations, offering food, water and
cash to support the revolution. One of the
unfamiliar ways to encourage participation
in the demonstration by the protestors was
highlighting spots and places of the
demonstration on Google map on the
determined time for the demonstration. So
whenever a person checks on Google map
writing “tasgot bas” he or she will be aware
of the venue of the demonstration. Almost
all Sudanese participated in diverse ways to
make the revolution a success.
The main other reasons for almost all Sudan
to aspire for change is the hope that Sudan
without a corrupt government has great
resources of petrol, gold and other resources
beside the huge animal wealth, 80% of the
gum Arabic produced in Sudan as well as
fertile land for agriculture. Hence, both
Hope for a better future within Sudan and
resentment that the regime corrupted,
misused these resources and wide spread
information about the stolen resources are
widely spread through social media. A better
Sudan both economically as well as of
Freedom, democracy, human rights respect
so as to live with dignity and respect to all
diversities. That was the dream of the youth
which they perceived as achievable by
pursuing a peaceful even of long term
revolution.
The Four Months Demonstrations:-
Social media was greatly used to instruct
for days, hours, places for the
demonstrations routes. Poetry, slogans,
paintings, songs were used to encourage
demonstrators. Medical support was offered
free of charge by private hospitals also for
those injured during demonstration, press
companies helped by printing guidelines for
the demonstrators. Despite the brutality of
the past regime and loss of life and injuries,
the decision of FFC was to have a million
3
demonstrations moving to the military head
quarter.
When the FFC witnessed that it was a
million demonstrators, the decision was
taken to have a sit-in in front of the military
headquarters on the 6th of April. That was
the memorial day of how to organize for
these masses to sleep on the ground and to
continue the sit-in, and guarantee its
increase and not decrease of numbers.
Giving shelter, food, water, keeping them
safely, offering medication, were challenges
that was well organized for, by all the FFC
categories beside others who joined
especially the private sector that contributed
by offering of tents, generators, food and
soft drinks of all types, as well as families
contributed by offering sheets cushions.
food , utensils and cash. Artists of all
sections had contributed by drawings, songs
and poetry.
On the 11th of April, the military took
decision to take the side of the people and
over through the Bashir regime in a
statement declared on the evening of the
11th. The sit-in continued demanding for a
full civil society. Khartoum was not the only
space of demonstrations nor for the sit-in.
people in all other towns demonstrated and
sit-in was at all the 18states capitals.
The Role of Women in the
Demonstrations:
Women both inside and outside Sudan
played great roles during the revolution.
They led demonstrations, they made signal
by a special youth sound spread youth at all
streets corner, shops, transportation, buses,
4
cars, ..etc. to come forward and collect on an
organized street march and start
demonstrations. It is they who kept the clock
for starting of the demonstration and being
part of it.
Some young female children were raised up
at the shoulders of protestors leading the
slogans and others repeated them. Mothers
of old ages went out of houses to encourage
demonstration. Houses were opened for the
protestors and food, water, shelter offered by
women. Female doctors making most of the
doctors worked at the residential quarters
clinics to serve the injured demonstrators.
Females go out at night for writing the
slogans of the revolution in the walls of the
houses in the neighborhood.
They participated in neighborhoods
demonstrations with male youth and elders.
They challenged tear gas, pullets and trials
in the emergency courts, social constraints
and continued to participate in the scheduled
demonstration.
Moreover, they move from house to house
inviting people to participate in the
demonstrations. Also, female university
students dressed white Sudanese Toob and
went into demonstration to symbolize the
role of Sudanese women in removing
dictators’ governments since independence.
Hence, women of all ages were equally
participating during the demonstration
before the sit-in, during the sit-in and after
the sit-in. Female artists participated by
drawings for martyrs during the sit-in and in
the various streets. Women also formed
several groups of alliances , four are
currently well known and working to push
for women’s agenda, equal participation in
decision taking positions and developing
women’s priorities to achieve peace first and
economic development with gender lens.
5
The Demonstration as a tool for
accelerating the Negotiations’ Process:
On the 13th April 2019, the negotiations
between the Forces of Freedom and Change
(FFC) and the Transitional Military Council
(TMC) had begun. It was obvious that there
were gender gap in representation of women
in the negotiation committee. The FFC
nominated 13 of its leaders including only
two women for leading the negotiations on
the arrangement of the transfer of power to
civilians. While, TMC negotiation
committee was composed of only male
military officers. The two parties have
different perspectives and interests with
regard to the political transformation and
change in Sudan. The FFC sat in the
negotiation table aiming at putting in action
the declaration of the Freedom and change,
while TMC were calling for power sharing
for 2 years and transfer of power through
election after two years transitional ruling.
