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THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR
MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES
MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENT PROJECT (MACEMP)
ZANZIBAR COASTAL AND MARINE TOURISM
MANAGEMENT PLAN
FINAL REPORT
NOVEMBER 2012
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF PLATES v
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS vi
AUTHORSHIP AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General Background....................................................................................................1
1.2 Tourism development worldwide ................................................................................1
1.3 Tourism development in Africa ...................................................................................2
1.4 Tourism development in Zanzibar ...............................................................................3
1.5 Rationale for Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Plan......................................5
1.6 Terms of Reference of the assignment .........................................................................5
1.7 Overall mission, vision and goal of the Tourism Management Plan (TMP)..................6
1.7.1 Overall Vision 6
1.7.2 Mission 6
1.7.3 Goal........................................................................................................................6
1.8 Approach and methodology.........................................................................................6
1.8.1 Literature review.....................................................................................................6
1.8.2 Sectoral survey on tourism sector ............................................................................7
1.8.3 Stakeholders Workshops .........................................................................................7
1.9 Legal and Institutional Frameworks.............................................................................7
1.9.1 The Central government..........................................................................................7
1.9.2 Local governments ..................................................................................................9
1.10 Organisation of the document..................................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO 10
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Socio-economic and Physical features .......................................................................10
2.2.1 Agriculture............................................................................................................10
2.2.2 Fishing..................................................................................................................10
2.2.3 Salt extraction .......................................................................................................10
2.2.4 Climate .................................................................................................................11
2.2.5 Soils ......................................................................................................................11
2.2.6 Vegetation cover ...................................................................................................11
2.2.7 Hydrology .............................................................................................................11
2.3 Tourism stakeholders.................................................................................................12
2.4 Tourism Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC) ..................13
CHAPTER THREE 16
TOURISM RESOURCES 16
3.1 Tourism resources and development..........................................................................16
3.2 Coastal tourism resource base....................................................................................17
3.2.1 Coastal tourism resources......................................................................................18
3.2.1.1 Mangroves and coastal thickets 18
3.2.1.2 Sandy beaches 18
3.2.1.3 Coastal vegetation 20
ii
3.2.1.4 Cultural sites and sacred natural features 21
3.2.2 Marine resources...................................................................................................21
3.2.2.1 Coral Reefs and sea grasses 21
3.2.2.2 Marine mammals and turtles 22
3.3 Threats to coastal and marine resources .....................................................................23
3.4 Recommendations for better uses of resources...........................................................23
CHAPTER FOUR 24
COASTAL AND MARINE TOURISM MANAGEMENT SCHEMES 24
4.1 Introduction 24
4.2 Unguja ......................................................................................................................25
4.2.1 Tourism Development Zones in Unguja ................................................................25
4.2.2 Tourism Areas in Unguja .....................................................................................27
4.3 Pemba .......................................................................................................................33
4.3.1 Tourism Development Zones in Pemba.................................................................33
4.3.2 Tourist Areas in Pemba.........................................................................................35
CHAPTER FIVE 38
MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES 38
5.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................38
5.2 Visitor Use, Development and Revenue Program (VUDRP)......................................38
5.2.1 Program Purpose...................................................................................................38
5.2.2 Tourism Development and Revenue Principles .....................................................39
5.2.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities...........................................................40
5.3 Administration and Operations Program (AOP).........................................................42
5.3.1 Program Purpose...................................................................................................42
5.3.2 Tourism Administration and Operations Principles ...............................................42
5.3.3 Program objectives, targets and activities ..............................................................43
5.4 Local Tourism and Education Program (LTEP) .........................................................44
5.4.1 Program Purpose...................................................................................................44
5.4.2 Local People Relation Principles...........................................................................44
5.4.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities...........................................................45
5.5.1 Program Purpose...................................................................................................46
5.5.2 Resources Management Principles ........................................................................46
5.5.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities...........................................................47
CHAPTER SIX 49
OPERATIONAL PLAN 49
6.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................49
6.2 Three Years Operational Plan of the Management Programs .....................................49
CHAPTER SEVEN 66
MONITORING AND EVALUATION 66
7.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................66
7.2 Monitoring ................................................................................................................66
7.2.2 Monitoring Report Schedule .................................................................................67
7.3 Evaluation .................................................................................................................68
7.4 Plan Review 69
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 70
APPENDICES 75
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1.1 Tourism Management Institutions in Zanzibar 8
Table 2.1 List of key tourism stakeholders and their respective roles 12
Table 2.2 Tourism SWOC analysis 13
Table 3.1 Tourism resources 17
Table 5.1 VUDRP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 40
Table 5.2 AOP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 43
Table 5.3 LTEP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 45
Table 5.4 RMP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 47
Table 6.1 Operational Plan 49
Table 7.1 Format for Summarizing Progress on the Plan Implementation 67
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 4.1 Tourism Zones in Unguja 26
Figure 4.2 Tourism Areas in Unguja 32
Figure 4.3 Tourism Zones in Pemba 34
Figure 4.4 Tourism Areas in Pemba 37
v
LIST OF PLATES
Page
Plate 1 Fishermen at Malindi Port, Unguja. Fishing is one of the main lifeline
economic activities in Zanzibar
19
Plate 2 The famous Misali Island in Pemba. The Island has beutiful sand beaches
and Marine resources
20
vi
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AOP Administration and Operations Program
AOPB Annual Operation Plans and Budgets
AOPB Annual Operation Plan Budget
CBOs Community Based Organisations
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
KMKM Kikosi Maalum cha Kuzuia Magendo
LTEP Local Tourism and Education Program
MICTS Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism and Sports
MLF Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries
PECCA Pemba Channel Conservation Areas
RMP Resources Management Program
SWOC Strengths, Weaknesses, Threats and Challenges
TTCL Tanzania Telecommunication Company Limited
TMP Tourism Management Plan
VUDRP Visitor Use, Development and Revenue Program
WTO World Tourism Organisation
ZATI Zanzibar Association Tourism Investors
ZATO Zanzibar Association of Tourism Organisation
ZCT Zanzibar Commission for Tourism
ZIPA Zanzibar Investment Promotion Agency
vii
AUTHORSHIP AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document was prepared by Prof. Abiud Kaswamila, Mr. Augustino Mwakipesile, Mr. Frank
Mawi and Mr. Kajale Kasika of the University of Dodoma. The authors are grateful to Dr. Kassim G.
Juma, the Principal Secretary – Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries; Mr. Yusuf Kombo, the Marine
and Coastal Environment Management Project (MACEMP) Manager; and Mr. Ali Khalil Mirza, the
Zanzibar Commission for Tourism (ZCT), Director General for their guidance and logistical support
during the whole period of data collection and report writing.
This report would not have been presented without assistance from many people. The team wishes to
thank Mr. Said of the ZCT for accompanying us during the data collection exercise; Ms. Ramla Talia
of MACEMP for giving us support during literature search and Mr. Suleiman A. Suleiman (ZCT in –
Charge, Pemba) for his logistical support while in Pemba. We are also grateful to the ZCT staff in
both Unguja and Pemba; Regional and District Commissioners; District Municipal Directors; the
Shehia leaders; and local communities whom we contacted during field work for their willingness to
provide us the necessary information related to this assignment. We say, thank you so much and God
bless you all.
viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Zanzibar is richly endowed with both natural (coastal and marine-based attractions) and man-made tourism attractions which are the basis of successful tourism in recent years and has led to the contribution of the country’s economic growth. Zanzibar’s tourism has been growing at an average rate of 10% per annum and employs more than 45,000 in both direct and indirect employment. The sector is likely to surpass agriculture as Zanzibar’s leading revenue earner by the year 2015. Recent statistics indicate that by 2012 the number of tourists is approximately 2,179,011, an increase of about 15.5% since 2008 as cumulative figures.
Despite these achievements, the sector faces a number of threats which threatens its sustainability. The major ones being increased environmental degradation, enclave tourism, erosion of cultural values, increased pressure on coastal and marine resources, institutional conflicts, uncontrolled hotel /lodges development, land use conflicts, and low involvement of primary tourism stakeholders in decision making. To address these challenges, it was thought important to have a Tourism Management Plan (TMP) in place. The purpose of TMP is to act as a working resource that: profiles tourism as a valued contributor towards the country’s economic development; contributes to the direction of the country’s tourism in its aspirations for growth, entrepreneurship and employment; establishes appropriate and cost effective tourism management and marketing mechanisms; enhances the visitor experience with the area; and lends due attention to the “Rules of best the practice”.
This document is organized in six Chapters. The second Chapter is about situational analysis. Chapter three gives a detailed description of tourism resources in both Unguja and Pemba Islands. The Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Scheme is presented in Chapter four. Chapter five identifies the management programs and strategies to achieve program objectives. The last Chapter describes the operational plan with timescale.
Situational analysis
In reviewing and developing this Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Plan, different stakeholders were consulted. These stakeholders include the public sector, the private sector, local communities and NGOs. Their views and comments facilitated the analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC) facing tourism development in Zanzibar. The major strengths aired out include the country’s political stability, presence of Coastal and Marine tourism attractions, Stone Town is a unique cultural experience, security to lives and property, and Malindi Port is gateway to both visitors and goods. It was also observed that Zanzibar has several opportunities to grasp. These include: coordinated and increased events calendar, ecotourism potentiality particularly in Pemba, use of Information Technology, traditional and cultural festival is gaining global popularity, and infrastructure improvement.
Despite the strengths and opportunities available in the sector, the tourism industry has several weaknesses and challenges. As for weaknesses, the major ones include institutional conflict of interest, enclave tourism, frequent transfer of hotel ownership, financial constraints and environmental degradation. Regarding challenges, stakeholders had the opinion that climate change, population growth, erosion of cultural values, crime and visitor safety, competitor destination areas and pressure on Marine and Coastal resources threaten the sustainability of tourism industry.
Tourism resources
In Zanzibar tourism resources can be grouped into natural, cultural, human, or capital resources. Emphasis in this report is on coastal and marine resources that either are used or can be used to attract or conserve resources.
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• Coastal resources Coastal resources includes land-based as well as marine environment, i.e. coral rags, mangroves, coastal thickets, sandy beaches, palm trees, water sources, coastal vegetation, cultural sites and sacred natural features etc. Coastal environment, sandy beaches, coral reefs, sea grass beds, water sources and cultural sites, the mangrove forests can be argued to be critical habitats for Zanzibar.
• Marine resources Marine resources in Zanzibar include coral reefs, sea grasses, marine mammals and turtles. The distribution of coral reefs in Zanzibar is clearly documented. It is estimated that Zanzibar has a total of 90 km
2 of living coral. The preliminary species list given for Islands indicates that there are 168
coral species. However, there are certain areas that have been affected due to the presence of sea urchins and crown-of-thorn infestation especially at Matemwe and east coast of Zanzibar. As for sea grasses, at least 12 species have been recorded along the coast of Tanzania.
Several species of marine mammals (8 dolphins, 3 whales and 1 dugong species) are found in Zanzibar. Dolphins are still hunted in some areas where they are used primarily as bait, but also for local consumption. Small resident populations of Indo-Pacific bottlenose and humpback dolphins in Menai Bay, Zanzibar has increased during the past few years and the areas are becoming known for some of the best boat-based dolphin watching sites in Zanzibar. Five species of turtle exist in Zanzibar waters and not less than 28 species of sharks are present.
• Recommendations for better use of resources i. Interventions to control environmental degradation
ii. Promotion of ecotourism
iii. Conserving the current resource base for future generations
iv. Manage and monitor threats on environment and coastal and marine resources
v. Maintaining the productivity of the resource base
vi. Maintaining biodiversity and avoiding irreversible environmental changes
vii. Ensuring equity within and between generations
viii. Maintaining and protecting the heritage (cultural and history) of the area, region, or nation
Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Scheme
In the reflection of the Zanzibar National Land Use Plan (1995) and Tourism Zone 1Plan, the tourism
management zone are based primarily but not limited to the following criteria: land use sustainability;
introduction of uses and developments that resolves existing management conflicts; elimination of
uses and developments that either damage resources or create undue burden to tourism management;
sustainability of the tourism and protection of outstanding resource values; enhancing Zanzibar
tourism significance; and constraints imposed by landscape and ecological determinants. Others are:
provision of diverse range of appropriate visitor experiences; land/environmental capability and
suitability to support proposed or existing use and physical developments; cultural sustainability and
protection of scared and historical sites; use of already impacted areas and resources; and increased
contribution to national and local economies and enhance people relations.
1 Designated area for certain purpose within which there are areas
x
Using the above criterion, six (6) tourism development zones were developed, four (4) in Unguja and
two (2) in Pemba with a total of nineteen (19) and seven (7) tourist areas in Unguja and Pemba
respectively as illustrated in figure 1, 2, 3, and 4. Details of each tourist areas is provided in the
Zanzibar Tourism Zoning Plan , which need to be read in line with this Tourism Management Plan
for smooth implementation of the proposed tourism management strategies.
Management programs and strategies
Specific management programs, principles, objectives and actions to be undertaken for effective
implementation of the Tourism Management Plan are presented. The activities proposed reinforce
the tourism zone scheme by defining specific and practical actions that would help to minimise
identified problems, protect outstanding resources and values, and help to achieve the tourism
purpose in Unguja and Pemba. Actions included in this Tourism Management Plan are those which
are feasible within the National and local set-up, policy and legal frameworks. Other activities were
described in terms of what needs to be done, and not how and when these activities will be
implemented. The five management programs presented in this document include: visitor use,
development and revenue; administration and operational; local tourism and education; and
resources management. These are associated with program objectives, targets and activities.
Operational plan
In this Tourism Management Plan, a 3-years Action Plans have been established for each of the
Management Programs to provide a guide for those who manage and coordinate tourism in Zanzibar
on a daily basis. For practical purposes it is not realistic to prepare an action plan for the period of
ten years in the understanding of changing situations and conditions in real time. Another set of three
years action plan will be developed in future as part of the implementation of this plan. For each
program, targets, activities, responsible institution(s), time frame and performance indicators have
been identified.
Monitoring and Evaluation
• Monitoring
Monitoring of the Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will be the overall responsibility of the
Zanzibar Commission of Tourism. Tourism Plan implementation team/ task force within the ZCT,
shall periodically audit the implementation of the plan by collecting information related to the
monitoring of inputs/activities on quarterly basis and prepare reports reflecting the performance of
sector related to tourism. The team/ task force shall prepare and issue monitoring and reporting
guidelines to all officials who will be involved in the implementation and audit exercise. Specific
data collection instrument will need to be prepared while quarterly and year performance summary
xi
will follow the format provided in the report. Monitoring will commence immediately after starting
the implementation of the Tourism Plan.
• Evaluation
Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will be subjected to two internal and external
evaluations. Internal evaluation will be done every two and a half years by the team from the
Zanzibar Commission of Tourism, and the external evaluation will be done by mid-term of the plan
implementation (after five years) and end of plan implementation (after ten years) by commissioned
independent team of experts. Selection of the appropriate evaluators will consider relevant technical
skills, evaluation skills and experience in similar organizations/assignments.
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Background
Zanzibar is part of the United Republic of Tanzania but it has its own autonomous government.
Zanzibar consists of two major Islands, Unguja and Pemba, with a group of about 50 small islets
surrounding them. According to the Zanzibar Commission for Tourism (ZCT), the country consists
of multi-racial and multi-cultural community and it is a society of many faiths and different origins.
Almost the entire population is of mixed races primarily Arabs and African decent and blended with
local culture (www.zanzibartourism.net).The Islands lie in the North-south direction between
latitude 04° 50" and 06° 30" South, and East-west direction between longitude 39° 10" and 39° 50"
East. The Islands are some 30 kilometres on average East off the mainland coastline. Unguja Island
covers an area of 1666 km2 and Pemba Island covers an area of 988 km2 giving a total land area of
2,654 km2. According to the 2002 census, Zanzibar has a population of nearly 984,625 people most
of whom live in villages and towns located along the coast. The annual population growth rate is 3.5
percent.
The coastal environment of Zanzibar constitutes to a complex interconnection of variety of
ecosystems, both on land and at sea. These ecosystems, in their totality form and furnish the basic
foundation of the local culture, economy and their social well-being of coastal Zanzibaris (RGV and
MACEMP 2009). However, Zanzibar’s coastal environment and its resources are coming under
increasing pressure both from overuse and from new developments. The situation is exacerbated by
rapid population growth and to some extent by migration to the coast.
1.2 Tourism development worldwide
Tourism is arguably the world’s largest and fastest growing industry. According to World Tourism
Organisation (WTO), tourism has expanded dramatically over the last five decades and has become
a global industry. It forecasts that long-distance travel worldwide will grow faster (5.4% each year)
in the next decades than travel within regions (3.8%). WTO statistics for 2002 estimated
international tourist receipts of US$ 463 billion, a total of 693 million tourist arrivals across the
globe and forecast over one billion arrivals by 2010. WTO’s tourism 2020 vision forecasts that
international arrivals are expected to reach over 1.56 billion around the year 2020. Of these
worldwide arrivals, 1.2 billion will be intraregional and 0.4 will be long-haul travellers. The total
tourist arrivals by region show that around 2020 the top three receiving regions will be Europe (717
million tourists), East Asia and Pacific (397 million) and the Americas (282 million)
2
(www.biodiversity.ru). For poor countries, regions, towns and cities, tourism is seen as the fast track
to development (Glasson et al, 1995).
