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The Science of The Science of
ErgonomicsErgonomicsDr. Dibyendunarayan Bid
MPT; PGDSPTPrincipal I/cThe Sarvajanik College of Physiotherapy, Rampura, Surat
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If we want tochange theresponse . . .
We need tochange thecircumstances!
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Ergonomics DefinedEarly 1700s, Ramazzinis study of ill-effects of poor
posture & poorly designed tools on the health of workers.
Greek Words: Ergon = work, Nomikos = law
Ergonomics: Study of Laws of work 6
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What Is Ergonomics?What Is Ergonomics?
Ergonomics is fitting the job to the person.
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Ergonomics
Human Machin e
Work Environment
Utmost Goal: Humanization of Work
Design with E & E: Ease and Efficiency8
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The Basics of Ergonomics
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Applications of ErgonomicsApplications of ErgonomicsAnatomy
OrthopedicsPhysiology
MedicinePsychologySociology
Industrial EngineeringBio-Engineering
Systems EngineeringSafety Engineering
Military EngineeringComputer-Aided Design
AnthropometryBiomechanicsWork Physiology
Industrial HygieneManagement
Labor Relations
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Where Does Ergonomics Fit In?Where Does Ergonomics Fit In?
Physical HazardsChemical HazardsBiological Hazards
Ergonomics
Human Machin e
Work Environment 13
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The benefits of an ergonomic programThe benefits of an ergonomic program
Decreased injuries & illnesses .
Increased efficiency at work.
Increased physical well being.
Decreased absenteeism.
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Ergonomic related injuriesErgonomic related injuries
May be called: CTDs (cumulative trauma disorders)
RSIs (repetitive stress injuries) RMIs (repetitive motion injuries)
Which are all considered:
MSDs (musculoskeletal disorders)
MSDs can affect muscles, tendons, nerves, joints andspinal disks.
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Risk factors and causes of MSDsRisk factors and causes of MSDs
RepetitionForce
Awkward PostureStatic PostureContact Stress
Temperature ExtremesVibrationPsycho Social
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Identifying Risk FactorsIdentifying Risk FactorsConditions or circumstances that increase thechances of developing a MSD.
The likelihood of developing an injury isdependent on the frequency and duration of exposure to risk factors.
Both occupational and personal risk factorscan affect an individuals well being at home or
work.
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RepetitionRepetitionOccurs when the same or similar movementsare performed frequently.
Repetition can also occur when different tasksare performed if those tasks have the samemovements.
Injury may result from repetition when thetissues do not have adequate time to recover.
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ForceForceForce is the amount of physical effort required by a
person to do a task or maintain control of tools or equipment.
A pinch grip produces 3-5 times more force on thetendons in the wrist than a grip with the wholehand.
With excessive force the muscles are contractingmuch harder than normal, this can lead to stress onthe muscles, tendons and joints.
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Awkward PostureAwkward Posture
Is a deviation from the neutral body position.
A neutral body position is safest and mostefficient position in which to work.
Awkward posture puts stress on muscles,tendons and joints.
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Static PostureStatic Posture
Static posture occurs when one position isheld for a prolonged period of time.
The muscles will become fatigued from alack of blood flow during a static posture.
This fatigue can lead to discomfort andeven injury.
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Contact StressContact Stress
Contact stress is caused by any sharp or hard object putting localized pressure on a
part of the body.
Contact stress will irritate local tissues and
interfere with circulation and nervefunction.
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Temperature ExtremesTemperature Extremes
Extreme cold constricts bloodvessels and reduces sensitivity
and coordination of body parts.
Excessive heat can result inincreased fatigue and heatstress.
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VibrationVibrationExposure to vibration can occur whileusing power tools or while drivingequipment.
Vibration from power tools can placestress on the tissues of the fingers,hand and arms.
Whole body vibration from driving puts stress on the spinal tissues.
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Psycho-social IssuesPsycho-social Issues
Stress, boredom, job dissatisfaction andanxiety can contribute to the possibility of
developing a MSD.Psycho-social issues can create increasedmuscle tension and reduce a persons
awareness of work technique.
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Adjusting the WorkstationAdjusting the Workstation
Adjust the Chair.
Adjust reach requirements.
Adjust focal requirements.
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Improve Posture and HabitsImprove Posture and Habits
Modify wrist/hand motions
Improve neck and back postures
Consider personal preferences
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Adjustable Platforms
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Arrange the work areaArrange the work area
Consider the base of support.
Place equipment and materials whereappropriate.
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Choose the appropriate toolsChoose the appropriate tools
Check the fit.
Make sure the tools match the task.
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Correct the environmentCorrect the environment
Adjust lighting, noise and temperaturewhen possible.
Check work pace.
Check work processes.
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Improve work techniques and habitsImprove work techniques and habits
Improve postures.
Check work techniques.
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Control StrategiesControl Strategies
The next step is to develop and implementcontrol strategies to increase quality and
productivity.
Once the risk factors and their causes areidentified, control strategies can beimplemented based on needs.
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Administrative ControlsAdministrative Controls
Training workers in work methods.
Varying or rotating work tasks.
Limiting extended work hours.
Providing mini-breaks.
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What you can do to prevent injury?What you can do to prevent injury?
Develop an Ergonomics program.
Take proper breaks.
Health and Fitness.
Be aware of your hobbies away fromwork.
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Summary of Ergonomic Principles:Summary of Ergonomic Principles:
Position and support body inneutralWork in reach zoneProvide correct tools, equipment
and facilitiesPromote effective work processesPromote Health and Wellness
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Thank you for Thank you for your your attention!attention!
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