In the beginning, the negotiations went
smooth, then after the violent attack against
the protestors’ peaceful sit-in, the FFC
stopped the negotiations. The
demonstrations and the sit-in continued and
as a result the African Union Commission
assigned two representatives to mediate the
negotiations between the two parties. So, the
negotiation was resumed and again stopped
for the massacre which occurred in front of
the military headquarters. Following the
massacre, blockage of the internet for more
than three months, despite that the FFC and
neighborhoods committees organized a
million march demonstration in the three
towns of Khartoum State. The million
demonstrations which had took place on 30
June 2019 proved to the MTC and the world
that FFC is a legitimate body to negotiate on
behalf of the Sudanese people and to
articulate their demands for formation of a
civil government. As result, the African
Union’s representative worked to resume the
negotiations process which led to the signing
of the current political agreement and
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constitutional declarations as well as
formation of the Sovereignty and executive
Councils.
The Peaceful Protestor’s Sit-in for
the New Sudan1
This section deals with the description to the
peaceful sit-in in Khartoum for removing the
government of El-Bashir which has put
Sudanese people in economic hardship,
political dilemmas conflicts, and social
problems such as displacement, breaking of
the social fabrics and ethnic divisions.
The SPA called the protestors to march to
the Military headquarter in Khartoum
celebrating April uprising of 1985 which
came with the democratic government that
continued till 1989 then, removed when El-
Bashir and the Islamist National Front took
power through a coup d’état. Though the
protestors were celebrating democracy, they
were at risk of being exposed to police
1This section is written by TayseerAlFatih , Staff member of the Regional Institute of Gender, Diversity, Peace and Rights
harassment and their gunfire and shoot to
kill instructions from higher ranker of
authorities.
So, after overcoming the obstacles and
achieving success in reaching the
headquarter of the General Command of the
Sudan Armed Forces in Khartoum on the
April 6th , 2019, the Forces for Freedom and
Change decided to sit-in in front and around
the Military headquarter urging the leaders
of the Armed forces to remove El-Bashir’s
brutal and dictatorship regime and to
respond to the Declaration of the forces of
Freedom and Change which calls for a
transitional period and power transmission
to civilians in four years and dealing with
the country’s political and economic issues.
The Sudanese Army Forces’ headquarter in
the Ministry of Defense’s complex was
chosen as an area for sit-in by the protestors
as the venue would offer protection and
7
security for the peaceful protestors from the
gun shooting, tear gas, house raids, and
violent and oppressive actions of the shadow
Jihadi forces, the police and the forces of the
operation unit of the National Intelligence
and security (NISS) in the public streets and
residential areas of Khartoum, Omduram
and Khartoum North on the scheduled days
and nights of marches and peaceful
demonstrations. Also, the protestors were
chosen the venue of the sit-in because the
Sudanese Army force belongs to the people
of Sudan and free of politicization as well as
the young rankers and soldiers for two times
have protected the protestors from the attack
of the NISS forces in the first days of the sit-
in.
The space of the sit-in extended to include
the Headquarter of the military from the
south, the blue Nile Bridge taking to
Khartoum North, the Nile Street till
University of Khartoum buildings from the
North, AL-Baladya and AL- Jamhurya
Streets till meeting Osman Digna Street. The
protestors used rocks and small fences made
of metal as barricades and they made
checkpoints. These checkpoints at the
entrances of the sit-in were guarded by
young males and females. Youth guards of
the barricades “terrace” used to search
visitors to the sit-in confiscating all sharp
tools as knife, mirror, or any sharp
metal..etc.
In ach entrance there were two passes one
for males and one for females. The male
guards were responsible of checking and
screening male body’s and bags while the
female guards were responsible of vetting
female’s bags and stuffs. Also, in front of
the sit-in entrance, young boys and girls
distribute water bottle for the visitors as well
as collecting shares and money for buying
water and food for the protestors in the sit-
in. Also, there were some young men and
girls performing revolutionary chants and
special songs for welcoming the visitors and
urging them not to leave the sit-in till the
demands of the protestors to be achieved.