Currently, the UNWTO Barometer show that between January and April 2012, international tourist
arrivals (overnight visitors) worldwide totalled 285 million, 15 million more than in the same period
of 2011 (+5%). Asia and the Pacific and Africa (both +8%), show the best results. Both regions saw
a clear rebound in some of the destinations experiencing declines in 2011. In Asia and the Pacific,
Japan’s inbound and outbound travel is clearly on the mend, with arrivals to the country up by 40%
in the first five months of 2012. In Africa, North Africa (+11%) returned to positive growth (+48%
between January and May). The Middle East also shows signs of recovery with arrivals up by 1%
between January and April 2012, and particularly promising results for Egypt (+29% between
January and May). The Americas (+6%) recorded growth slightly above the world average, with
solid results across almost all destinations. Europe (+4%) consolidated its record growth of 2011,
despite continuing economic volatility in the Eurozone. UNWTO forecasts international tourism to
increase by 3% to 4% for the full year 2012. While the pace of growth is slowing down somewhat,
international overnight visitors remain firmly on track to hit the milestone of one billion arrivals
expected this year (http://media.unwto.org/en/press-release/2012-07-09/415-million-tourists-
expected-worldwide-may-august-peak-season).
Tourism is therefore viewed by governments as a catalyst for national and regional development,
bringing employment, exchange earnings, balance of payments advantages, and important
infrastructural developments benefiting locals and visitors alike.
1.3 Tourism development in Africa
The last decade, tourism in Africa has taken flight, with increasing numbers of tourists
(international, regional and national) enjoying hitherto relatively unknown attractions and unspoilt
natural resources. In recent years Africa was the world’s regional leader in tourism growth at 8.1%,
while Sub-Saharan Africa experienced growth of over 9.4%, primarily in South Africa, Kenya,
Mozambique, Swaziland and the Seychelles. UNWTO Forecasts, suggest demand for new tourist
attractions will continue to increase in the coming years, creating real opportunities for tourism to be
a major contributor to poverty reduction in Africa (Tourism Policy Draft Report 2009).
There have been improvements in economic conditions and political stability, resulting in a more
positive environment for tourism. A wide range of infrastructure investment has been undertaken,
particularly in accommodation, roads and airport improvements. Efforts continue on improvements
to immigration procedures, which are often slow and cumbersome (ibid).
3
Shortages in air transport linking Sub Saharan Africa to major international and national markets
have also seriously affected international and regional travel. Additional constraints include limited
infrastructure and investment capital, skilled human resources, services and amenities for tourists,
and a sometimes unfavourable image. While governments and the private sector are becoming
increasingly aware of Africa’s tourism potential and seek to respond to demand by boosting tourism
arrivals, diversifying and marketing tourism products and services, in many countries these
responses are characterized by un-checked and haphazard investment efforts (ibid).
The strength of African tourism lies in its cultural and environmental resources, and the diversity and
authenticity of its products. Ancient cultures, unique natural parks and unspoiled beaches, together
with a fascination of the African continent by international tourists, provide the competitive
advantage of Sub-Saharan African tourism.
1.4 Tourism development in Zanzibar
Zanzibar is richly endowed with both natural (coastal and marine-based attractions) and man-made
tourism attractions which are the basis of successful tourism in recent years and has led to the
contribution of the country’s economic growth. The Zanzibar Government embarked on tourism
development since 1984, as a measure towards economy diversification after years of dependency on
cloves as a mainstay of the national economy. The Government intention in this respect was to
generate foreign currency, while initiating an environment which local people could create
employment.
Zanzibar’s tourism has for the last ten-year period, been growing at an average rate of 10% per
annum. The Zanzibar Tourism Development Plan prepared by UNDP in 1983 shows that by that
time there were only 10 unclassified accommodation units, providing 215 rooms and 467 beds. By
1990, there were 45 hotels and several establishments providing a total of 548 rooms and 1,063 beds,
an increase of 3% and 44% respectively. In 2004 there were 173 tourist accommodation
establishments in Zanzibar, with a total of 3,089 rooms and 6,139 beds (ZTP, 2004), majority being
located in Unguja, with only 14 establishments (with a total of 110 rooms and 214 beds) in Pemba.
However, by 2012, the rooms and beds were 6491 and 11,986 respectively an increase of about
110% and 45% respectively (ZCT, 2012). In Pemba the increase for accommodation establishments
was 64% whereas for rooms and beds the increase was 90% and 76% respectively (ibid.). The
number of tourists increased from 42,141 tourists in 1990 to 140,237 in the year 2008. Recent
statistics indicate that by 2012 the number of tourists is approximately 2,179,011 cumulatively
(ZCT, 2012) an increase of about 15.5% in four years period. Despite these developments,
sustainable tourism sector development would require the RGZ put in place mechanisms to sustain,
4
strengthen and/or enhance infrastructures, ensure good governance and promote local investors.
Currently the sector employs about 45,000 people in both direct and indirect employment and is
likely to surpass agriculture as Zanzibar’s leading revenue earner by the year 2015.
According to Zanzibar Human Development Report 2009, tourism sector contributes to economic
growth and human development in Zanzibar. There are several reasons for focusing on tourism.
First, tourism is now the largest earner of the foreign exchange in Zanzibar. Going by the 2005
estimates, earning from tourism accounted for over 20 percent of the GDP in Zanzibar2
In order to accelerate tourism development, the Zanzibar Tourism Development Policy of 2004 (now
under revision) and Zanzibar Vision 2020 have encouraging statements. The tourism policy is
committed to develop, plan, manage and promote tourism industry that emphasises sustainability,
quality and diversification, and which is culturally responsible, socially desirable, ecologically
friendly, environmentally sustainable and economically viable. It further emphasises that the
expected growth rate should be between 5-6% by 2005, rising to between 7-8% by 2010, and attain
the level of between 9-10% by 2020. Vision 2020 on the other hand, stresses that the richly endowed
wealth hasn’t been fully harnessed making the number of tourists visiting Zanzibar small compared
to tiny Islands (Mauritius and Seychelles).
The 2020 Vision’s objectives on sustainable tourism include to:
• Utilize more effectively the tourism potential to generate more income, employment,
human resources development, foreign exchange earnings while protecting the
environment, Zanzibar’s culture and traditions;
• Diversifying the tourist attractions to achieve balanced growth of the tourism industry
and maximum benefit;
• Develop Zanzibar as a single holiday destination by building up other product elements,
in particular beach resorts, cultural attractions and aggressive marketing programs;
• Maintain all tourism resource bases, as part of public resources, and improve the
necessary tourism infrastructure existing and develop new infrastructures;
2 This is based on the following information. The estimated from the Survey of tourists expenditure in Zanzibar conducted by the Bank of Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism and the Zanzibar
Commission of Tourism indicated that Zanzibar earned a total of USD 11,358, 688.35 from tourism. The
Zanzibar Economic Survey Report of 2008 issued by the Office of Chief Government Statistician indicated
that Zanzibar GDP at current market price was Tshs 394.9 billion, which, at the prevalent exchange rate of
1128 is equal to USD 350,088,652. Based on these figures, gross earnings from tourism is equal to 31
percent of Zanzibar’s GDP. To get the contribution to the GDP one must use value added approach, which
means we remove any double counting. In this way the share of tourism to GDP is expected to be less than
31 percent but certainly more than 20 percent. Using value added approach Lange (forthcoming)
calculated the share of tourism to the GDP in 2007 to be 25 percent.
5
• Stimulate development of infrastructure, linkages and support institutions related to
tourism;
• Strengthen the cultural industries including Museums, theatres, cultural values and
community participation as a product diversification to harness tourism;
• Stimulate local investors to go into partnership with foreigners to ensure the growth of
cultural acceptable tourism and to venture into new tourism grounds and make Zanzibar
centre for attracting international conferences, sports, cultures, and Islamic studies
1.5 Rationale for Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Plan
The purpose of the Tourism Management Plan (TMP) is to act as a working resource that: profiles
tourism as a valued contributor towards the country’s economic development; contributes to the
direction of the country’s tourism in its aspirations for growth, entrepreneurship and employment;
establishes appropriate and cost effective tourism management and marketing mechanisms; enhances
the visitor experience with the area; and lends due attention to the “Rules of best the practice”.
To emphasise the need for TMP, Mbaiwa (2001) argues that “because tourism has cultural,
economic and environmental impacts, it contains the seeds of its own destruction. Tourism can kill
tourism, destroying the very environmental attractions which visitors come to a location to
experience”. If mismanaged or allowed to expand within short-term goals and objectives, it has the
capability of destroying the very resources upon which it is built. To ensure that tourism does not
negatively impact on natural resources it relies on to improve livelihoods, tourism development
should adhere to the principles of sustainable development. In other words, it must be economically
viable, ecologically sensitive and culturally appropriate (Wall, 1997). A sustainable tourism industry
should be sensitive to the needs and aspirations of the host population and provide them the
opportunity to participate in the decision making process.
1.6 Terms of Reference of the assignment
• Identify and analyse the current situation of the tourism resources and issues of the area
• Recommend better uses for those resources
• Identify major users
• Recommend an effective plan for tourism development within the Coastal and Marine
areas
• The document should have strategies and action plan
6
1.7 Overall mission, vision and goal of the Tourism Management Plan (TMP)
1.7.1 Overall Vision
To become one of the top tourism destinations of the Indian Ocean, offering an up market, high
quality product across the board within the coming ten (10) years.
1.7.2 Mission
To be the most exotic, diverse island destination in the Indian Ocean Region, Exotic as it is wrapped
in a mysterious Arab/African ambience and flavored with palm fringed, tropical beaches. Diverse in
terms of products, activities and attractions, there by combining various types of tourism including
beach, nature/Eco, culture & tradition, history & archaeology, water sports, honeymoon, performing arts,
conference, incentive, culinary (spices) and medical (herbs).
1.7.3 Goal
Promotion of sustainable tourism that is culturally and socially responsible, environmentally
sustainable, ecologically friendly and economically viable; making Zanzibar the destination for
tourists in terms of historic cultures and beach holidays.
1.8 Approach and methodology
A combination of approaches was employed in this assignment. However, to a large extent (except
literature review) the methodology adopted was participatory and consultative in nature. The
methods included a review of relevant literature (both published and unpublished) from Internet,
libraries and other areas; sectoral surveys on tourism sector; focus group discussions; and interviews
with tourism stakeholders (e.g. Ministries, institutions, and local communities). Two stakeholders’
workshops were held in Unguja and Pemba (See list of participants in Appendix 6a and b).
1.8.1 Literature review
Publications relevant to the assignment but not limited to, were accessed. The review of these
documents was crucial in getting and/or understanding the baseline information upon which the
assignment is based on. Some of the important documents accessed were Zanzibar Tourism Master
plan of 2003, Tourism Act of 1996, Tourism Policy of 1992, Environmental policy, Environmental
Management for Sustainable Development Act, Fisheries Act No. 8 of 1988, Tourism regulations of
2000 and EIA regulations of 2006. Others include Fisheries Policy of 2000, National Forest Policy
of 1995, Forest Act of 1996, National Land Use Policy 1982, Invest Policy of 2005, Investment Act
No. 11 of 2004, Deep Sea Fishing Authority Act, Civil Society Act of 1996, and Company Decree
Cap 153.
7
1.8.2 Sectoral survey on tourism sector
Surveys were planned to visit different tourism related sectors in 10 districts of Pemba and Unguja.
The essence of the visits were to get their views on issues and problems related to Coastal and
Marine tourism; ways which could make tourism contribute in Zanzibar’s economic growth,
alleviate poverty amongst local communities and conserve the Marine and Coastal resources for the
benefit of present and future generations. These included public and private sectors; Government
Ministries – Livestock and Fisheries, Infrastructure and Communication, Lands, Housing and
Energy, Information, Culture, Tourism and Sport, Labour, Economic Empowerment and
Cooperative, Trade, Industry and Marketing; Government agencies/institutions (e.g. Tourism
Division, Department of Fisheries Development, Infrastructure development, Department of
Antiquity, Department of Environment, Zanzibar Commission of Tourism etc.), and District
administrations (see Appendix 1).
1.8.3 Stakeholders Workshops
Two stakeholder’s workshops drawing participants from various public and private sectors were held
in both Unguja and Pemba to discuss the draft report. A total of 50 participants, 27 from Unguja and
23 from Pemba participated. A number of issues aimed at improving the report were suggested.
Most of the issues raised have been taken on board.
1.9 Legal and Institutional Frameworks
All institutions in the country are in one way or the other involved in the affairs of tourism coastal
and marine resources management and development since they deal with either resources or the
people in the coastal areas. Amongst these institutions, however, there are those which play a bigger
role compared to others. In Zanzibar, these institutions can be categorized into two administrative
groups: the central government and the local government.
1.9.1 The Central government
In the central government, there are several sectoral institutions with interest in coastal areas
development with different roles (See Table 1.1). Some of the key institutions include: Ministry of
Information, Culture and Tourism and Sports (MICTS), Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MLF),
Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Department of Environment, Zanzibar Investment
Promotion Agency (ZIPA), Zanzibar Commission for Tourism (ZCT), Commission for Tourism,
Department of Antiquity, and the Department of cash crops, fruits and fisheries.
8
Table 1.1: Tourism Management Institutions in Zanzibar
Institution Responsibilities
The Ministry responsible
for Tourism
Administer all matters related to promotion of Zanzibar as a tourist
destination
Zanzibar Commission For
Tourism
Be the focal point for promotion and facilitation of investments in
Zanzibar.
Is responsible for administration, control and management of
Freeport and Free Economic Zones.
Have powers to make rules as may be required for the purpose of
ensuring the promotion and protection of investments in Zanzibar.
To develop, plan, investment guidance and input, policy
promulgation, product inventory and enhancement regulation and
control, marketing and promotion, information service, research
and statistics, human resources and public awareness.
Ministry responsible for
marine resources
To protect, conserve, reserve and monitor marine resources
Department of
Environment
It has the responsibility to oversee and comment on environmental
issues required as part of the process.
Ministry responsible for
Agriculture
It enhances local production to cater for tourism industry, market
and minimizes tourism exporting products.
It enhances the local people tourism products to be utilized
directly on the tourism sector, particularly in accommodation and
restaurant establishments.
Ministry responsible for
Finance
It is responsible for revenue collection from the tourism industry,
and earmarked disbursement of a portion of these funds to support
public reinvestment in continued growth of the tourism sector.
The Ministry will publicize the report on tourism revenue
earnings to allow government to track the state and health of
tourism.
Zanzibar Investment
Promotion Authority
(ZIPA)
The Authority shall be the focal point for promotion and facilitation of investments in Zanzibar. The Authority shall maintain liaisons between investor, Government and other authorities concerned with investment. The Authority shall be responsible for administration, control and
9
management of Freeport and Free Economic Zones.
Ministry responsible for
Land and Registration
It provides input to investment allocation decisions, setting sites,
preparing and implementing officially recognized tourism land use
and Zoning Plans.
1.9.2 Local governments
At local levels, the government administration includes Region and District administration and
Shehia. Shehia is an administrative village. It may consist of one or more local ‘villages’ under one
leader (Sheha). The Ministry of State, Regional Administration and the Government paramilitary
bodies oversee issues in the local government and in the central government. In Zanzibar, two
districts form one region. Within a district are a number of Shehias. The regional/district
commissioner’s office is the government institution responsible for all matters related to local
government. The regional and district level administration are equipped with staff from the relevant
sectors of the central government to attend matters of interest in that office through development
committees.
The functions of the development committee (regional or district level) include: advisory; policy
planning and implementation for the local government; public participation in sustainable resources
utilization; and co-ordination between government agencies, local governments and NGOs to
enhance sustainable development. At Shehia level, the office is responsible for: law enforcement,
conflict resolution, record keeping for local happenings and control of migrations. The office is
made up of Sheha and a committee of 10 members. In regard to environmental conservation,
villages have separate sub-committee (under Sheha) which are established for the purpose. At
community level, there are three types of organizations. These are: NGOs and CBOs, co-operatives
and local groups.
1.10 Organisation of the document
This document is organized in six Chapters. The second Chapter is about situational analysis.
Chapter three gives a detailed description of tourism resources in both Unguja and Pemba Islands.
The Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Scheme is presented in Chapter four. Chapter five
identifies the management programs and strategies to achieve program objectives. The last Chapter
describes the operational plan with timescale.
10
CHAPTER TWO
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
2.1 Introduction
The situational analysis Chapter comprises three main aspects. The first aspect gives a detailed
description of the socio-economic and physical features of the country. The second section identifies
the main tourism stakeholders and the last section highlights the tourism sector Strengths,
Weaknesses, Threats and Challenges (SWOC).
2.2 Socio-economic and Physical features
2.2.1 Agriculture
Rice production on mangrove soils of Zanzibar hasn’t been developed as compared to other
countries like Tanzania mainland where rice production is intensively practiced in Rufiji River
(MACEMP, 2009) and other swampy areas in Morogoro, Mbeya, Mwanza, Manyara and Shinyanga
Regions. This is due to absence of large rivers, which assist the deposition of much silt, which
improve the soil for rice cultivation. The rice cultivation in Zanzibar is normally carried out behind
mangrove swamps at Micheweni, Makombeni and Muwambe, in small-scale production. Spice
farming is also contributing significantly not only in Zanzibar forex, but also in the livelihoods of
people through spice farm tours. These spice include cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon and black pepper.
Other crops grown in Zanzibar include coconut, cassava, banana, honey, and horticultural crops
(fruits and vegetables).
2.2.2 Fishing
Fishing on artisanal scale is carried out in most creeks of mangroves ecosystem, overexploitation
having been reached almost everywhere, except in areas where committed environmental
conservation exist such Misali, Pemba Channel, Mnemba etc. In these areas Marine and Coastal
Environmental Management Project (MACEMP) has done a commendable job in raising
conservation awareness education on marine and coastal resources conservation.