The peaceful protestors were keen to keep
the government offices, the University of
8
Khartoum’s utilities within the space of the
sit-in clean and to protect its equipment and
assets from stealing and looting. Though
they used its yards, toilets and water taps but
they had guarded its properties. Some of the
offices close to the sit-in area was turned to
be of the house of graduates “Dar AL
Khirigein” which was within the sit-in area
were used for the revolution radio which
broadcasted programs and speeches by
different groups for the protestors on the
demands and purposes of the sit-in as well
as civic education for the youth and public.
Furthermore, a main stage and other two
stages were fixed for public speeches and
display of films on the brutal regime’s
actions. Moreover, the protestors had
prepared and equipped the venue of the sit-
in with public utilities such as clean water
tanks, mobile toilets, public kitchen, tents,
mobile clinics, field clinics, pharmacy, large
screens and Sounds system, mobile mosque,
mats, internet facilities, electricity
cables ..etc. When Ramdan month ( the
Moslem fasting days) entered, the protestors
brought more tents , water tanks , air
coolers, fans , kitchen utensils and other
needed logistics and equipment to facilitate
people’s life within the sit-in area.
The supply of food, water and medicine
were basically provided by individuals,
volunteers, charity organizations, food
companies, pharmaceutical companies,
businessmen, professionals, and ordinary
people from genders, social media groups
and civil society organizations. There had
been financial donations from all Sudanese
groups and individuals inside and outside
Sudan regardless of their gender, ethnic
background and religion. These donations
were submitted to committees of the sit-in to
cover any needed expenses.
It was observed that the youth from both
genders were the fuel of the sit-in. They
provided all forms of support ranging from
check-points guarding, cooking, cleaning,
cheering, singing, to emergencies, medical
treatment, food distribution, conduct of live
shows, to mobilization, organizing, public
speeches and marches. Moreover, they made
night shifts to protect the sitters as well as
opening of routes in crowd nights and days.
9
Also, they cooperate with military officers
in building human fence/wall prohibiting
peaceful protestors to enter the buildings of
the military headquarters specially in the
time of marches or stand-in that the SPA call
for it in the sit-in area in front of the
Ministry of Defense.
Large number of people used to visit the sit-
in area in every moment during its days.
Some of the protestors left their homes and
took the sit-in area as home. The sit-in was
not only made by Khartoum residents and
protestors, but protestors from all towns,
states and diaspora of Sudan came to join
the sit-in. For example:
- The famous Attbara train brought
people from the Northern State to
participate in the sit-in,
- protestors including youth from
conflict affected areas such as blue
Nile, South Kordofan, Darfur, the
East joined the sit-in,
- Groups suffering grievances as a
result of the oppressive rules of El-
Bashir’s regime had joined the sit-in
in Khartoum such as Darfurian
liberation movement groups,
Darfurian women groups
participated in the sit-in.
- Some of the youth armed groups put
their weapons and entered Khartoum
to participate in the peaceful sit-in.
- Some of the migrant Sudanese
people in Europe, USA and the Gulf
returned back to join the sit-in. Some
of then hired plane jets to join the
Sudanese sit-in for a couple of days
and then returned back to the
countries where they live.
- A famous Sudanese singers even
those who lived abroad, who are
considered as the iconic of the
revolution joined the sit-in and
participated in the live music nights
which held during the sit-in and
attended by different groups and fans
who used to repeat their songs in the
demonstrations for mobilizing police
officers and shadow armed forces to
stop bloodshed, killing brothers who
stood up to remove EL-bashir’s
government. One of these famous
singers wasAyman Moe, A
Sudanese Rapper.
- Others
10
The sit-in had received daily marches with
several titles and demands. These demands
can be summarized as follows:
- Transferring power to civilians.
- Calling for justice and freedom,
- Free detainees,
- combating corruption of the Islamist
regime,
- achieving transitional justice and
retribution for bloody war in Darfur
- developing a just judiciary system
independent from the government,
- Redressing government employees
who have been unjustly dismissed
- School teachers disadvantaged
situation
- Achieving gender equality and
empowering rural women,
- protecting Internally displaced
women and women in war zone
areas from rape and sexual
harassment,
- Revealing officials responsible for
killing and injuring protestors and
torturing of detained people during
the unrest and take them to the court
- Resolving and restructuring the
national intelligence Security and
- Peace and conflict resolution and
- Respect of rights and diversity of
Sudanese people
- Economic reforms and dissolution of
the militia groups
- other demands related to social,
economic and political injustices.