2.2.3 Salt extraction
Nearly many creeks in Pemba produce mangrove salts including Kangagani, Micheweni and some
area of Pemba Channel Conservation Areas (PECCA). The feasibility depends largely on climatic
condition of the area.
11
2.2.4 Climate
The climate of Zanzibar is tropical and maritime, and follows the monsoon winds and is dominated
by bimodal rainfall pattern (MACEMP, 2009). The main rain season (masika) occurs between
March and June. The short rains (vuli), usually starts in October and ends in December. However,
some inter-monsoonal precipitation takes place. According to NCDP (1987), one fifth of total rains
fall between the seasons. The average rainfall for the Island is about 1,500 mm per annum. Between
February and March is the driest period of the year with about 20 mm of rainfall. The highest
temperatures occur during the short dry season with a maximum mean of 33° C in Unguja and 29° C
in Pemba. The minimum temperatures for Unguja and Pemba are 23.3° C and 21.1° C, respectively.
2.2.5 Soils
The soils are mainly categorised into two classes; the acidic and infertile rocky rag soils in the east
and deep, fertile soils in the west. Larger proportion of the western side of the Islands has been
overlain with alluvial sands, silts and clays with freely drained reddish soils formed from these
sediments. Darker soils, derived from limestone parent materials are found towards east (MACEMP,
2009).
2.2.6 Vegetation cover
The vegetation cover and land use in Zanzibar (coral rag forests, mangrove forests, forest
plantations, mixed wood vegetation, agro-forestry systems, agriculture land, and settlement areas),
by and large reflect the soil types. The coral rag soil in the east is associated with coral rag thickets
and deep fertile soil in the west harbours the plantation forests, mixed wood vegetation and agro-
forestry systems. Natural forests of Zanzibar consist of a mosaic of vegetation ranging from short
coral bushes and thickets to higher closed forests.
2.2.7 Hydrology
In general, the Zanzibar is comparatively small flat coral Islands and hence has no large silt-carrying
river (MACEMP, 2009).Most of coastal village’s water for domestic purposes are usually brackish.
However, villages like Ukongoroni and Charawe in Unguja and Wambaa, Wesha, Msuka and
Mtambwe in Pemba draw fresh water some distance inland from the coast by using improved water
system. This situation makes villagers use deep wells in their respective village occasionally for
specified activities such as washing and utensil cleaning. In some areas despite of being in area with
high salinity rate, still can use water from springs that is clean and with low salinity. Adequate water
is critical for tourism development and local communities. The RGZ therefore, has to ensure it plans
for sustainable water supply in Zanzibar.
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2.3 Tourism stakeholders
Tourism management planning is especially challenging because the involvement of many different
stakeholders in the planning process is crucial if the plan is to be successfully adopted and
implemented. Table 2.1 gives an indicative broad list of tourism key stakeholders. These
stakeholders are analysed using the degree and type of their stake. Stakeholder consultations
involved indigenous people, local communities, public institutions and private institutions including
tourism investors (hoteliers, tour operators, tour guides).
Table 2.1: List of key tourism stakeholders and their respective roles
Stakeholder Role
NGOs/CBOs (Environmental
groups, conservation groups,
other interest groups –
hunters, fishers and sports,
adventure associations etc.
Partnership with environmental, cultural, heritage and
non-governmental/non-profit groups on tourism
Water sports investors User groups encompassing activities such as diving,
snorkelling, sailing, power boating, kayaking, kite
surfing and windsurfing, divers and snorkelers are a
particularly important stakeholder group as they depend
highly on the well being of the marine resource
Marinas and boat services User group catering for charter boats, and privately
own vessels
Fishermen artisanal fishing
user group
High value placed on the tradition of fishing
Private sector (hoteliers, tour
operators and travel agents;
accommodation, restaurants
and attractions; transportation,
communication and other
service providers; guides,
interpreters and outfitters;
suppliers to industry; tourism
and trade organisations; and
business development
organisations; retailers;
educational institutions
(schools, Universities);
research institutions; media
etc.
User group including industries in addition to tourism
on tourist areas which directly or indirectly affect the
area, such as energy production, oil and gas storage,
construction, water supply etc
To ensure tourism sector is operated under the
governing Laws of RGZ and URT
Law enforcement The law enforcement agencies, including the
community guards, customs, police, KMKM and
prosecutors office, advise on legal matters, the
13
formation of legislation, and maintaining/enforcing the
legal attributes of the marine conservation area
Government institutions
(Municipal authorities,
Regional authorities,
Ministries, Departments and
agencies)
Permitting and maintaining the law. Communication
towards user groups.
Community (indigenous and
local communities, local
community groups, native and
cultural groups, traditional
leaders)
The local community depends on the wellbeing of the
sector indirectly for income and employment.
Educational establishments use the marine conservation
area as an education tool and for cultural and social
activities
Tourists To increase foreign exchange, to promote Zanzibar
tourism attractions potentials through annual events
like Sauti za Busara and Zanzibar International Film
festival, to respect Zanzibar culture e.g. norms and
values, be good ambassadors of Zanzibar
2.4 Tourism Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC)
In reviewing and developing this coastal and marine tourism management plan, different
stakeholders were consulted. These stakeholders include the public sector, the private sector, local
communities and NGOs. Their views and comments facilitated the analysis of Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC) facing tourism development in Zanzibar (Table
2.2).
Table 2.2: Tourism SWOC analysis
STRENGTHS (to sustain) WEAKNESSES (to reduce)
i Political stability i Institutional conflicts’ of interest
ii Tourism related policies and legislations in place
ii Land ownership by foreigners to most of the hotels
iii Financial services (local and international) are in place
iii Inadequate quality services in handling tourists
iv Security to lives and properties iv Frequent transfer of hotels ownership
v Infrastructure and communication (roads, airports, seaports, TTCL, ZANTEL, VODAFONE, AIRTEL, TIGO, etc) available
v Tourism marketing within Tanzania and abroad
14
vi Tourism regulatory agencies e.g. ZIPA and ZCT are operational.
vi few and less informative visitor information centres
vii Presence of Coastal and Marine tourism attractions
vii Lack of awareness of tourism business and resistance in tapping tourism potentials in some areas e.g. Pemba.
viii Diverse culture of the people viii Financial services concentration in few areas only both in Unguja and Pemba (local and international)
ix Presence of Marine reserves and conserved marine areas in Unguja and Pemba
ix Public and stakeholders’ involvement in tourism decision making is low
x Presence of Tourism investments
x Utilities shortage, such as clean water
xi Zanzibar is a known name xi Inadequate or no field work/visit made by Zanzibar Commission for Tourism as a result of lack of vehicles and other equipments
xii Stone Town is a unique cultural experience
xii Enclave tourism3
xiii Extensive white sandy beaches xiii Litter and aesthetics in urban/peri urban areas
xiv Availability of fresh food stuff both marine and terrestrial throughout the year in Zanzibar
xiv IT use still low
OPPORTUNITIES (to grasp) CHALLENGES (to negate)
i Coordinated and increased events calendar
i Climate change and global warming
ii New tourism markets i.e. Russia, China and Turkey
ii Enclave tourism
iii Good image of Zanzibar abroad as distinctive tourist destination
iii Pressure on Coastal and Marine resources following tourism growth and population growth leading to environmental degradation
iv Zanzibar island cultural potential for ecotourism, conference tourism, medical and intellectual tourism.
iv Erosion of cultural values (e.g. Prostitution, alcohol and drug abuse, indecent clothes etc.).
v Use of advanced technology to improve services and production standards
v Over taxation threaten viability
15
Source: Field work
vi Zanzibar’s coastal and marine resources endowment.
vi Population growth
vii Infrastructure improvement - air and sea
vii Illegal tour guides (Papasi)
viii Traditional and cultural festival is gaining global popularity.
viii Crime and visitor safety
ix Malaria perception
x Competitor destination areas e.g. Indian Ocean Islands
xi Erosion and/ or unmanaged ruins, caves and tombs/graves
ix Upgrade of Unguja and Pemba airports
xii Budget travellers (Vishuka)
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CHAPTER THREE
TOURISM RESOURCES
3.1 Tourism resources and development
In Zanzibar tourism resources can be grouped into natural, cultural, human, or capital resources (see
Table 3.1) that either are used or can be used to attract or serve resources. The tourism inventory
should include two types of tourism resources – tourism attractions and infrastructure or support
services. Tourism attractions may be physical geographic features, such as rivers and forests. They
might be sites of historic significance. Attractions may include special events such as seasonal
festivals and craft fairs, or sporting events. Attractions can also be linked to recreational facilities
such as hiking trails, biking or fishing. The inventory should also include hotel/motel
accommodations, restaurants, transportation and other tourism support services. The items listed in
this inventory usually do not draw tourists to the area, but are very important to the overall tourism
mix. These types of resources include accommodations, restaurants and other food service
establishments (see appendix 5), transportation infrastructure, the labour force and professional
services. According to ZATI, Zanzibar leading tourist attractions falls under four groups: top ten
things to do and/or see; music and celebrations; and excursions and ruins (see appendixes 2, 3, 4).
Tourism development and marketing require continuous and consistent efforts over time. All
stakeholders, especially the government, the private sector and the community, must work together
in an integrated manner for tourism to succeed. When considered as an industry, tourism must also
have the necessary infrastructure: accessibility, airports, seaports, roads, electricity, water supply,
hotel and restaurant facilities and service personnel. A coast guard, the necessary safety measures,
boating and other equipment should be in place if tourists are to be attracted to beaches and coasts.
When increasing numbers of tourists come to a destination, then decision-makers, planners and
operators must ensure that carrying capacity is not exceeded.
17
Table 3.1: tourism resources
Natural Cultural Human resources Capital
Climate-seasons Historic buildings,
sites
Hospitality skills Availability of
capital, financing
Water resources –
lakes, streams,
waterfalls
Monuments, shrines Management skills Infrastructure –
transportation, roads,
airports, railroads,
harbours and
marinas, trails and
walkways
Flora – forests,
flowers, shrubs,
wild edibles
Cuisine Seasonal labour
force
Infrastructure:
utilities water,
power, waste
treatment,
communications
Fauna – fish and
wildlife
Ethnic cultures Performing artists –
music, drama, art,
storytellers, etc
Geological
resources –
topography, soils,
sand dunes,
beaches, caves,
rocks and minerals,
fossils
Industry,
government,
religion, etc
Craftsman and
artisans
Scenery –
combination of all
the above
Anthropological
resources
Other labour skills
from chefs to
lawyers to
researchers
Local celebrities Local populations
Source: Literature review and fieldwork
3.2 Coastal tourism resource base
Coastal resources includes land-based as well as marine environment, i.e. coral reefs, mangroves,
coastal thickets, sandy beaches, palm trees, water sources, etc. Most of the economic activities take
place in these areas, e.g. fishing, mangrove cutting, rope making, coral reef, farming, tourism
development etc. According to UNEP (2000), Coastal environment, sandy beaches, coral reefs, sea
18
grass beds, water sources and cultural sites, the mangrove forests were described as critical habitats
for Zanzibar.
3.2.1 Coastal tourism resources
3.2.1.1 Mangroves and coastal thickets
Mangrove ecosystems cover a total of 18,000 ha in Zanzibar (Unguja Island 6,000 ha; and Pemba
12,000 ha) (Oliveira et al. 2003) and they are best developed in estuaries. In Zanzibar, mangroves
generally occur in protected bays such as in the Makoba and Chwaka bays. They are however more
luxuriant in Pemba where they are found along the coast of the entire Island. There are a total of 10
species of mangroves in Zanzibar.
Mangroves support diverse communities of both flora and fauna, breeding areas for many species,
bush camouflage for some (few) animals, building poles, bee keeping etc. Major mangrove stands
occur at Chwaka, Uzi-Pete, Kisakasaka-Kibondeni and Mkokoteni-Makoba. Other minor stands are
located at Tumbatu, Maruhubi, Chukwani, and Nyamanzi. The total mangrove area in Unguja (10
species) is estimated to reach 6000 ha, approximately 30% of Zanzibar mangroves of 20,000 ha
(Leskinnen et al., 1997).
3.2.1.2 Sandy beaches
Sandy beaches in Unguja (31) cover a distance of 113.5 km (Mohamed & Betlem, 1996). The
longest beaches are Bwejuu (17 km), Pwani Mchangani (11.5 km), Nungwi (9 km), Bububu (4.5
km) and Mazizini (4.5 km) (Mohamed, 1996). Reported uses of beaches (See Plate 1 and 2) include
landing site for fisherman, boat anchoring, boat building or repairs, rope making processes, seaweed
drying and recreational activities. Some beaches are used to dispose domestic and human waste, as it
is believed that the sea is so huge that it can assimilate all wastes. Tourism related activities include
beach diving (e.g. Nungwi and Bwejuu) and sun bathing and beach combing.
19
Plate 1: Fishermen at Malindi Port, Unguja. Fishing is one of the main lifeline economic activities in Zanzibar. Photo by consultants, 2012
20
Plate 2: The famous Misali Island in Pemba. The Island has beutiful sand beaches and Marine resources. Photo by consultants, 2012.
In general terms in the early 2000s there was no serious beach erosion. However, beach sand mining
and driving along the beaches may be potential in interfering the natural beach processes through
producing irreversible sediment transfer. Violation of the setback distance (30 m away from the
beach) has the potential of further damaging the beach. In places like Nungwi, Jambiani and Paje,
“on the beach” huts houses and walls are quite common thing.
In line with the loss of beaches, and properties there is also a danger posed to nesting turtles as a
consequence of coastal developments. Beaches at Matemwe and Mnemba, are important nesting
sites for green turtles and Hawksbill turtles (Clark & Khatib, 1993; Khatib, 1998). These areas are
also within island’s tourism development zones.
3.2.1.3 Coastal vegetation
Coastal vegetation is found in different forms depending on the nature of the environment and
human activities in the nearby areas. Coastal vegetation is categorized into coral rag based
vegetation (palm fringes, bush vegetation, and coastal forest) and deep soil based vegetation (crops
of various kinds).
21
3.2.1.4 Cultural sites and sacred natural features
Many studies have shown that there is a wealth of sites of historical and cultural importance in both
Pemba and Unguja (See appendices 2, 3 and 4), with a high concentration in PECCA. The cultural
heritage that is found on Pemba, both tangible and intangible, represents virtually the entire
evolution of the Swahili civilization and reflects a long-evolved traditional culture of sea-use. In
Pemba island examples can be found of sites dating from all periods since 8th century when the
Swahili history started with no gaps (even though there are exceptions of earlier sites in Unguja
island such as Unguja Ukuu). In no other place can the same range of historical assets be seen over
such a relatively short distance.
Bandari Kuu is one of the three earlier sites on Pemba Island, dating from the 8th century. The others
are old Tumbe in the north and Bandari ya Faraji on the east coast. The ruins of the 14th century
mosque, at the height of Swahili civilization, are evidence of the largest Muslim community of that
era, which enabled the spread of the ideology. The concentration of pillar tombs (resembling the
‘pyramids of Egypt’ of the east African coast), indicates a large concentration of eminent or religious
people that were buried in Ras Mkumbuu and a strong veneration of those people. There is no
archaeological evidence of mosques dating from 10th C or earlier with the exceptions of Ras
Mkumbuu, the Shanga Mosque from the 8th C and the Chibuene remains of Muslim burials from the
10th C on the coast of Mozambique. Ras Mkumbuu, Shanga and Chibuene provide the earliest
evidences of Islamic civilization in East Africa South of the Sahara. The entire span of building
constriction representing the Swahili history and culture can be found on Pemba Island.
On the other hand sacred natural features on Unguja and Pemba Islands are associated with old
traditions and beliefs. For example, some natural features on Pemba Island have a special meaning
for the local population and are considered sacred. Examples are Misali island (the island itself is
considered sacred and three caves on the island are used as shrines), Ngezi Forest and Ras Mkumbuu
(the forest was considered a sacred site associated with a number of taboos and traditions), and
caves, stones, tree trunks and sits in the sea that are used as shrines.
3.2.2 Marine resources
3.2.2.1 Coral Reefs and sea grasses
The distribution of coral reefs in Zanzibar is clearly documented. It is estimated that Zanzibar has a
total of 90 km2 of living coral. The preliminary species list given for Islands indicates that there are
168 coral species. The status of coral reefs in Zanzibar is comparatively good (Priority Action
Programme, 2000). However, there are certain areas that have been affected due to the presence of
22
sea urchins and crown-of-thorn infestation especially at Matemwe in the east coast of Zanzibar. As
for sea grasses, at least 12 species have been recorded along the coast of Tanzania (Mtolera, 2008).
Sea grasses provide breeding, nursery and feeding grounds for many marine organisms and are an
important food source for herbivorous invertebrate, fish, dugong and green and hawksbill turtles. Sea
grasses also have been destroyed due to seaweed farming in many areas when farmers prepare their
farms to cultivate algae. Tourism has been on the increase in the Islands and tourism activities have
been taking place in many areas around the coast. Coral reefs are among the primary area of
attraction for many tourists who visit Zanzibar. Snorkelling and diving may have significant impact
on corals especially in cases where the number of tourists gets beyond the carrying capacity of reefs.
According to the Rapid Assessment Report (2005), Pemba Island’s steep reef with their high
diversity and coral growth and sloping down in excess of 64 m have been considered to be of
ecoregional importance and unique as the only oceanic reefs in the East African Marine Ecoregion
(EAME)
3.2.2.2 Marine mammals and turtles
Several species of marine mammals (8 dolphins, 3 whales and 1 dugong species) are found in
Zanzibar. Dolphins are still hunted in some areas where they are used primarily as bait, but also for
local consumption (Berggren et al., 2007). Interest in the small resident populations of Indo-Pacific
bottlenose and humpback dolphins in Menai Bay, Zanzibar (Amir et al., 2004) has increased during
the past few years and the areas are becoming known for some of the best boat-based dolphin
watching sites in Zanzibar. Five species of turtle exist in Zanzibar waters (Khatibu and Jiddawi,
2005) and not less than 28 species of sharks are present (Jiddawi & Stanley, 1999).
Marine mammals in the Pemba Channel Conservation Area (PECCA) include dolphins and whales.
Two common species of dolphins: the Indo-Pacific bottle nose (Tursiops aduncus) and the spinner
(stenella longirosrisis) which are the species most often encountered in Zanzibar coastal waters
(Amir et al., 2005). Other cetaceans that have been sighted and recorded in the area include
humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus), and common bottlenose
dolphins.
Whale spp regularly sighted in the Pemba Channel are the humpback whales (Megaptera
novaeangliae) and the sperm whales (Physeter catadon). Humpback whales migrate seasonally from
temperate waters where they eat to warm tropical waters where they breed and calve. They come to
Pemba from July to November every year where they raise their calves before they migrate back to
23
the temperate region. The Pemba-Zanzibar Channel is one of the centres of dugong population in
Tanzania.
3.3 Threats to coastal and marine resources
Threats to the marine environment include over utilisation of resources and overfishing, use of
destructive fishing gears and methods, environmental degradation, land use conflicts, uncoordinated
and unregulated tourism activities, coral bleaching, urbanization, agricultural and industrial
activities. Root causes in summary include increasing number of fishers that rely on inshore
resources, lack of compliance with laws and regulations, lack of alternative livelihoods, insufficient
public awareness, lack of common vision for tourism, poor coordination between government
institutions, poor environmental management and land use planning, climate change and poverty that
lies at the heart of the root causes and results in a growing population being increasingly dependent
on current methods of using the natural source base.
3.4 Recommendations for better uses of resources
i. Interventions to control environmental degradation
ii. Promotion of ecotourism
iii. Conserving the current resource base for future generations
iv. Manage and monitor threats on environment and coastal and marine resources
v. Maintaining the productivity of the resource base
vi. Maintaining biodiversity and avoiding irreversible environmental changes
vii. Ensuring equity within and between generations
viii. Maintaining and protecting the heritage (cultural and history) of the area, region,
or nation
24
CHAPTER FOUR
COASTAL AND MARINE TOURISM MANAGEMENT SCHEMES
4.1 Introduction
The management zoning scheme that is proposed in this plan is derived from Zanzibar Tourism Zone
Plan which strategically has allocated areas for tourist activities in such a way to best resolve existing
problems facing the Zanzibar Coastal, Marine and Historical/Cultural resources, protect the
outstanding resource values and accomplish the defined management objectives by defining what can
and what cannot be done in different areas in Unguja and Pemba. Within each zone are tourist areas
which are differentiated in terms of types and levels of use; and types and levels of physical
development which distinct one tourism area from another.
In the reflection of the Zanzibar National Land Use Plan (1995) and Tourism Zone Plan, the tourism
management zone are based primarily but not limited to the following criteria:
i. Land use sustainability;
ii. Introduction of uses and developments that resolves existing management conflicts;
iii. Elimination of uses and developments that either damage resources or create undue
burden to tourism management;
iv. Sustainability of the tourism and protection of outstanding resource values;
v. Enhancing Zanzibar tourism significance;
vi. Constraints imposed by landscape and ecological determinants;
vii. Provision of diverse range of appropriate visitor experiences;
viii. Land/environmental capability and suitability to support proposed or existing use and
physical developments;
ix. Cultural sustainability and protection of scared and historical sites;
x. Use of already impacted areas and resources; and
xi. Increased contribution to national and local economies and enhance people relations.
Using the above criterion, six (6) tourism development zones were developed, four (4) in Unguja
and two (2) in Pemba with a total of nineteen (19) and seven (7) tourist areas in Unguja and Pemba
respectively as illustrated in figure 1, 2, 3, and 4. Details of each tourist areas is provided in the
Zanzibar Tourism Zoning Plan , which need to be read in line with this Tourism Management Plan
for smooth implementation of the proposed tourism management strategies.
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4.2 Unguja
4.2.1 Tourism Development Zones in Unguja
Zone 1: The North-West Corridor
North-West Corridor (See Fig. 4.1) is a 15 kilometres stretch from Fuji to Bubwini, which is
characterized by irregular coastline with small sandy bays and caves interspersed with rockier mini
headlands. Three tourist areas, TA1, TA2 and TA3 (See Fig. 4.2) which together have a length of
5,350 meters are allocated in this zone.
Zone 2: Nungwi/North Zone
Nungwi zone extends from Kendwa village to Kendwa Mchangani covering a shoreline distance of
1.9 kilometres. This zone is a stretch of continuous and extensive beautiful sand beach and only one
tourism area, TA4 is allocated in this zone.
Zone 3: The North-East and Mnemba
The North-East and Mnemba zone stretches for 23 kilometres from Muyuni to Kiwenga
Kumbaurembo including the Mnemba Island. The zone comprise of three distinct sand sections with
a total of 16 kilometres. The three distinct sand sections are separated by low rocky bluffs, and the
beach in this zone is quite small. The zone comprise of tourism areas TA5 in Muyuni, TA6 in
Matemwe, TAs 7, 8 and 9 in Mchangani; and TAs 10 and 11 in Kiwenga.
Zone 4: The South-East Corridor
The South-East Corridor zone is stretch of 12 kilometres from Pingwe to the southern edge of Paje.
The area is separated from a 4 kilometre beach near Jambiani with broken beaches. Included in this
zone is a stretch of 2 kilometres at Michamvi and a narrow coastal strip of extensive coral rag land.
Seaweed farming is common in this area and is rapidly expanding. Contained in this zone are
tourism areas TA12, TA13, TA14 and TA15.
Unzoned Stone Town
The Stone Town of Zanzibar which is a World Heritage Site is not zoned for tourism development
since is well developed for tourism and well known as a key tourism attraction in Zanzibar. In
addition, Stone Town has its own management authority i.e. Stone Town Conservation Authority.
This is similarly to other town areas in Unguja and Pemba which have been left aside in the tourism
development plan but will need careful management of the resources in these areas which include a
wealth of cultural and historical sites forming the Zanzibar heritage. These unzoned areas would
need careful management of natural and cultural resources.
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Figure 4.1: Tourism Zones in Unguja
27
4.2.2 Tourism Areas in Unguja
Tourism Area 1 (TA1)
This area is in West District, in Chuini Village in Chuini locality and comprise of 17 Hectares in
tourism zone 1, the Northwest Corridor. The area covers 1.2 kilometres of shoreline coral rocks with
gentle elevation and can be utilized in both low and high tides. Village type hotels4 with 500 bed
capacity are planned in this area, of which currently the planned capacity has been reached in this
area and hence there is no further lallocation of land for hotel development.
Tourism Area 2 (TA2)
The area is in West District, in Mfenesini Village, in Nyanjale locality covering 30 Hectres in
tourism zone 1, the North-West Corridor. The area consists of 1.75 kilometres of shoreline with
broaken beaches by coral rocks at the centre. Non-rocky parts of this area in the northern side which
comprise of sand beaches is subjected to farming even close to the beach. The southern part of the
area has beautiful sandy beaches but again this area is threaten by human activities, mainly
quarrying. Three high quality village type hotel and three medium sized hotels are planned in this
area, all together with a capacity of 600 beds.
Tourism Area 3 (TA3)
The area is in Northern B District, in Mangapwani Village in Darajila locality with an area of 75
Hectres in tourism zone 1, the North-West Corridor. The area has a total length of 2 kilometres of
shoreline. The northern part of this area is of sandy soil while the southen part is mainly coral rock,
and generally the area has a gentle elevation. The beach area is fairs good and the sea can be utilized
even in low tides. One high class unit develelopement is planned in this area with 200 beds capacity.
Tourism Area 4 (TA4)
Tourism area 4 comprise of two parts, one in Nugwi village, in Kendwa locality and another in
Nungwi Mnarani Village, in Sazani locality, both in Northen A District. This is the only tourism area
in zone 2, Nungwi/North zone.
(i) Area in Nungwi Village
This is 30 Hectares area starting from Kendwa to near Nugwi school with coralline
lands reaching very close to the beach in most of its parts covered with bushy
vegetation and with steep rising reaching 20 metres a.s.l. 15 kilometres of the shoreline
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in this area is available for hotel development. Six large scale development of high
class are planned in this area with 900 beds capacity.
(ii) Area in Nungwi Mnarani Village
This is 20 Hectres area starting from Sazani to Diko la Jomba, which is about 2
kilometres beach frontage consisting of patches of white sands and gentle elevation.
Currently the area is mainly used for lime burning. Five small or medium hotels are
planned in this area with 500 beds capacity.
Tourism Area 5 (TA5)
The area is in Northern A District, in Kijini Village, in Muyuni locality with an area of 15 Hectres in
tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has a total length of 1.3 kilometres of
shoreline of which 600 metres at the centre part, are designated for development. The area has a
gentle elevation but with severe erosion in the southern end of the beach. The area is ajucent to
Mnemba Island which is a Marine Conservation Area. Corals are special features in this area with a
natural reef break allowing boat access. Muyuni beach is also one of few turtle nesting sites in
Zanzibar. Two village type hotel developments, Fishing and Diving lodge5s are planned in this area
with 160 beds capacity.
Tourism Area 6 (TA6)
The area is in Northern A District, in Matemwe Village, in Mtondooni locality with an area of 5
Hectres in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has a total length of 600 metres of
shoreline of which 250 metres are available for hotel construction. The area comprise of combined
coal and sandy flat terrain covered with thicket vegetation and few coconut palms. One village type
hotel of high class with 150 beds capacity is planned in this area.
Tourism Area 7 (TA7)
The area is in Northern A District, in Pwani Mchangani Village, in Pakwege locality with an area of
5 Hectres in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has a total length of 800 metres
of shoreline. Of which 200 metres are available for hotel development. The area is characterized by
natural forests with scaterd coconut trees. The area comprise of flat seashore sandy soils with
coralline terrain rising 20 metres a.s.l ; and the area is highly eroded.One village type hotel of high
class is planned in this area with 120 beds capacity.
Tourism Area 8 (TA8)
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The area is in Northern A District, in Pwani Mchangani Village, in Pwani Ndogo locality, in
between Kilimajuu and Pwani Mchngani Ndogo village with an area of 24 Hectres in tourism zone
3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has a total length of 1 kilometre of unbroaken beautiful
sand beach. The area has flat, unerroded terrain with coconut trees. Farming is practed in some parts
of the area with seaweed farming practesed away from the beach. Five village type hotel
developments of medium size and high quality are planned in this area with 590 bed capacity.
Currently fives sites have been approved in this area.
Tourism Area 9 (TA9)
The area is in Northern A District, in Pwani Mchangani Village, in Pwani South locality with an area
of 26 Hectre in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba s. The area has a total length of 1.9
kilometres of beautiful beach of which 1.3 kilometres are available for hotel development. The area
is mostly flat terrain with coconut trees. Six village type hotel developments are planned in this area
with 760 bed capacity. Large scale hotel developments are also possible in this area.
Tourism Area 10 (TA10)
The area is in Northern B District, in Kiwengwa Village, in Cairo locality, in with an area of 5
Hectres, north of Cairo village in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has flat
terrain coverd with coconut palms. The sandy shores extends fro about 250 metres before giving
way to coral cliff. Directly out to the sea is a reef door which make the area ideal for a fishing lodge.
One high class village type hotel developments is planned in this area with 150 bed capacity.
Tourism Area 11 (TA11)
The area is in Central District, in Kiwengwa Village, in Gulioni locality, in between Kiwengwa
CCM branch and the last well near Cairo village with an area of 20 Hectres in tourism zone 3, the
North-East and Mnemba comprising of beautiful sandy beach. The area has a total length of 1.8
kilometres of which 1 kilometre is available for hotel development. South of the area there is only
one site for hotel development which is already in place. Northward are two stratches which can be
used for hotel development, one in between Gulioni and Kiwenga villages and the other one in north
of Kiwenga. Four village type hotel development of medium size are planned in this area with 590
bed capacity.
Tourism Area 12 (T12)
The area is in Unguja South District, in Michamvi Kae Village, in Michamvi locality, with an area of
28 Hectres in tourism zone 4, the South-East. The area is about 12 kilometres from Bwejuu locality
with difficulty road access. The area has a total streatch of the beach is 2 kilometres and is about
30
600 metres from human settlement of Michamvi Kae. There is an access of rough earth road to the
beach from the human settlement. Three high class village type hotel development is planned in this
area with 820 bed capacity. There is also an option for a high raised hotel development at the central
part of the area.
Tourism Area 13 (TA13)
The area is in Unguja South District, in Bwejuu Village, in Dongwe/Bwejuu locality, with an area of
42 Hectres in tourism zone 4, the South-East. The area has a continuous sand beach stretching for
about 4 kilometres from Galico plot to near the football ground, of which 2.1 kilometres are
available for hotel development. Genarally the area is of low terrain with dense coconut trees. Two
types of developments are proposed in this area : One resort enclave and seven village style cottage
hotels, together with 1250 beds capacity. In this area portion of the land should be reserved for
public usage.
Tourism Area 14 (T14)
The area is in Unguja South District, in Bwejuu Village, in Bwejuu South locality, with an area of
20 Hectres in tourism zone 4, the South-East in between Paje and Bwejuu. The area generally flat
and has a beach stretch of about 1.3 kilometres. Large part of this area has been sold locally and
there is a mushrooming of guest houses and small sized cottages. The area is planned for guest
houses and small zised hotels with a total of 590 bed capacity. The area also offer an oppotunity for
high raised hotel not exceeding 3 storeys.
Tourism Area 15 (T15)
The area is in Unguja South District, in Paje Village, in Paje South locality, with an area of 20
Hectres in tourism zone 4, the South-East. The area is about 1.4 kilometres of which 1 kilometre is
planned fro hotel development. The area is slightly undulating and sandy with slightly eroded beach.
Some hotel developments has started in this area. Four medium sized hotels are planned in this area
with 580 bed capacity.
Tourism Area 16 (TA16)
The area is in Central District, in Uroa Village, in Dikoni locality with an area of 15 Hectre and have
received considerable complement of hotels and hence not included in tourism development zone
plan. The area is located in between Pongwe and Marumbi villages with beach streatch of 1.3
kilometres with fishing landsite aside with human settlements. The northern part of the village are
permanent human settlement while the southen part is a stratch of beach for hotel development,
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Three medium sized hotels are already developed in this area, which is the limit of acceptable use in
this area with 200 beds capacity in total.
Tourism Area 17 (TA17)
The area is in Central District, in Chwaka Village, in Shahaji locality with an area of 5.5 Hectre and
have received considerable complement of hotels and hence not included in tourism development
zone plan. The area has a beach frontage of about 300 metres which is slightly eroded and during
low tide posses difficult to use. North of this area is an abandoned village, with sandy stratch and
coral formation which are starting to rise. One village type hotel already developed in this area,
which is the limit of acceptable use in this area with 100 beds capacity.
Tourism Area 18 (TA18)
The area is in Unguja South District, in Makundichi Village, in Makunduchi locality with an area of
20 Hectre and has been identifies as having potential for future development of two or one hotels at
later stage after development in the designated tourism zones is completed. The area has a beach
stretch of 2.4 kilometres and is about 2 kilometres from Makunduchi settlement area of which
which 1 kilometres will be available for hotel developments at the northern end of the beach. The
area is suitable for large hotel development with bed capacity of 600 beds but 10 Ha parcel of land
should be reserved for public usage.
Tourism Area 19 (TA19)
The area is in Unguja South District, in Kizimkazi Mkunguni Village, in Usine locality with an area
of 12 Hectre and has been identifies as having potential for future development of two or one hotels
at later stage after development in designated tourism zones is completed. The area has three
separate beautiful beach streches each like a small bay formation and can be reached even at low
tides. The land is generally flat covered with natural bushy vegetation and coconut trees. The area is
one of the few Zanzibar turtles’ nesting site and dolphins are regularly found just out to the sea from
this area. Three exclusive hotel developments are planned here with 300 beds capacity.
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33
4.3 Pemba
4.3.1 Tourism Development Zones in Pemba
Zone 5: Wambaa/West Zone
Wambaa zone comprise of white sand beach stretching for 2.2 kilometres divided into three major
stretches interspaced with mangrove vegetation in between. The land in this zone is flat and covered
with natural forest vegetation. The area has a low slop beach and allows swimming even at low tides
in some parts of the area. The zone is 7 kilometres from Mkoani and 10 kilometres from Mzingani
areas from which it can be accessed by boat. Also the area also can be accessed through a rough road
passable only during the dry season which connect the area to Mkoani-Chake chake high way.
Generally infrastructure development in this area is poor and social services like electricity and tap
water are lacking. Though the area has high tourism potential there is no any tourism development
which has been done in this area which can mainly be attributed to poor infrastructure and social
services. Only one tourism area TAP6 is contained in this zone.