The protestors during the march chanted and
used slogans, garment banners, photos and
posters for expressing their demands.
Examples of these slogans are as follows:
- “We will not return back till you
assign the civilian government and
get the blood of the “Kooz” Isalmist
who killed the student”
- “Blood for Blood. No money will be
accepted”
- “50 for representation of Women”
- “Fall or not fall we are sit in concrete
here”
- “Civil government is a decision not a
choice”
- “How much did they pay you to
transfer it to bloody war”.
These marches of protestors were led by
diverse groups who marched from a certain
point outside the borders of the sit-in and
ended up in the sit-in area. Those groups
included: professionals, judges, school
teachers, university lecturers ( e.g. AL
11
Nileen, Khartoum, Ahfad) , bankers,
women’s groups, sufist group, doctors,
Ahfad University’s students, musicians,
artists, drama and media people, women’s
social media groups, people with
disabilities, resistance committees and
inhabitants of residential areas, families of
detainees and martyrs, associations of retired
military officers, women tea-sellers, union’s
members, small mining business/workers,
farmers,sport players, singers, workers of
the civil aviation, workers of electricity
Corporation, workers of the insurance
companies, scientists, engineers, students
and political groups, non-political
individuals, civil society organizations and
categories of the Sudanese people. These
groups and marches continued to feed the
sit-in with more people of different interests
and visions for the new Sudan which were
expressed peacefully through chants, public
speeches and air debates.
The sit-in area was characterized as the
microcosm of the future Sudan which its
people want to live in. It attracted diverse
groups and individuals with different ethnic,
religion, multi-cultural political and
economic background. As well, in the sit-in,
social, economic and ethnic barriers were
accommodated and/or removed between the
people. Instead the values and behaviors of
cooperation, tolerance, and peaceful
coexistence, respect of diversity,
voluntarism for redressing social injustices,
peaceful discussions and public speeches,
break of gender barriers and freedom of
expression were dominant. Some of the
manifestations of these peaceful
coexistences in the sit-in are as follow:
- Prohibition of carrying weapons or
sharp tools including glasses and
mirrors to provide safe environment
and place for the protestors of
different ages.
- The sit-in included diverse group’s
protestors coming from Northern,
Central, Darfur, Blue Nile, Nuba
Mountains and Eastern Sudan. The
protestors shared the vision for a
civilian country respecting diversity
and pluralism.
- The protestors cheered speakers from
Nuba Mountains and Darfur regions
who took the stage to speak on racial
harmony and how the Ingazi regime
fueled ethnic division. Moreover,
tents of representatives of diverse
groups were neighboring each other.
- Inhabitants of lower class and
outskirt areas mixed and cooperated
with inhabitants of upper class areas
12
in Khartoum for making the sit-in
successful and full of masses.
- The Protestors coming from diverse
background gathered in one place for
watching in the sit-in screen the
European football cup. People used
to visit the sit-in regularly to watch
the European cup and they shared
food and water.
- Heroes of the street which is a name
given to the street children who
joined the sit-in participating in
guarding of the gates, distribution of
food, cleaning of the area and doing
of other support tasks. The youth
from both genders targeted the
heroes of the street children by
programs for integrating them in the
society by provision of socio-
psychological support, teaching them
paintings and music. They
volunteered to educate the street-
children on writing and reading and
raising their awareness on self-
hygiene and sanitation.
- Free food and drinks distributed to
the protestors in the sit-in. In
addition, free phone credit and
internet were availed for those who
do not have money to buy and
charge their phones and or to receive
internet.
- On Ramadan, many of the resistance
committees’ tents were fixed to cook
food for the fasting protestors in the
sit-in. Also, some of the protestors
brought food from their homes to the
sit-in for sharing it with the fasting
protestors, street children and poor
people in the sit-in area.
- The dreams of the artists for
democratic, diverse, inclusive,
peaceful and non-discriminatory
Sudan was obviously projected in
their drawings of the revolutionary
art and graffiti on the walls and the
roads in and around the sit in area for
the purpose of keeping the history of
the revolution, Immortalizing of
martyr of the revolution and pushing
13
for achieving a country of rule of
law, justice and Freedomi.
- Sport games, including chest
competitions and football games
were organized by the Sudanese
Sport Association’s members in the
sit-in area targeting all groups and
individuals without discrimination.