Zone 6: Vumawimbi Verani
Vumawimbi Verani zone is located in north of Ngezi forest and comprises of sand beach stretching
for 7 kilometres with vegetation changing from natural forest in the north to bush land at the
southern part of the shoreline. Deep sea is just few metres from the shoreline allowing swimming
and water sport all the time. This zone is very popular for picnics and weekenders from different
areas of Pemba. However the area does not have any necessary infrastructure for tourism
development, water pumping station is 6 kilometres away and tarmac road is 7 kilometres away from
this area, making accessibility to this area to be poor as well as the social services. Like in Wambaa
tourism zone, this area has high tourism potential but no any tourism development which has been
done in this area which can mainly be attributed to poor infrastructure and social services. Two
tourism areas TAP1 and TPA2 are contained in this zone. The RGZ should make efforts to improve
tourism infrastructures including accessible road network, hotels, lodges, water supply and security,
particularly within Ngezi Forest. Such developments can fundamentally benefit the poorest that
otherwise wouldn’t have accessed these infrastructures.
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Figure 4.3: Tourism Zones in Pemba
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4.3.2 Tourist Areas in Pemba
Tourism Area 1 (TAP 1)
The area is in Micheweni District, in Mkangale Village, in Verani locality (See Fig. 4.3 and 4.4.)
with an area of 20 Hectare and is located immediately north of Ngesi forest. The area is comprises of
2 kilometres of shoreline, coral fringed with sand beaches in between and covered with bush
vegetation. In this shoreline, not more than 1 kilometre of this stretch will be availed for hotel
development. Presence of corals and sand beaches create a diverse and good opportunities for
different kind of construction in this area. Four village type hotels are planned in this area with 590
beds capacity.
Tourism Area 2 (TAP 2)
The area is in Micheweni District, in Mkangale Village, in Vumawimbi locality with an area of 12
Hectares. The area is flat with beautiful beaches and the tidal conditions allow swimming both in
high and low tides. The beach area comprises of 4 kilometres of sandy beach soils with mature forest
all along the beach. In this shoreline, 1 kilometre of this stretch will be availed for hotel
development. In the northern end of the beach is a fish landing site. The area also is a sea turtles
nesting site and hence of conservation significance. Three eco-hotel developments not exceeding 50
rooms are recommended in this area and 300 beds is the planned capacity.
Tourism Area 3 (TAP 3)
The area is in Chakechake District, in Mivumoni Village, in Ufukweni locality with an area of 8
Hectares The area comprise of coral fringed beach with some patches of white sandy area and is
about 300 metres long and the land area is dominated by bush vegetation. Two marine tourism units
are planned in this area with 170 beds capacity.
Tourism Area 4 (TAP 4)
The area is in Mkoani District, in Mtangani Village, in Mtangani locality with an area of 3 Hectares.
The area comprise of a short bay like beach of about 150 metres and the area is good for swimming
only during high tides. Coral fringed and elevated surroundings shows signs of erosion at the
northern end of the area though mangroves cover the front part of this area. The area has good access
to the deep sea even during low tides and hence opportunity for water sport. One marine tourism unit
is planned in this area with 90 beds capacity.
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Tourism Area 5 (TAP 5)
The area is in Mkoani District, in Kukuu Village, in Kwakaimu locality with an area of 10 Hectares.
The area comprise of a white sand beach of about 600 metres which is flat and coved with natural
forest and scattered coconut trees. There is a small permanent settlement in the middle of the area
and currently there are fish landing sites on both ends of the beach. Occasionally there turtles utilize
the area as nesting site. Two village type hotels are planned in this area with 250 beds capacity.
Tourism Area 6 (TAP 6)
The area is in Mkoani District, in Wambaa Village, in Kitongoji Bay locality with an area of 30
Hectares and is in proximity with Misali Island which is the major attraction in the area. The area
comprise of white sand beach is 2.2 kilometres long but divided in three major stretches with
mangroves stands in between. A stretch of 1.5 kilometres of this beach is designated for tourism
development. The land is generally flat covered with natural forest with swamps at the central part.
A small human settlement with fish landing site is found at the northern part of the area. A natural
opening allows boat operation close to the beach even at low tides. Six unclassified hotel
developments with 905 beds capacity are planned in this area.
Tourism Area 7 (TAP 7)
The area is in Chakechake District, in Tundaua Village, in Tundaua locality with an area of 10
Hectares. The area is under the ownership of Commission for Land and Environment. The area is in
proximity with Misali Island and just 150 metres to deep waters which are the major attractions in
the area. The beach area stretches for 400 metres and is intersected by a seasonal stream 100 metres
from the southern end. The central part of this area is flat with coconut trees, rising gently to the
northern end while the southern end is steep sloped with different types of vegetation cover and
under growth. Two high midsized village type hotel developments are planned in this area with 300
beds capacity.
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Figure 4.4: Tourism Areas in Pemba
38
CHAPTER FIVE
MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES
5.1 Introduction
This chapter describes specific management programs, principles, objectives and actions to be
undertaken for effective implementation of the Tourism Management Plan. The activities proposed
reinforce the tourism zone scheme by defining specific and practical actions that would help to
minimise identified problems, protect outstanding resources and values, and help to achieve the
tourism purpose in Unguja and Pemba.
Outlines of major activities i.e. strategic activities with significant contribution to Zanzibar tourism
vision and goal of are provided. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall continue to
identify strategic activities as the implementation of the plan unfolds and as circumstances dictate.
Routine operations and other activities relevant to the management plan, issues and objectives shall
be identified or improved continuously through the development and implementation of Annual
Operation Plans and Budgets (AOPB).
Actions included in this Tourism Management Plan are those which are feasible within the National
and local set-up, policy and legal frameworks. Other activities were described in terms of what needs
to be done, and not how and when these activities will be implemented. Details on how and when
these activities will be conducted shall be contained in the AOPB and Annual Action Plans.
Detailed and up-to date description of the management programs assist the Tourism managers in
better understanding of what the Tourism Management Plan demands from time to time, over a
period of ten (10) years. Annual Action Plans normally helps to ease the development and
implementation of AOPB which contains detailed annual activities and financial plans or budgets.
5.2 Visitor Use, Development and Revenue Program (VUDRP)
5.2.1 Program Purpose
The overall aim of this program is to enhance visitor enjoyment and satisfaction and generate
revenue that would bring a sustainable tourism industry in Zanzibar sustainably through rational use
of the natural, historical and cultural resources of Unguja and Pemba.
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5.2.2 Tourism Development and Revenue Principles
In the ten (10) years, the Zanzibar shall implement the VUDRP whilst adhering to the following
main principles:
(i) Principle of integrating tourism into sustainable development programs
The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall strive to ensure that national policies and
strategies on sustainable development are integrated into the implementation of VUDRP.
Also efforts to reconcile conflicting resource use in Zanzibar shall be speeded up and
strengthened in order to ensure sustainable tourism development.
(ii) Principle of development and management of sustainable tourism
The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall endeavour to ensure that tourism and
ecotourism products are accurately identified and tourism plans are designed, appraised,
monitored and evaluated for sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) shall be
part and parcel of the development of tourism in Unguja and Pemba. Tourism and
ecotourism developments shall take into account the land use plans at all levels. Care shall
always be taken to make sure that development of tourism in the area complies with National
laws and regulations. Use of technology shall be encouraged to ensure that efficiency and
effectiveness in managing tourism is guaranteed.
(iii) Principle of sustainable tourism program
In order to succeed in the implementation of the VUDRP involvement of key stakeholders,
information exchange and capacity to manage tourism is the key. The Revolutionary
Government of Zanzibar shall endeavour to involve key stakeholders at every stage of
development and implementation of VUDRP. Also the Revolutionary Government of
Zanzibar shall strive to build and maintain the capacity to manage VUDRP. Information
exchange on lesson learned would be encouraged in order to improve the implementation of
VUDRP.
(iv) Sustainable funding
Sustainable funding is simply the amount of money the Revolutionary Government of
Zanzibar needs to provide and sustain a particular level of services over time. It is important
to appreciate that sustainable funding does not mean enough money to publicly fund all the
tourism services which The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar need to provide. It is the
responsibility of Government and the Zanzibar community at large to establish what they
40
believe is an appropriate and affordable level of publicly funded services and then to work
out how much money is required over time to sustain that particular level.
5.2.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities
The following is an outlines of the VUDRP objectives, targets and activities for the period of ten
(10) years 2012-2022.
Table 5.1: VUDRP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022
Objective 1: To increase the contribution of tourism in RGZ GDP from at least
20% to at least 40% by the year 2022
Activity 1.1.1 Develop a framework for tourism concessions tourism areas land lease and contracts
Activity 1.1.2 Develop mechanism for promoting ecotourism entrepreneurship
Activity 1.1.3 Facilitate and build the capacity of Zanzibar Commission of Tourism including recruit and train staff to manage the VUDRP
Activity 1.1.4 Introduce ecotourism opportunities based on the tourism zone scheme and environmental
guidelines.
Activity 1.1.5 Develop and implement aggressive marketing plan.
Activity 1.1.6 Review the investment policy, financial and tax regulations to ensure the grace period for investors tax payment is not abused through ownership change.
Activity 1.1.7 Develop and implement financial monitoring and evaluation plan
Target 1.1 Income from tourism stand at USD 204.11
6
Million per annum by 2022
Activity 1.1.8 Develop and implement financial regulations and procedure manuals which will allow effective
tax collection from tourism activities which will include hotel taxation based on actual occupancy.
Objective 2: To speed up tourism related investments application
Activity 2.1.1 Develop a mechanism for fast tracking tourism investment applications
Activity 2.1.2 Develop and implement client service charter
Activity 2.1.3 Establish investments coordination unit and integrate it with licensing unit in Zanzibar Commission of Tourism
Target 2.1 Reduce investment application process to one month by 2022
Activity 2.1.4 Establish information centre in ZIPA and develop a mechanism for providing the centre with sectoral information related to tourism investments
Activity 2.1.5 ZIPA to reduce investment application processing period to one month by 2013
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Objective 3: To help tourists achieve highest possible degree of satisfaction by
2015
Activity 3.1.1 Conduct baseline survey for tourism performance in Unguja and Pemba
Activity3.1.2 Develop tourism satisfaction indicators
Activity 3.1.3 Develop and implement visitor and investor satisfaction monitoring plan
Activity3.1.4 Improve public security and ensure tourist and investors’ properties are well protected
Activity 3.1.5 Develop and implement accommodation facilities auditing and grading system acceptable at international standards
Activity 3.1.6 Develop and implement tourism diversification program e.g. medical/intellectual tourism
Target 3.1 Visitors’ satisfaction level enhanced
Activity 3.1.7 Re-schedule traditional, cultural and other festivals where possible to synchronize with tourism high season
Objective 4: To ensure that ecotourism developments are designed, appraised,
monitored and evaluated for sustainability
Activity 4.1.1 Review and/or implement land use and tourism zone plans
Activity 4.1.2 Establish and operationalise joint technical committee for appraisal of proposed tourism development projects
Activity 4. 1.3 Encourage eco-lodges/hotels with rain water harvesting plan in areas with limited/or no water supply.
Activity 4.1.5 Defining clearly type and style of development in tourism areas
Activity 4.1.6 Develop tourism development impact database and monitor the impacts
Activity 4.1.7 Introduce measures for control of waste disposal from tourist facilities including advocating onsite waste treatment and environmental acceptable waste disposal.
Activity 4.1.8 Introduce and implement environmental education program to hotel and other tourist facilities operators
Activity 4.1.9 Introduce environmental and ecotourism certification program
Target 4.1 Environmental and eco-tourism management framework developed/adopted by June 2015
Activity 4.1.10 Ministry responsible for environment to develop the framework and work closely with other related ministries and the private sector
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5.3 Administration and Operations Program (AOP)
5.3.1 Program Purpose
The purpose of this program is to boost efficiency and effectiveness of the Revolutionary
Government of Zanzibar operations through provision of relevant facilities, infrastructure and
training to tourism sector staff and management. Also the programs shall implement activities that
coordinate the implementation of the Tourism Management Plan.
5.3.2 Tourism Administration and Operations Principles
In the next ten (10) years the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall implement AOP while
sticking to the following main principles:
(i) Professional guidance on the management of Tourism
The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall use professional guidance in managing
tourism in Unguja and Pemba. Decisions in the key management areas shall strictly follow
government regulations and professional guidance. However, care shall be taken to ensure
that guidance provided by various professionals is appropriate to the real Zanzibar tourism
needs and in compliance with tradition and norms of Zanzibar so as to achieve results
through gradual accumulation.
(ii) Adaptive management and collaboration
During the implementation period of the tourism plan and beyond, the Revolutionary
Government of Zanzibar shall be providing
services across the board, acting decisively and responding rapidly to changing management
needs and circumstances. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall collaborate
closely with all stakeholders to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of tourism administration
and operations in Zanzibar. Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar through the Ministry
responsible for tourism shall implement tourism and administration and operation program
through development and implementation of Annual Operation Plan Budget (AOPB). AOPB
shall contain clear annual costs for all operations and proposed activities; and well balanced
with the expected income. AOPB shall be reviewed on a yearly basis to cope with changing
administration and operations needs.
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(iii) Use of local and external resources for synergy
The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall encourage
making effective use of both internal and external resources to achieve synergy in
administering tourism operations in Unguja and Pemba. The Revolutionary Government of
Zanzibar shall be open to ideas and innovations from within and outside Zanzibar while safe
guarding Zanzibar interests.
5.3.3 Program objectives, targets and activities
Below is an outlines of the AOP objectives, targets and activities for the period of ten (10) years
2012-2022.
Table 5.2: AOP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022
Objective 1: To ensure tourism operations in Unguja and Pemba are efficient and
effective by 2022
Activity 1.1.1 Develop and implement a comprehensive Human Resource Development plan
Activity 1.1.2 Recruit and deploy appropriate staff on technical merit
Activity 1.1.3 Develop and implement staff performance evaluation
Target 1.1 Human resource framework for tourism management is in place by June 2014
Activity 1.1.4 Develop and implement Human Resources Policy and Procedures
Objective 2: To improve social services and infrastructure attracting and
supporting tourism investments.
Activity 2.1.1 Construct, rehabilitate and maintain roads accessing all tourism areas to an all weather status.
Activity 2.1.2 Establish electrification program to ensure electricity is available in all tourism areas
Activity 2.1.3 Ensure pipe or deep bore hole water is available to all tourism areas and the surroundings.
Target 2.1 Accessibility and necessary social services are in place by 2022
Activity 2.1.4 Ensure telecommunication facilities and services are available in all areas planned for tourism development
Activity 2.2.1 Develop a budget for facilities required by the ZCT for efficient tourism administration and operations
Activity 2.2.2 Fund the budget for the required facilities or develop and submit a funding proposal to
secure the needed facilities
Target 2.2 Adequate administration facility acquired by June 2015
Activity 2.2.3 ZCT to retain part of tourism licence fees to its accounts as field retention fund
Objective 3: Develop funding mechanisms and ensure effective implementation
Target 3.1 Tourism funding
Activity3.1.1 Form and operationalise Tourism Plan implementation team/ task force
44
Activity 3.1.2 Develop and formalize AOPB format within government operation framework
Activity 3.1.3 Find mechanism of sustainable funding the tourism AOPB
framework developed and implemented by Dec 2015
Activity 3.1.4 Establish Zanzibar Museum and Heritage Fund and secure the funding.
Activity 4.1.1 Formation/strengthening of tourism coordination unit
Target 4.1
To harmonize inter-sectoral operations related to tourism
Activity 4.1.2 Conduct regular tourism coordination unit meetings
5.4 Local Tourism and Education Program (LTEP)
5.4.1 Program Purpose
This program aims at promoting local tourism, supporting local investors and encouraging local
people active participation in tourism for community livelihoods improvement and maintaining
Zanzibar cultural and traditional integrity in face of opening a wide international tourism market.
The program will also aim to insure positive attitude of local people towards tourism which will
result to increased local people active participation in tourism and good neighbourhood is enhanced
between the local people and investors.
5.4.2 Local People Relation Principles
In the ten (10) years of this Tourism Management Plan, the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar
shall strive to implement the Tourism Management Plan through maintaining the following key
principles:
• Integrate traditional and cultural practises in Zanzibar tourism profile
The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall the rich Zanzibar culture and traditions are
protectively integrated in the tourism as a mean of local people entry into tourism activities.
Clear regulations on how to work with traditional structures are necessary and shall be
promoted.
• Encourage of local investors and promote the involvement of local experts
The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall acknowledge the position of local investors
in Zanzibar tourism development by creating means for fair competition in tourism
development in Zanzibar. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall also strive to
ensure that local people actively participate in tourism activities as means of income
generation and livelihood improvement.
45
• Recognising existing uses
When implementing the Tourism Management Plan local people land interests and existing
cultural, spiritual and such land uses will be protected from tourism development and
accommodated in the tourism management plan. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar
shall also ensure public use of coastal and marine resources is well acknowledged and safe
guarded in all stages of Tourism Management Planning implementation.
• Addressing causes of negative attitudes
During the implementation of the Tourism Management Plan efforts shall be made to make
sure that causes of local people negative attitude towards tourism are identified to form the
basis for tourism education program. Addressing causes of negative attitude is a key in
improving local people active participation in tourism and sustaining good relationship
between local and investors.
5.4.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities
Below is an outlines of the LTEP objectives, targets and activities for the period of ten (10) years
2012-2022.
Table 5.3: LTEP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022
Objective 1: Participation of Zanzibaris in tourism improved by 2015
Activity 1.1.1 Develop profile of local people participation in tourism
Activity 1.1.2 ZCT to establish and operationalise one District Tourism Stakeholders’ Forum annually
Activity 1.1.3 ZCT to collaborate with hotel investors, local communities and local governments to introduce cultural evening events like dances, traditional dishes as special tour packages in their hotels and also community areas
Activity 1.1.4 Establish a program for improving agricultural products standards to improve the market and access to tourism hotels and tourists satisfaction
Activity 1.1.5 Facilitate and encourage the local people to establish cultural tourism projects which will be locally managed
Activity 1.1.6 Sensitize the local people to form tourism based entrepreneurial groups
Activity 1.1.7 Train the local people entrepreneurial groups on tourism business economic opportunities, customer care and business management in general.
Target 1.1 A framework for promoting local tourism and participation in tourism developed by June 2013
Activity 1.1.8 Community political will and empowerment in managing tourism resources in their areas
46
Activity 1.1.9 To encourage and promote locally made products from Zanzibar instead of imported one
Activity 1.2.1 Develop incentive packages for local tour operators and local hotel investors
Activity 1.2.2 Encourage hotel reservation through local travel agencies and tour operators
Target 1.2 Framework for supporting local tourism investors developed by 2014
Activity 1.2.3 Integrate local tour operators and travel agencies in ZCT international tourism promotion plans
Objective 2: Attitudes of local people towards tourism improved by June
2022
Activity 2.1.1 Study and develop profile on local people attitudes towards tourism
Activity 2.1.2 Monitor attitudes of local people towards tourism
Activity 2.1.3 Introduce community and schools tourism outreach program for providing education and sensitizing the local people on tourism positivity
Activity 2.1.4 Prepare and distribute effectively educational materials on Zanzibar cultural integrate and ways of avoiding negative impacts associated with tourism
Activity 2.1.4 Media to play a major role in promoting tourism
Activity 2.1.5 Religious leaders/Youth/NGO’s to play a role in changing local behaviour in positivity towards tourism development.
Activity 2.1.6 Establish and enforce social corporate responsibility component in tourism investment contracts/agreements
Target 2.1 80% of the local population is willing to support and participate in tourism by June 2016
Activity 2.1.7 Enforcement of laws and regulations that protect Zanzibar culture.
5.5 Resources Management Program (RMP)
5.5.1 Program Purpose
Resources management program purpose is to protect the all tourism resource base including coastal,
marine, cultural and historical tourism attractions for sustainable income generation and local people
livelihoods’ support. The program also aims at ensuring tourism resources data are available for
rational decisions on management tourism in Zanzibar.
5.5.2 Resources Management Principles
During the period of ten (10) years of the Tourism Management Plan, the Revolutionary
Government of Zanzibar shall strive to management tourism in Unguja and Pemba based on the
following key resources management principles:
47
(i) Economic principle
Full-cost pricing of the resources is the essence of economic principle. The Revolutionary
Government of Zanzibar shall ensure that there is less price distortion by gradually allowing
the market forces to determine prices. This will make the destination to compete through
tourism related quality services. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall ensure that
there is sustainable income from tourism activities by advocating, estimating and put into
effect resource user costs that will maintain income-generating capacity of resources.
(ii) Sustainability and Ecosystem principle
The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall ensure that tourism activities are practised
within professionally acceptable limit of use to ensure the tourism does not go beyond the
carrying capacity to jeopardize the resources. Precautionary principle to safeguard ecological
functions in the face of uncertainty would be observed during the implementation of the
tourism management plan. Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall encourage use of
natural resources in ways that ensure non-declining stream of benefits for all, and without
weakening ecological functions of the resources.
5.5.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities
Below is an outlines of the RMP objectives, targets and activities for the period of ten (10) years
2012-2022.
Table 5.4: RMP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022
Objective 1: Beach erosion is controlled in all areas experiencing erosion through
ecologically acceptable beach tourism
Activity 1.1.1 Study and develop beach erosion profile
Activity 1.1.2 Monitor incidences and extent of beach erosion
Activity 1.1.3 Develop and implement beach erosion control Plan
Activity 1.1.4 Develop and operationalise guidelines for hotel and/ or beach development and by-laws on the use and management of hotel and/or beaches in Unguja and Pemba
Target 1.1 Incidences of beach erosion related to developments reduced by 2015
Activity 1.1.5 Introduce awareness and adaptation to climate change programs
Objective 2: Coastal and Marine habitats and populations dynamics maintained
through sustainable tourism
Activity 2.1.1 Take inventory of coastal tourism development and update tourism zone development profile
Activity 2.1.2 Coastal hotel development subjected to EIA
Target 2.1 Coastal habitat protected from all coastal development by June 2022
Activity 2.1.3 Access to turtles nesting sites by tourists and local people controlled
48
Activity 2.1.4 Control over harvesting of coconut palm leaves and trees for construction of tourists facilities
Activity 2.1.5 Control over collection of sea shells through development of no collection zones
Activity 2.2.1 Control the number of tourists viewing Dolphins to ecologically acceptable level
Activity 2.2.2 Control diving and coral reef viewing to avoid coral destruction
Activity 2.2.3 Set control measures on big fish catching events
Target 2.2 Marine resources protected from use pressure by June 2022
Activity 2.2.4 Ministry(ies) responsible for tourism and environment involve the private sector in resource management
Activity 2.3.1 Suspend investment permits/contracts on land in all already full allocated Tourism Zones
Activity 2.3.2 Conduct regular monitoring including environmental, social, tourism and infrastructural
Target 2.3 Stop further development in full allocated Tourism Zones
Activity 2.3.3 Ensure environmental management plans are enforced
Activity 2.4.1 Encourage and invite both local and foreign investors
Activity 2.4.2 Development ventures be in conformity with the carrying capacity both ecologically and socially
Activity 2.4.3 Any further development to take place in any tourism zone be subjected to a thoroughly scrutiny using existing organs before its commencement
Target 2.4 Ensure close management of Tourism Zones including those reserved for future use and underutilized zones
Activity 2.4.4 Conduct regular monitoring including environmental, social, tourism and infrastructural
Objective 3: To protect cultural, historical and other heritage sites
Activity 3.1.1 Carry out survey to identify and demarcate clearly the cultural and historical sites
Activity 3.1.2 Issue title deeds to identified and surveyed cultural and historical sites
Activity 3.1.3 Develop heritage master plan
Activity 3.1.4 Establish a program for routine maintenance and rehabilitation of the historical buildings
Target 3.1 Historical and cultural sites management framework developed and adopted by 2015
Activity 3.1.5 Promote education and research on preservation of culture through staff training and provision of research funds.
Activity 3.2.1 Fund the budget required for cultural and historical sites management
Activity 3.2.2 Develop and submit funding proposal to secure the support managing cultural and historical sites
Target 3.2 Ensure adequate funding is available for historical and cultural sites management by 2015 Activity 3.2.3 Establish Zanzibar Museum and Heritage Fund
and secure funding.
49
CHAPTER SIX
OPERATIO
NAL PLAN
6.1 Introduction
In this Tourism
Managem
ent Plan, a 3-years Action Plans have been established for each of the Managem
ent Programs to provide a guide for those
who m
anage and coordinate tourism
in Zanzibar on a daily basis. For practical purposes it is not realistic to prepare an action plan for the period of
ten years in the understanding of changing situations and conditions in real time. Another set of three years action plan will be developed in future as
part of the im
plementation of this plan.
6.2 Three Years Operational Plan of the Management Programs
Table 6.1: Operational Plan
VISITOR USE, DEVELOPMENT AND REVENUE PROGRAM
Time Frame
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Targets
Activities
Responsibility
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Objective 1: To increase the contribution of tourism in RGZ GDP from at least 20% to at least 40% by the year 2022
Performance
Indicators
Activity 1.1.1
Develop a framew
ork for tourism
concessions tourism
areas land lease and
contracts
ZCT, ZATI, ZRB,
ZIPA, District
Administration,
Tourism
Division
Number
of
contracts,
concessions
collected
Target 1.1
Income from
tourism
stand at
USD 204.117
Million per annum
by 2022
Activity 1.1.2
Develop m
echanism for promoting
ecotourism
entrepreneurship
ZCT, ZATO, ZATI,
Ministry of Labour,
Economic
Empowerment,
Tourism
Division
Number
of
Ecotourism
entrepreneurships
established
50
Activity 1.1.3
Facilitate and build the capacity of
Zanzibar Commission of Tourism
including
recruit and train staff to m
anage the
VUDRP
Ministry
of
Livestock
and
Fisheries-
Tourism
Division,
ZCT
Number of
staff
recruited, number
of staff trained in
different levels
Activity 1.1.4
Introduce ecotourism
opportunities based
on the tourism
zone schem
e and
environmental guidelines.
Tourism
Division,
ZCT, ZATI
Number
of
investm
ents
and
opportunities
utilized
Activity 1.1.5
Develop and implement aggressive
marketing plan.
Tourism
Division,
ZCT, ZATO,
Marketing
plan
document, tourist
turn-up
after
exhibitions
Activity 1.1.6
Review the investm
ent policy, financial and
tax regulations to ensure the grace period
for investors’ tax payment is not abused
through ownership change.
Ministry
of
Cooperative, Trade,
Industry
and
Market,
ZCT,
ZATI, ZATO,ZIPA
Number
of
documents
reviewed,
situation
improvem
ent
Activity 1.1.7
Develop and implement financial
monitoring and evaluation plan
ZRB, TRA, ZCT
Monitoring
and
evaluation
document
Activity 1.1.8
Develop and implement financial
regulations and procedure m
anuals which
will allow effective tax collection from
tourism
activities which will include hotel
taxation based on actual occupancy.
ZRB, TRA, ZCT
Manuals
developed,
Increase
in
tax
collection
from
tourism
Objective 2: To speed up tourism related investment applications
Target 2.1
Reduce investm
ent
application process
to one month by
Activity 2.1.1
Develop a m
echanism for fast tracking
tourism
investm
ent applications
ZCT, ZIPA
Facilitative
procedure
in
place, number of
successful
51
applications
Activity 2.1.2
Develop and implement client service
charter
ZCT
Client
Service
charter document
Activity 2.1.3
Establish investm
ents coordination unit
and integrate it with licensing unit in
Zanzibar Commission of Tourism
ZCT
Coordination unit
in
place
and
operating
Activity 2.1.4
Establish inform
ation centre in ZIPA and
provide the centre with sectoral inform
ation
related to tourism
investm
ents
ZCT,ZIPA
Centre existence
and its active
functionality
2022
Activity 2.1.5
ZIPA to reduce investment application
period to one month by 2013
ZIPA
Investm
ent
application
reports
Objective 3: To help tourists achieve highest possible degree of satisfaction by 2015
Activity 3.1.1
Conduct baseline survey for tourism
perform
ance in Unguja and Pem
ba
ZCT
Baseline reports
Activity3.1.2
Develop tourism
satisfaction indicators
ZCT,ZATO
Indicator
document
Activity 3.1.3
Develop and implement visitor satisfaction
monitoring plan
ZCT
Monitoring
document,
suggestion boxes
Target 3.1
Visitors’
satisfaction level
enhanced
Activity3.1.4
Improve public security and ensure tourist
and investors’ properties are well
protected
Police in
collaboration all
community
mem
bers
Incidences of
theft and property
invasion reduced
52
Activity 3.1.5
Develop and implement accommodation
facilities auditing and grading system
acceptable at international standards
ZCT, ZATI, ZATO
Audit system
and
grading
system
document
Activity 3.1.6
Develop and implement tourism
diversification program e.g.
medical/intellectual tourism
ZATI,
ZATO,
Tourism
Division,
ZCT, Regional and
District Authorities
Number of
new
tourism
packages
introduced
Activity 3.1.7
Re-schedule traditional, cultural and other
festivals where possible to synchronize
with tourism
high season
ZCT, ZATO Events
organizers,
Community
mem
bers
Number
of
events/festivals
rescheduled
into
tourism
high
season
Objective 4: To ensure that ecotourism developments are designed, appraised, monitored and evaluated for sustainability
Activity 4.1.1
Review and/or im
plement land use and
tourism
zone plans
ZCT, CLE
Reviewed
plan
document
and/or
progress reports
Activity 4.1.2
Establish and operationalise joint technical
committee for appraisal of proposed
tourism
development projects
ZCT, CLE,
Minutes
of
the
committee
meetings
Activity 4. 1.3
Encourage eco-lodges/hotels with rain
water harvesting plan in areas with
limited/or no water supply.
ZCT
Minutes
of
sensitization
meetings
Activity 4.1.5
Defining clearly type and style of
development in tourism
areas
ZCT
List
of
clear
tourism
development
definitions
Target 4.1
Environmental and
eco-tourism
managem
ent
fram
ework
developed/adopted
by June 2015
Activity 4.1.6
Develop tourism
development im
pact
database and m
onitor the im
pacts
ZCT
Database
and
impact
data
entries
53
Activity 4.1.7
Introduce m
easures for control of waste
disposal from tourist facilities including
advocating onsite waste treatment and
environmental acceptable waste disposal.
ZCT,
Ministry of
Water,
Energy,
Construction, Land
and
Environment-
Environmental
Division
Reduced
waste
disposal
directly
to
the
ocean,
number of hotels
with
waste
treatm
ent plants
Activity 4.1.8
Introduce and implement environmental
education program to hotel and other
tourist facilities operators
ZCT,
Educational
materials
produced,
trainings
conducted
Activity 4.1.9
Introduce environmental and ecotourism
certification program
ZCT,
Ministry of
Water,
Energy,
Construction, Land
and Environment
Number of hotels
issued
with
certificates
Activity 4.1.10
Ministry responsible for environment to
develop the fram
ework and work closely
with related m
inistries and the private
sector
Ministry(ies)
responsible
for
environment
and
tourism
fram
ework
development
reports
54
ADMINISTRATIO
N AND OPERATIO
NS PROGRAM
Time Frame
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Targets
Activities
Responsibility
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Objective 1: To ensure tourism operations in Unguja and Pemba are efficient and effective by 2022
Performance
Indicators
Activity 1.1.1
Develop and implement a
comprehensive Human
Resource Development plan
ZCT
Plan
document,
number of
staff
developed
to
different stages
Activity 1.1.2
Recruit and deploy appropriate staff
Ministry of Tourism
Number of staff
recruited
Activity 1.1.3
Develop and implement staff
perform
ance evaluation
ZCT
Evaluation
manual, number
of staff evaluated
Target 1.1
Human resource
fram
ework for tourism
managem
ent is in place
by June 2014
Activity 1.1.4
Develop and implement Human
Resources Policy and Procedures
ZCT
Documents
developed,
implementation
progress reports
Objective 2: To improve social services and infrastructure attracting and supporting tourism investments.
Activity 2.1.1
Construct, rehabilitate and m
aintain
roads accessing all tourism
areas to an
all weather status.
Ministry of
Infrastructure and
Communication
Number of roads
constructed,
number of roads
rehabilitated
Activity 2.1.2
Establish electrification program to
ensure electricity is available in all
tourism
areas
Ministry of Land,
Housing and Energy
Number of
new
localities supplied
with electricity
Target 2.1
Accessibility and
necessary social
services are in place by
2022
Activity 2.1.3
Ensure pipe or deep borehole water is
available to all tourism
areas and the
Ministry of Water
Number of
new
localities supplied
with water, type
55
surroundings.
of water supply
Activity 2.1.4
Ensure telecommunication facilities
and services are available in all areas
planned for tourism
development
Ministry of
Infrastructure and
Communication
Number of
new
localities
accessing
telecommunicatio
n services
Activity 2.2.1
Develop budget for facilities required
by the Tourism
Commission for
efficient tourism
administration and
operations
Ministry of Tourism
Budget document
Target 2.2
Adequate
administration facility
acquired by 2015
Activity 2.2.2
Fund the budget for the required
facilities or develop and submit a
funding proposal to secure the needed
facilities
Ministry of Finance
Percentage
of
budget
funded,
number
of
funding proposal
developed
and
submitted
Activity 2.2.3
ZCT to retain part of tourism
licence
fees to its accounts as field retention
fund
Ministry of Finance,
ZCT
Percentage
of
tourism
licence
fees
in
ZCT
accounts,
Objective 3: Develop funding mechanisms and ensure effective implementation
Activity3.1.1
Form
and operationalise Tourism
Plan
implementation team/ task force
Ministry of Tourism
, ZCT
Plan
team
in
place, plan team
working
documents
e.g.
Meeting minutes,
reports, etc.
Target 3.1
Tourism
funding
fram
ework developed
and implemented by
2015
Activity 3.1.2
Develop and form
alize AOPB form
at
within government operation
fram
ework
Ministry of Tourism
, ZCT
AOPB document
56
Activity 3.1.3
Find m
echanism of sustainable
funding the tourism
AOPB
Ministry of Tourism
, ZCT, Ministry of
Finance
Funding
strategies
developed,
percentage
of
AOPB funding
Activity 3.1.4
Establish Zanzibar M
useum and
Heritage Fund and secure funding.