- Drama and open theatre on peace
issues and the regime oppression
were undertaken.
- The musicians had organized
marched and live music celebrating
the national movement. Many people
joined the march chanting national
songs. Also, famous Rapper came
from exile to join the sit-in and sang
songs of the revolution.
- Sufist marched to the sit-in to
counter the religious discourse that
adopted by the supporters of Ingazi
Islamist ruling urging the public to
continue the sit-in for removing the
rulers who spoiled religion. They
used to perform sufist chants;
however, the protestors using drums
chanted with them the slogan “No
God except ALLAH, the political
Islamists are the enemies of GOD.
Youth and people of the drama
played theatre sketch showing the
scene of violence and killing of
protestors by the police officers in
the neighborhood demonstrations
and how peacefully people had
continued their demonstration till
Bashir’s ousted.
- Protestors and Political groups used
to perform public speeches on the
main stage after registering their
names in the program committee a
day before the speech. Discussion
and open questions took place after
the speaker’s. It was noted that non-
violent case was reported because of
14
different political views and or
conduction of political discussion.
- The Coptic and Christian youth
provided foods and drinks for the
protestors. Also, they prepared mats
for Friday’s prayers and they stood
carrying umbrellas and plastic covers
to protect Muslim from the heat of
the sun during the prayers time.
- The Indian community in Sudan has
supported the sitter with donations of
food, water and other logistics.
- Women groups as the Sudanese
women Union, No for violence
against Women, MANSAM
provided speeches on gender
inequalities and violations of
women’s rights by the state forces of
AL-Ingaz regime.
- Male youth used to sang songs
valuing a women’s contribution to
the revolution and they call her
Kandake “the name of Nubian
Queen”. The name given to female
protestors to symbolize their hard
fights to their countries and rights.
- NGOs open Tents for providing
socio-psychological support for
detainees and members of martyrs’
families
- Participation of Sudanese people
from the diaspora. Sudanese migrant
returned back to join to the sit-in and
supported on performing tasks in the
sit-in.
The sit-in was a form of peaceful tools
for confronting El-Bashir Regime and
transformation of the power to the
civilians. It was observed that whenever
the MTC and FFC negotiations stopped
or curtailed and MTC tried to disperse
the sit-in area, a huge amount of
protestors moved to the sit-in marching
or applauding or chanting or performing
national and local songs resisting
military forces trials. Unfortunately there
were bloody trails of dispersing the sit-
in. The last one was one day before EID
celebration on 28thRamdan which led to
hundreds of deaths, rape and sexual
harassment cases among females, sank
of dead bodies in the Nile.
Despite the massacre which had occurred in
front of the Military headquarter targeting
peaceful protestors, the peaceful sit-in was
proved to be an effective tool for achieving
political change. For example, as result of
the protestors’ sit-in, the high rankers of the
Sudanese Army officers have overthrown
El-Bashir’s regime just after one week of the
15
sit-in. Also, the protestors’ sit-in pressed to
change the Minister of Defense following
that resignation of three of the members of
MTC who are pro- EL-Bashir regime as
well as changing the state governors and
commissioners appointed by the Ingazi
government. Besides that , the sit-in served
to put in jails the corrupted government
officers, corrupted business men and
powerful National Congress Party’s
members. Another success of the sit-in was
freeing of political detainees from the
capital’s and states’ prisons. Furthermore, it
supported the FFC negotiations with the
MTC on power sharing and transformation
of power to a civil government as it gave the
FFC the legitimacy to talk on behalf of the
masses.
Sources:
16
i Amelia Nakitimbo( 2019) Artists Repainting Sudan’s Sit-in Yard. africanews. Accessed 30 August 2019. https://www.africanews.com/2019/08/29/artists-re-painting-sudan-s-sit-in-yard/
- https://arablit.org/2019/06/15/combating-erasure-art-and-the-sudanese-sit-in/
- https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/khartoum-sit-in-prompts-explosion-of-creativity-community- spirit
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-art/sudan-protesters-sit-in-inspires-cultural-outpouring- idUSKCN1SD0WJ
- https://khartoumstar.com/en/2019/05/21/sudanese-from-the-states-at-the-heart-of-khartoum-sit-in/
- https://khartoumstar.com/en/2019/05/21/sudanese-from-the-states-at-the-heart-of-khartoum-sit-in/
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