Departm
ent of
Antiquity and
Museum, Ministry
of Tourism
Fund
establishment,
funding
strategies, amount
of funds secured
Target 4.1
To harmonize inter-
sectoral operations
related to tourism
Activity 4.1.1
Form
ation/strengthening of tourism
coordination unit
ZCT, ZIPA,
Ministry of livestock
and fisheries,
Ministry of lands,
housing and energy,
Ministry of
inform
ation, culture,
tourism
and sports-
ZCT, M
inistry of
agriculture and
natural resources,
Departm
ent of
environment
Coordination unit
in place
Activity 4.1.2
Conduct regular tourism
coordination
unit m
eetings
ZCT, ZIPA,
Ministry of livestock
and fisheries,
Ministry of lands,
housing and energy,
Ministry of
inform
ation, culture,
tourism
and sports-
ZCT, M
inistry of
agriculture and
Meetings
documents
57
natural resources,
Departm
ent of
environment
LOCAL TOURISM AND EDUCATIO
N PROGRAM
Time Frame
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Targets
Activities
Responsibility
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Objective 1: Participation of Zanzibaris in tourism improved by 2015
Performance
Indicators
Activity 1.1.1
Develop profile of local people
participation in tourism
ZTC
Profile document
in place
Activity 1.1.2
ZCT to establish and operationalise
District Tourism
Stakeholders’ Forum
annually
ZTC, District
Authorities
District forums in
place, records of
forum discussions
Activity 1.1.3
Collaborate with hotel investors to
introduce cultural evening events like
dances, traditional dishes as special
tour packages in their hotels
ZTC,
ZATI, local
communities,
District Authorities
Number of hotels
with
cultural
evening
events,
frequency
of
cultural events in
hotels
Target 1.1
A framew
ork for
promoting local tourism
and participation in
tourism
developed by
June 2013
Activity 1.1.4
Establish a program for im
proving
agricultural products standards to
improve the market and access to
tourism
hotels and tourists satisfaction
Departm
ent of
Livestock,
Departm
ent of
Agriculture,
Zanzibar
Cooperative Society
Extension
programs
established,
volume
of
agricultural
products
sold to
tourism
hotels
58
Activity 1.1.5
Facilitate and encourage the local
people to establish cultural tourism
projects which will be locally
managed
ZTC and Ministry
responsible
for
economic
empowerment
and
Trade
Number of
sensitization
workshops and
meetings, cultural
tourism
projects in
place
Activity 1.1.6
Sensitize the local people to form
tourism
based entrepreneurial groups
Zanzibar
Cooperative Society,
Tourism
Division
Number of
sensitization
workshops and
meetings, number
of groups in place,
Type of tourism
entrepreneurships
established
Activity 1.1.7
Train the local people entrepreneurial
groups on tourism
business economic
opportunities, customer care and
business managem
ent in general.
ZTC,
Cooperative
Society, Trade
and
Marketing Divisions
Number and type
of trainings,
number of local
people trained
Activity 1.1.8
Community political will and
empowerment in managing
tourism resources in their areas
ZCT,
Political
parties,
Local
Governments
Community
participation in
managing tourism
resources
Activity 1.1.9
To encourage and promote locally
made products from Zanzibar instead
of im
ported one
ZCT,
ZIPA,
Ministry
(ies)
responsible
for
economic
empowerment
and
Trade
Locally m
ade
Zanzibar products
available in curio
shops
Target 1.2
Framew
ork for
supporting local
Activity 1.2.1
Develop incentive packages for local
tour operators and local hotel investors
ZCT
Type and number
of incentives
developed,
59
effective response
survey reports
Activity 1.2.2
Encourage hotel reservation through
local travel agencies and tour
operators
ZCT, ZATO, ZATI
Record of form
al
and inform
al
agreem
ents,
forums discussions
tourism
investors
developed 2014
Activity 1.2.3
Integrate local tour operators and
travel agencies in Zanzibar
Commission of Tourism
international
tourism
promotion plans
ZCT, ZATO
Tourism
promotion plans,
jointly prepared
promotional
materials,
promotions
attendance
Objective 2: Attitudes of local people towards tourism improved by June 2022
Activity 2.1.1
Study and develop profile on local
people attitudes towards tourism
ZCT, District
Authorities
Profile report
Activity 2.1.2
Monitor attitudes of local people
towards tourism
ZCT
Monitoring reports
Activity 2.1.3
Introduce community and schools
tourism
outreach program for
providing education and sensitizing
the local people on tourism
positivity
ZCT,
Ministry
of
Education,
Tourism
Division
Sensitization
workshops,
educational
materials produced
and distributed
Target 2.1
80% of the local
population is willing to
support and participate
in tourism
by June 2016
Activity 2.1.4
Prepare and distribute effectively
educational m
aterials on Zanzibar
cultural integrate and ways of
avoiding negative im
pacts associated
with tourism
ZCT,
Ministry
of
Education,
Tourism
Division
Educational
materials produced
and distributed
60
Activity 2.1.5
Religious leaders/Youth/NGO’s
to play a role in changing local
community perception/behaviour
in positivity towards tourism
development.
Religious
groups,
Youth
groups,
NGO’s
Acceptance
of
tourism
by many
community
mem
bers
Activity 2.1.6
Establish and enforce social corporate
responsibility component in tourism
investm
ent contracts/agreem
ents
ZCT,ZIPA, Ministry
(ies) responsible for
land and Law
s
Socio-economic
infrastructures
in
local
community
areas,
tourism
investm
ent
agreem
ents/contra
cts
Activity 2.1.7
Enforcem
ent of laws and regulations
that protect Zanzibar culture.
ZCT,
Ministry
responsible
for
culture,
other
Ministries
responsible
for
enforcem
ent of
the
laws and regulations
in
culture,
Tour
operators, Hoteliers
Tourists
adhering
the laws, posters in
tourists
entry and
exit
points,
Brochures
in
hotels
and
transport facilities
61
RESOURCES M
ANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Time Frame
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Targets
Activities
Responsibility
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Objective 1: Beach erosion is controlled in all areas experiencing erosion through ecologically acceptable beach
tourism
Performance
Indicators
Activity 1.1.1
Study and develop beach erosion
profile
Departm
ent of
Environment,
Commission of
land and
Environment
Profile report
Activity 1.1.2
Monitor incidences and extent of
beach erosion
Departm
ent of
Environment,
Commission of
land and
Environment
Monitoring reports
Activity 1.1.3
Develop and implement beach erosion
control Plan
Departm
ent of
Environment,
Commission of
land and
Environment
Beach erosion status
report
Activity 1.1.4
Develop and operationalise guidelines
for beach development and by-law
s on
the use and m
anagem
ent of beaches in
Unguja and Pem
ba
Departm
ent of
Environment,
Commission of
land and
Environment
Guidelines and by-
laws in place
Target 1.1 Incidences
of beach erosion related
to developments
reduced by 2015
Activity 1.1.5
Introduce awareness and adaptation to
clim
ate change programs
Departm
ent of
Environment,
Forestry
Departm
ent,
Ministry
Climate change
awareness and
adaptation programs
62
responsible for
land
development
Objective 2: Coastal and M
arine habitats and populations dynamics maintained through sustainable tourism
Activity 2.1.1
Take inventory of coastal tourism
development and update tourism
zone
development profile
ZCT, Ministry of
lands and
housing
Inventory
reports
and status reports
Activity 2.1.2
Coastal hotel development subjected
to EIA
ZTC licensing
unit, Departm
ent
of Environment,
Commission of
land and
Environment
EIA
reports
Activity 2.1.3
Access to turtles nesting sites by
tourists and local people controlled
Fisheries
Division
Status report, record
of nesting sites
access
Activity 2.1.4
Control over harvesting of coconut
palm leaves and trees for construction
of tourists facilities
Departm
ent of
Agriculture,
ZATI
Status report
Target 2.1
Coastal habitat
protected from all
coastal development by
June 2022
Activity 2.1.5
Control over collection of sea shells
through development of no collection
zones
Fisheries
Division,
Status
reports,
number
of
no-
collection
zones
developed
Target 2.2 M
arine
resources protected
from use pressure by
June 2022
Activity 2.2.1
Control the number of tourists viewing
Dolphins to ecologically acceptable
level
Fisheries
Division,
Institute of
Marine Sciences
Lim
it of Acceptable
Use (LAU)
developed, records
of tourists accessing
dolphin areas
63
Activity 2.2.2
Control diving and coral reef viewing
to avoid coral destruction
Fisheries
Division
Status reports
Activity 2.2.3
Set and implement control measures
on big fish catching events
Fisheries
Division
Status reports
Activity 2.2.4
Ministry(ies) responsible for tourism
and environment involve the private
sector in resource managem
ent
Ministry(ies)
responsible for
tourism
and
environment
Minutes
Transparency
Activity 2.3.1
Suspend investm
ent permits/contracts
on land in all already full allocated
Tourism
Zones
ZIPA, ZCT,
Ministry
responsible for
Land and
Housing,
Investm
ent reports,
Status reports,
Activity 2.3.1
Conduct regular monitoring including
environmental, social, tourism
and
infrastructural
ZCT, ZIPA,
Ministry(ies)/De
partm
ent(s)
responsible for
Land, Housing,
Water, Culture,
Transport,
Environment,
Forest, Fisheries,
Status report
Target 2.3
Stop further
development in full
allocated Tourism
Zones
Activity 2.3.2
Ensure environmental managem
ent
plans are enforced
Ministry(ies)/De
partm
ent(s)
responsible for
land, housing,
environment
Monitoring reports
Target 2.4
Ensure
close
managem
ent
of
Activity 2.4.1
Encourage and invite both local and
foreign investors
ZIPA, ZCT
Investm
ent reports
64
Activity 2.4.2
Development ventures be in
conform
ity with the carrying capacity
both ecologically and socially
ZCT, ZIPA,
Ministry(ies)/De
partm
ent(s)
responsible for
Land, Housing,
Water, Culture,
Transport,
Environment,
Forest, Fisheries,
Monitoring reports
Activity 2.4.3
Any further development to take place
in any tourism
zone be subjected to a
thoroughly scrutiny using existing
organs before its commencement
ZCT, ZIPA,
Ministry(ies)/De
partm
ent(s)
responsible for
Land, Housing,
Water, Culture,
Transport,
Environment,
Forest, Fisheries,
Minutes of meetings
(one stop centre)
Tourism
Zones
including
those
reserved for future use
and underutilized zones
Activity 2.4.4
Conduct regular monitoring including
environmental, social, tourism
and
infrastructural
ZCT, ZIPA,
Ministry(ies)/De
partm
ent(s)
responsible for
Land, Housing,
Water, Culture,
Transport,
Environment,
Forest, Fisheries,
Monitoring reports
Objective 3: To protect cultural, historical and other heritage sites
Target 3.1
Historical and cultural
sites managem
ent
fram
ework developed
Activity 3.1.1
Carry out survey to identify and
dem
arcate clearly the cultural and
historical sites
Departm
ent of
Antiquity and
Museum
Survey report
65
Activity 3.1.2
Issue title deeds to identified and
surveyed cultural and historical sites
Ministry of Land
Number of title
deeds issued
Activity 3.1.3
Develop heritage master plan
Departm
ent of
Antiquity and
Museum
Master plan
document
Activity 3.1.4
Establish a program for routine
maintenance and rehabilitation of the
historical buildings
Departm
ent of
Antiquity and
Museum
Rehabilitation and
maintenance reports
and adopted by 2015
Activity 3.1.5
Promote education and research on
preservation of culture through staff
training and provision of research
funds.
Ministry of
Tourism
Number of staff
trained and the type
of training, funds
allocated for
research
Activity 3.2.1
Fund the budget required for cultural
and historical sites managem
ent
Ministry of
Finance
Funds allocated
Activity 3.2.2
Develop and submit funding proposal
to secure the support m
anaging
cultural and historical sites
Departm
ent of
Antiquity and
Museum
Number of proposal
developed and
submitted, number
of successfully
funded proposals,
funds secured
Target 3.2
Ensure adequate
funding is available for
historical and cultural
sites managem
ent by
2015
Activity 3.2.3
Establish Zanzibar M
useum and
Heritage Fund and secure funding.
ZCT,
Departm
ent of
Antiquity and
Museum, and
other
stakeholders
Fund in place,
amount of secured
funding
66
CHAPTER SEVEN
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
7.1 Introduction
Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of the Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan is designed
to ensure effective and efficient implementation of the plan and the sustainability of the intended
impacts. The M&E system is set up as a review mechanism to monitor the progress and assess
outcomes compared to the objectives, targets or expectations and strategies/actions. Monitoring
will be the tracking of the progress of implementation of the plan. Evaluation, on the other hand,
will be a critical objective appraisal of the overall planning process in the form of specific
milestones of achievement.
7.2 Monitoring
Monitoring of the Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will be the overall responsibility of
the Zanzibar Commission for Tourism and should involve other closely related ministries/sectors
such as IMS, Fisheries department, forestry department, department of environment, and
department of antiquity. Tourism Plan implementation team/ task force within the ZCT, shall
periodically audit the implementation of the plan by collecting information related to the
monitoring of inputs/activities on quarterly basis and prepare reports reflecting the performance
of sector related to tourism. The team/ task force shall prepare and issue monitoring and
reporting guidelines to all officials who will be involved in the implementation and audit
exercise. Specific data collection instrument will need to be prepared while quarter year
performance summary will follow the format provided in Table 7.1. Monitoring will commence
immediately after starting the implementation of the Tourism Plan.
7.2.1 Monitoring Data Collection
The plan implementation team shall use the following in collecting data for plan monitoring:
• Preparation of detailed annual operational plans which shall be linked to resources
available and shall portray the quarterly targets showing the extent to which the
accomplishments of the operational plan are being met using the format given in Table 7.1.
• Physical observations and interviews/discussions with various stakeholders to get
informed insights and clarifications. A field observation schedule will be prepared by team
before making the physical observations.
67
• Conducting enquiries with the assistance of a questionnaire administered once every
year designed to obtain the impressions of various stakeholders so as to obtain any early
warning signs that may indicate potential problems during the implementation of the Plan.
• Summarize of the major recommendations for improving the rolling of the tourism Plan,
prepare annual operating plan for the subsequent year and the implementation and
monitoring process in the subsequent year.
Table 7.1: Format for Summarizing Progress on the Plan Implementation
Progress on the Implementation of Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan for the
Period Covering ..................................to........................... Management program.............................................................................................................
Plans Achievements Objective
Planned
Targets
Planned
Activities
Targets
achieved
Performed
Activities
Reasons
for
Deviation
Remedial
Actions
7.2.2 Monitoring Report Schedule
The reporting schedule will be in line with governmental financial year starting in July and
ending June the following year. For each financial year, mid-year and end of the year progress
reports will be prepared by the plan implementation team.
Mid-year Progress Report
Mid-year progress report for the implementation of Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan
will cover the period of July to December of each year of the plan implementation. Collection
and compilation of monitoring data shall be completed by end of January, and report to be
finalized by mid-February. In the narrative report, the plan implementation team should report
what have been achieved and the constraints for the last six months. Information should be
provided on how the constrains were addressed and way forward. Mid-year stakeholders’
workshop may be convened to discuss the progress in the implementation of the report and
provide suggestions for better implementation of the second half of the year.
68
End of Year Progress Report
End of the year progress report for the implementation of Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism
Plan will cover activities implemented in the period of January to June of each year of the plan
implementation with a summary of what was reported for the first half of the year July-December
for easy follow up of the report. The plan implementation team shall prepare the end of the year
progress report by mid-June and provide plan targets and activities for implementation in the
subsequent year (i.e., work plans). The plan should be finalized by end of July and by mid-
August of each year, end of the year stakeholders’ workshop to discuss progress on plan
implementation will be held to discuss the progress on the implementation of the report.
7.3 Evaluation
Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will be subjected to two internal and external
evaluations. Internal evaluation will be done every two and a half years by the team from the
Zanzibar Commission of Tourism, and the external evaluation will be done by mid-term of the
plan implementation (after five years) and end of plan implementation (after ten years) by
commissioned independent team of experts. Selection of the appropriate evaluators will consider
relevant technical skills, evaluation skills and experience in similar organizations/assignments.
Internal and external evaluation team shall be approved by the Zanzibar Commission of Tourism
or other mandated body.
Both internal and external evaluation teams will be provided with Terms of References (ToR)
which will have objectively:
• Assessing the reasons for success or failure of specific aspects of the plan,
• Assessing whether the plan is achieving its objectives and targets,
• Finding out whether the effects of the plan are contributing to a better fulfillment of the
Zanzibar tourism mission and vision,
• Assessing the adequacy of resources being mobilized to implement the plan,
• Determining whether available resources are being utilized efficiently to achieve the
targets set for each objective of the plan,
• Determining whether the planning process and implementation is facing any problems
that need immediate or long-term solutions.
Both internal and external evaluations shall cover but not limited to the following:
• Subject of the evaluation,
69
• Methodology to be adopted, data collection procedures, sampling procedures, indicators
to be used, basis for comparisons, etc.,
• Analysis of the field findings,
• Evaluation of the achievements and,
• Feedback of evaluation of findings.
Both the internal and external evaluators will have the mandate to decide on other additional
issues to be included or evaluated and agreed by Zanzibar Commission of Tourism in advance.
Additional issues will be agreed at the de-briefing meeting between the ZCT Management and
the evaluators and subject to the approval by ZCT. The evaluation reports will be discussed at
progress review workshops and the recommendations adopted will be implemented and included
in the rolled over Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Management Plan.
7.4 Plan Review
Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Management Plan shall be reviewed and rolled every two
and half years which will be in line with the block of operational plan. The review will be based
on the internal and external review recommendations from plan progress workshops held
biannually and/or annually. The aspect of rolling forward of the plan will make the plan dynamic
as it will always take on board achievements/developments made both internally as well as
externally.
70
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75
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: List of tourism stakeholders consulted
SN Date
Venue
Office
Official met
Position
Contact
1
17/02/2012 Unguja
MACEMP
Mr. Kombo
Ram
la Talia
Manager
Ass. Manager
P.O. Box 295, Zanzibar, Tanzania
2
18/02/2012 Unguja
Gallaxy
Lucy Njeri
3
18/02/2012 Unguja
Zanzibar Unique
ltd
Yunus
Sales and Reservation
Manager
P.O. Box 1759, Zanzibar, Tanzania
Tel: +255773700089
www.zanzibarunique.com
email:reservations@
zanzibarunique.com
4
18/02/2012 Unguja
ZanTours
Ally Y. Ibaraja
Peter M
abaraga
Hr & Admin M
anager
Reservation M
anager
Migim
bani street,
P.O. Box: 2560,
Zanzibar, Tanzania
Email: hr.admin@zantours.com
Website: www.zantours.com
5
19/02/2012 Unguja
Kendwa Rocks (H
)
P.O Box 3939
Zanzibar, Tanzania
(+255) 774415473/4/5
6
19/02/2012 Unguja
Mnarani Beach
Cottages Ltd
Shaban Abdallah
Front office Supervisor
P.O Box: 3361 North Coast, Nungwi,
Zanzibar – Tanzania
Tel: +255(0)242240494
Fax: +255(0)242240494
Email: m
narani@
zanlink.com
www.lighhthousezanzibar.com
7
19/02/2012 Unguja
Mnarini Marine
Turtles
Conservation
Mr. M
ataka Moham
ed
Abdallah
Bwana Kasa
Assistant
8
19/02/2012 Unguja
DIA
MONDS LA
GEMMA
DELL’EST
Sabrina
Front office Supervisor
P.O. Box 2019. Nungwi road, Zanzibar,
Tanzania.
Tel:+255242240087.
Fax:+255242240089,
76
Email:info.gem
ma@
planhotel.com
www.planhotel.com
9
20/02/2012 Unguja
Commission for
Tourism
in
Zanzibar
Mr. Ali – Khalil M
irza Director General
P.O Box 1410, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Tel-G
en:+25524233485/6
Tel-D
ir:+255242233447
Fax:+255242233448.
Mob:+255777411427
Email:marketing@zanzibartourism
.net
Website: www.zanzibartourism
.net
10 21/02/2012 Unguja
Ministry of Trade,
Industry and
Marketing
Jahir M
ussa Ahmed &
Kham
is M
. Yussuf
Senior Trade Officers
P.O. Box. 601, Malindi, Unguja,
Zanzibar
Email: kham
ismaalim@hotm
ail.com
Website:www.tradezanzibar.info
Tel:+255242233274. Fax:
+255242233274. Mob:0777450769,
0715100735
11 21/02/2012 Unguja
Tanzania Revenue
Authority
Mbaruku Hussi
Ag. Manager
Domestic Revenue
Departm
ent
12 21/02/2012 Unguja
Zanzibar Revenue
Board
Moham
ed Amour
Moham
ed
Finance M
anager &
Ag.
Commission M
anager
ZSSF Building, Kilim
ani Road. P.O
Box: 2072,
Tel: +255242230639/2233041
Fax:+255242233904,
Mob:0777474924
Email:am
oddy@hotm
ail.com
13 21/02/2012 Unguja
Ministry of
Infrastructure and
communication
Rajab Uweje
Director of Human
Resource and
Administration
14 21/02/2012 Unguja
Departm
ent of
Environment
Sihaba Hajivuai
Ass. Director & Natural
Resource Dept
15 21/02/2012 Unguja
Institute of Marine
Science
Dr. Jidaw
i Narim
an
Senior lecturer of Marine
sciences & HoD
16 21/02/2012 Unguja
Antiquities
Faki Othman
Marine Archeologist
+255776572232
77
Dr. Amina Issa
Director dept of Antiquity
and m
useum
+255777418048
17 21/02/2012 Unguja
Ministry of Land,
Housing and
Energy
18 21/02/2012 Unguja
Zanzibar
Commission for
Tourism
Mr. Said A. Othman
Mr. M
ussa Aboud
Jumbe
Senior Tourism
Officer
Director, Fisheries
0777 416 408
19 21/02/2012 Unguja
Division of
Fisheries
Menay Bay
20 22/02/2012 Unguja
Ministry of
Labour, Economic
Empowerment
Ameir A. Ameir
Labour Commissioner
P.O. Box: 3308, Zanzibar – Tanzania,
Fax:+255242231879
Mob:+255777478760
Email:am
ealiam
e@yahoo.com
21 22/02/2012 Unguja
Zanzibar
Investm
ent
Promotion
Authority
Ms. Nana R. Mwanjisi Investm
ent promotion
Manager
P.O. Box 2286 Zanzibar – Tanzania
Tel:+255-24-233026/2237353
Fax:+255-24-2232737
Email:zipaznz@
zanzinet.com
:zipa@
zanzinet.com
Personal: nmwanjisi@hotm
ail.com
22 22/02/2012 Unguja
ZATI
Julia Bishop
Director
23 22/02/2012 Unguja
Livestock Division Mr. Ham
is Sim
ba
Senior Livestock
Research Officer
kham
is.sim
ba@
gmail.com
24 23/02/2012 Unguja
RC – Kask Unguja
office
Pem
be Juma
Ally Ally M
akam
e Regional Commissioner
Regional Admin. Officer
25 23/02/2012 Unguja
DC – Kask ‘A’
Unguja office
Mh. Riziki Juma Sim
ai
– DC Kaskazini A
78
Mr. Ali M
zee Haji -
Afisa Taw
ala Kask A
Mr. Ali Shauri Shela -
Afisa Elimu Kask A
Mr. Ame Haji Ame -
Afisa utumishi
Mr. Dude Juma Ame -
Afisa M
aji
Ms. Rizaki Hassan
Ibrahim
- Afisa Vizazi
na Vifo
Mr. Haji Jabir - Afisa
Afya
26 23/02/2012 Unguja
DC – Kask ‘B’
Unguja office
Mr. Amour Ham
is -
Ms.
Andikalo Vuai -
Afisa Taw
ala Kask B
Afisa Utumishi Kask B
27 24/02/2012 Unguja
DC – W
ilaya ya
Kati Office
Ally Kassim M
oham
ed D
istrict Commissioner
28 24/02/2012 Unguja
Jozani Community Kassim Rajab
Villager
29 24/02/2012 Unguja
Halmashauri ya
Wilaya ya kusini
Unguja
Kassim M
toro Abu
Katibu wa Halmashauri
30 24/02/2012 Unguja
Kitongani
community
Rajab. Mw. Mbwato -
villag
Vuai Haji Msheba -
Villager
Iddi Hassan Ame -
Villager
Hassan M
safiri Tungu
– Villg.
Sim
ai Haji Pandu -
79
Villager
Sim
ai Ameir Ally -
Villager
31 24/02/2012 Unguja
Shehia ya pete
Amir Sim
ai
Sheha
32 25/02/2012 Unguja
Mkokotoni –
Tondoo village
Kham
is Kikuni
M/kt kam
ati ya wavuvi &
Balozi
26/02/2012 Travel to / Arrival in Pemba
34 27/02/2012 Pem
ba
Commission for
tourism
Mr. Suleim
an, and
other employees
Mdham
in (Pem
ba)
35 27/02/2012 Pem
ba
Kidike
Mr. Kombo Ally
Ham
ad
Chair person: Kidike
environmental
conservation club
36 27/02/2012 Pem
ba
Michew
eni District
Council
Abdallah Ally Said –
(M/kt),
Kombo Khasan Ham
is
– (Ward director),
Omary Kham
is Ally –
(Law
yer),
Bi. M
iza Juma – (Proc.
Officer),
Ham
ad Kombo Faki –
(karani Masijala),
Mwalim
Masud Aman
– (Revenue Officer)
37 27/02/2012 Pem
ba
Ngezi Vumaw
imbi
Nature forest
reserve
Mwadini Makam
e Officer In-charge
38 27/02/2012 Pem
ba
Manta Resort south
Pem
ba
Sandy
Mr. M
athew
Ass. Manager
Director
39 28/02/2012 Pem
ba
Fundu Lagoon
Resort Hotel
William
Leonard Kim
a Assistant Manager
40 28/02/2012 Pem
ba
Bandari ya
Bakari Omary
80
Chokocho –
Neglected Hotel
(Mlinzi),
Ame Vuai Shein
(Katibu kam
ati ya
maendeleo),
Haji juma Ally
(Captain)
41 28/02/2012 Pem
ba
Panolama Beach
Resort
Kasim
Kham
is Juma
Manager
42 29/02/2012 Pem
ba
Misali Island
Moham
ed Said
Suleim
an
Ranger
81
Appendix 2: Zanzibar leading tourist attractions
Zanzibar top ten (10)
things to see and/or do
Music and
celebration
Zanzibar excursions Ruins
i. Stone town tour
ii. Pange sandbank
iii. Dinner at Forodhani night market
iv. Unwind on the beaches of Zanzibar
v. Diving or snorkelling at Mnemba attol
vi. Misali Island
vii. Ngezi Forest
viii. Get up close and personal with Dolphins
ix. Take a local cooking class
x. Festivals – Sauti za Busara, Zanzibar International Film Festival and Mwaka Kogwa
i. Taarab
ii. Kidumbak
iii. Ngoma
iv. Unyago
v. Beni
vi. Bi Kidude
i. Spice tours
ii. Princess Salme trip
iii. Slave routes of Zanzibar
iv. Jozani Forest
v. Dolphin tours
vi. Whale watching
vii. Diving and snorkelling
viii. Deep sea fishing
ix. Safari blue
x. Sunset or sunrise cruise
xi. Prison island trip
xii. Sand bank picnic
i. Maruhubi Palace
ii. Mtoni Palace
iii. Kidichi Persian Baths
iv. Kizimkazi Baths
v. Mwangapwani coral cave
vi. Bi Khole Ruins
vii. Mbweni Ruins
viii. Beit El Ras
ix. Dunga Ruins
Source: ZATI (2012)
82
Appendix 3: List of cultural sites in Pemba
Ruins Underwater sites
Banana mission, Bandari Kuu archaeological site, Bohara Mosque (Chake Chake), Chake Chake Fort and battery, Chake Chake Mosque, Chambani Mjini, Chwaka Great Mosque
Sultan Khalifa’s Boat
Chwaka (Mazrui site), Chwaka Haruni’s tomb, Chwaka archaeological site, Chwaka small “Pea” mosque, Dongoni Mission, Finga house, Finga mosque, Jambangome
Kokota Island Underwater Well
Kaliwa archaeological site, Kichokochwe, Kimelian (Fundo Island), Kimimba archaeological site, Kiungoni mosque, Kiwani mosque, Makongwe house archaeological site
Ras Mkumbuu Underwater House
Ole Mandani mosque, Ole mandani archaeological site, Matumbi Makubwa Lighthouse, Mduuni, Misali island caves, Mitondooni archaeological site (Panza Island), Mkia wa ng’ombe mosque and tomb, Msuka mjini mosque, Mtambwe mkuu archaeological site
Ras Mkumbuu Underwater Road
Mtangani mosque, Panza island graves archaeological site, Pujini (Mkame Ndume) archaeological site, Ras Kigomasha Lighthouse station, Ras Mkumbuu archaeological site, Shamiani mosque (Kiweni island), Shengejuu, Tumbe archaeological site, Verani (lying at the edge of Ngezi forest), Vitongoji tomb
Paraportiani
Old mosques still in use
Chake chake mosque, Kiuyu mosque, Kojani, Micheweni, Shumba, Wingwi
Source: Horton & Clark 1985; MACEMP, 2006.
83
Appendix 4: List of Cultural Sites, Monuments and under water sites in Unguja
Site/Monument Under water sites
Chwaka, Fukuchani, Jongowe/Tumbatu island, Kizimkazi, Mkokotoni, Mvuleni, Pwani deburi, Shangani, Shungi, Unguja Ukuu, Uro, Zanzibar gereza, Beit El Rais, Chuini, Chukwani, Dunga, Kidichi, Kizimbani, Mangapwani, Maruhubi, Mbweni, Mtoni, Sebleni, Zanzibar Anglican Cathedral, Zanzibar Hamani Baths, Livingstone’s house, Malindi mosque , Persian well
Glorongay (Northeast), H.M.S. Pegasus (West of Stone Town), Colleen (West of Stone Town), Glasgow pos. 1 (West of Stone Town), Glasgow pos. 2 (West of Stone Town), Penguin (West of Stone Town), Great Northern (West of Stone Town), Adale O’Swald (West of Stone Town), El Majid (West of Stone Town), Royal Navy Lighter & Barge (West of Stone Town), Fumba Kwale
Source: Horton & Clark (1985); MACEMP (2006).
84
Appendix 5: Current accommodation status in Zanzibar*
Number Number of employees
Grades Hotels Rooms Beds Foreigners Zanzibaris Mainlanders
five stars 24 1719 3325 277 1627 1184
four stars 9 573 1048 331 359 291
three stars 23 738 1305 56 816 394
two stars 19 414 774 24 422 229
one star 43 664 1270 71 756 290
AA 34 407 765 36 283 91
A 174 1876 3499 99 1527 409
Total 326 6391 11986 894 5790 2888
Source: Data taken from ZCT, 2011
*Accommodations - hotels ranked from A grade to Five stars.
85
Appendix 6a: List of workshop participants - Unguja
S/N
o
Name Institution/
Organisation
Contacts (email and phone
number)
1 Thabit. A. Abdulrahman ZATO 0773173456, email: info@zato.or.tz
2 Ilyas R. Nassor ZCT 0777423787 email: inassor09@gmil.com
3 Maabad Jaffar Muhidin ZCT 0777410252 email: muhiddin37@hotmail.com
4 Dr. N.S. Jiddawi IMS 0777423183 email: njiddai@yahoo.com
5 Dr. Miraji U.Ussi ZCT 0777671170 email: mirajiussi@hotmail.com
6 Aviwa .I. Makame ZCT 0777423827 email: aviwa@hotmail.com
7 Ally H. Kombo MACEMP 0777457262 email: ahako@hotmail.com
8 Tira A. Ndohele ZCT 0777417123 email: ndohele@hotmail.com
9 Juma Shomary MICTS 0777416035 email: jjuma15@hotmail.com
10 Aziz Ramadhan Bonzo ZATOGA 0777497876 email: azizinews1@hotmail.com
11 Yussy Kombo MACEMP 0713459447 email:
12 Ali Khalil Mirji Director General, ZCT email:
13 Omar, M.K VP OFFICE email:
14 Moh’d W. Fikirini ZCT 0773104087 email: mohdfikirini@yahoo.com
15 Khalifa M. Makame ZATO 0777413585 email: infonzato.or.tz
16 Ali Vuai Juma Department of Museum And Antiquities
0777842896 email: alivuai@yahoo.com
17 Julia Bishop ZATI 0779412603 email:
18 Amour M. Ali ZCT 0777416253 email: amourmtumwa@hotmail.com
19 Abbas M. Mohamed ZITOD 0777424293 email: abbas.mamo@yahoo.com
20 Said Ali Said ZRB 0777412544 email:
21 Abin R. Mdowe ARDHI/DOLR 0777863209 email: amdowe@yahoo.com
22 Makame M. Haji Dept. of environment 0777427633 email: makamehaji2000@hotmail.com
23 Amour A. Mbarak ZIPA 0773049473 email:
24 Rashid A. Juma Zanzibar Municipality 0777411892 email:
25 Rajab Salum Rajab Zanzibar Municipality 0773092031 email: rajabeho@yahoo.com
26 Abdallah Hamed .A. TOUR GUIDE 0714664652 email:
27 Said A. Othman ZCT 0777416143 email: othmansaid@hotmail.com
86
Appendix 6b: List of workshop participants - Pemba
S/No Names(s) in full Institution/organisation Contacts. Phone number &
emails
1 Ayoub Khamis Abdulla ZCT 0773136186 Email: ayoubkhamis55@yahoo.com
2 Mgeni Nassor Mohammed
Dept. Of Fisheries 0777486129; Email: mnamo_71@hotmail.com
3 Time Mohammed Mussa Dept. Of Museum and Antiquity
0773228868
4 Khamis Rashid Juma Forestry 0773885777
5 Mgaa Said Mgaa Mkoa wa Kaskazini 0776814156
6 Mohamed A. Juma ZCT 0773109365; Email: mohdallyjuma@yahoo.com
7 Nassor R. Kombo ZCT 0773237364
8 Salama Ahmada Majaliwa
Mkoa kusini Pemba 0778862376; Email: tupoimara.com@yahoo.com
9 Hassanat Muhydin Mohd Community 0772808083
10 Hamad Khamis Hamad Baraza la Mji Wete 0777413320; Email: hamad.1373@yahoo.com
11 Suleiman Amour Suleiman
ZCT 0777418364; Email: sulamour@hotmail.com
12 Mtumwa Mabrouk Kheir ZIPA 0777415508; Email: mtumwa_m@yahoo.com
13 Salum Abdalla Said ZRB 0773180065; Email: salumsaid85@yahoo.com
14 Ali Othman Mussa DOE 0777005626; Email: othmanali90@yahoo.com
15 Nasra A. Massoud Ministry of Labour 0779876190; Email: nasra.massoud@yahoo.com
16 Abdulla M. Rashid TTCL 0777970084; Email: abdukka.rashid@ttcl.co.tz
17 Moh’d H. Ali PATI 0778665071; Email: modihasali@yahoo.com
18 Rabia R. Omar Ministry of Social Welfare, Youth, Women and Children Development /Community
0777478761; Email: raraomar55@yahoo.com
19 SharifMohamed Fisheries / MACEMP 0772456169; Email: msharifzma@yahoo.com
20 Nassor .S. Zahraw Chake Chake Town Council
0777420137
21 Mmanga J. Ali District Council 0777430743; Email: mmangajumaa@yahoo.com
22 Haji Khamis Haji Baraza la Mji Mkoa kusini 0778442957
23 Abdullah A. Ussi ZCT 0777423407; Email: abdullah161@hotmail.com
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